hardware details

7/29/2019 Hardware details

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HARDWARE


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Computer

Electronic Device

Machine that performs tasks , such as

calculations, under the control of a set of

instructions called a program.


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Introduction to Computer Hardware

Computer

Hardware Software

Input Device Output Device System Software Application Software


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Functions of Personal Computer

Accepting Data

Storing Data

Processing Data

Displaying Data


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Accepting Data:-

Accepts data input from the user by some input

devices like keyboard, mouse or microphones

Storing Data:-

Enables to store large amount of data. It can store

data permanently on the storage devices like Hard

Disk drives, CD-ROM drives, or Tape devicesand more


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Processing Data:-

Data processing is the process of manipulating

the data using a set of instructions and producing

the desired output. These instructions are either

stored in memory and or in microprocessor itself

Displaying Data:-

It is nothing but showing the data to the user. Thedata can be in any form of numbers, characters, or

pictures.


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Displaying Data:-

PC displays the output through various output

devices such as monitor, printer or speakers and

many more


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Generations of Computers

1st Generation (1946 - 55) - Vaccum Tubes

2nd Generation (1956 - 65) - Transistors

3rd Generation (1966 - 75) - ICS (Integrated Circuits)

4th Generation (1976 - 80) - Microprocessor

5th Generation (1980..) - Advanced Microprocessors


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Classification of Computer

Micro Computer

Mini computer

Mainframe Computer

Super Computer

Laptop or Notebook Computer or Palmtop


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Components or Devices of Computer

Processor

Memory

Motherboard

Storage Devices

Data Cables

Mouse, Keyboard

Monitor Cabinet

Power Supply


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Common Peripherals and Adapter Cards

Printer, Scanner

Webcam

Speakers, Microphones, Headsets

Modem, Routers

Card Readers

Sound / Video / Network Adapter Cards


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Front side of PC

CD / DVD Drive

Floppy Drive

Power Switch

Power LED

Front USB


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Rear / Back Side of PC

Power Supply

Keyboard / Mouse Port

Serial, Parallel Port

USB Port

PCI Slots

LAN Port Sound Port


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Microprocessor


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Microprocessors

It is programmable digital device designed with

registers, flip flops & timing elements etc.

It has set of instructions, designed internally to

manipulate data to communicate with devices /peripherals

Microprocessors accepts input from the user in

the form of data & instructions It process the data & sends the processed

information to the output device


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Microprocessors

Microprocessor has a set of instructions, designed

internally to manipulate data and communication

with peripherals.

The process of data manipulation is determinedby the logic design of the microprocessor called

Architecture.

The microprocessor can be programmed toperform functions on given data by selecting

necessary instructions from its Instruction Set.


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Microprocessors

These instructions are given to the processor by

writing them into its memory.

The results can be stored in memory or sent of

such output devices as LEDs or CRT terminal


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Microprocessors

Microprocessor Year8086 and 8088 197881

80286 198480386DX and 80386SX 198788

80486SX, 80486DX, 80486DX2 / DX4 199092Pentium, Cyrix 6X86, AMD K5, IDT WinChip2 C6 199397

Pentium MMX, IBM / Cyrix 6x86Mx, IDT

WinChip2 3D

199798Pentium Pro, AMD K6, Pentium II, AMD K6-2 199598

Mobile Pentium II, Mobile Celeron, P III, AMD K6-

31999

AMD Athlon, AMD Athlon Thunderbird, Pentium4 1999 - 2001


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Microprocessors

There are two primary chip makers to consider

their products, Intel and AMD.

Intel is maker of the Pentium Chips.

Intel definitely has the most experience and make

greatest CPUs

AMD is fairly new on the scene and most people

are just getting familiar with them


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Microprocessors

Pentium III:-

The earliest Pentium III processors use the

Katmai core

These processors come in speed in speed from

450 MHz to 600 MHz and offer 512 KB of L2

cache


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Microprocessors

Intel M Microprocessors:-

Laptop & notebook computers use the Intel M

Microprocessors

The M stands for Mobile

These microprocessors consumes less energy &

hence provide more battery life for the laptops

Also they are comparatively small in their size

with other common processors


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Microprocessors

Intel Xeon Microprocessor:-

Intel Xeon microprocessors are heavy duty

microprocessors

These powers servers & workstations on a

network

Xeon processors supports two microprocessors on

the same system


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Microprocessors

Intel Itanium:-

Intel Itanium microprocessor powers network

servers & workstations

Itanium is powerful microprocessor that can

execute three instructions at a time

Itanium is Reduced Instruction Set Computing

(RISC) processors & has limited instruction builtinto the processor itself


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Microprocessor Sockets

The sockets on motherboard connects the

microprocessor to the motherboard

The processor has pins that enters the

motherboard using which the microprocessorcommunicates with the entire system

In earlier days Socket 1, Socket 2, Socket 3,

Socket 4, Socket 5 & socket 6 were used for80486, Pentium 75-133 MHz & Pentium 75-

200MHz


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Socket 7 & Socket 8

Socket 7 supports microprocessors having 321

pins

Socket 7 supplies 2.5 to 3.3 v to the

microprocessor

The processors using this socket use 2.5v for

input / output & the core of the microprocessors

uses 3.3 v Socket 7 supports Pentium 72-200 MHz &

Pentium Overdrive microprocessor


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Socket 7 & Socket 8

Socket 8 supports microprocessors that have 387

pins

This sockets supports Pentium Pro

microprocessors

Socket 8 supplies 3.1 to 3.3 v to the processor


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Socket 370 & socket 478 Socket 370 supports microprocessors that have

370 pins

The processors for this socket have L2 cache built

into the microprocessors

Socket 370 supports Pentium 3 processor Socket 478 supports microprocessors that have

478 pins

The processors for this socket have the L2 cachebuilt into the microprocessor

This socket supports Pentium 4 processors


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Over Heating Protection Heat generated by microprocessor and circuit

must be dissipated to improve reliability &prevent premature failure

Techniques for heat dissipation can include heat

sinks & fans for cooling The cooler fan is connected to the provision given

in the motherboard itself

Heat sink can be defined as an environment orobject that absorb & dissipates heat from another

object using thermal contact


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Memory


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Volatile Memory

It is also kwon as volatile storage

It is computers memory that requires power to

maintain the stored information


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Non-Volatile Memory

It is the computer memory that can retain the

stored information even when not powered

E.g. Non volatile memory include read only

memory (ROM), flash memory most type ofmagnetic computer storage devices. E g. Hard

disk


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Physical Memory

Physical memory comprises memory chips which

stores programs and data

It enables the microprocessors data quickly


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Classification of Physical Memory

a) Random Access Memory (RAM)

b) Read Only Memory (ROM)

c) Hybrid Memory


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Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM also known as Main Memory orSystem

Memory, is a term commonly used to describe

the within a computer

It is a type of volatile memory, RAM requirespower if power is lost all data will be lost


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Read Only Memory

ROM is type memory that is capable of holding

data, but the data cannot be modified

ROM is non volatile memory that means capable

of keeping its contents regardless if it has poweror not


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Hybrid Memory

Hybrid memory is that type of memory that reads

and writes data and maintains data even when the

system turned off


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Types of ROM

EPROM:-

Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

is a memory chip that can read from but not

stored

However if exposed to ultra violet light and

can be reprogrammed if needed

Hardware manufacturer use EPROM when itmay be needed that the data contained on

the EPROM needs to be changed


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Types of ROM

Continued

An EPROM chip is easily distinguishable by a

small glass circle that exposes the chip that

can be reprogrammed


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Types of Hybrid Memory

NVRAM:-

Non-volatile RAM or NVRAM is type of SRAM

that does not lose the data when system is turned

off


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Basic Troubleshooting Techniques -

Memory BIOS Beep Codes:-

The BIOS program automatically does the

POST (Power On Self Test) as the system turns

on.

This testing is done to ensure that the system is

working properly

If the system fails to starts a long beep occurs This indicates to check BIOS of the M/B


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Power Supply Unit


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Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Computer power supply unit is the component

that supplies power to a computer

A power supply is typically designed to convert

100-120v (North America & Japan) or 220-240v(Europe, Africa & Australia) AC power from the

mains to usable low voltage DC power for the

internal components of the computer Some power supplies have a switch to change

voltage between 230115v


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Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Continued

Other models have automatic sensors that switch

input voltage automatically or are able to accept

any voltage between those limits


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Connectors

PC Main Power Connector:-

It is the connector that goes to the motherboard

to provide it with power

The connector has 20 or 24 pins

One of the pins belongs to the PS-On wire

(which is usually green)

This connector is the largest of all the connectors

C


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Connectors

ATX 12v 4 Pin Power Connector:-

It is a second connector that goes to the

motherboard (in additional to the 20 or 24 pins

connector)

This connector is found on recent motherboard


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Connectors

4 Pin Peripheral Power Connectors (Molex):-

These are another smaller connectors that go to

the various disk drives & computer most of them

have four wires: Two black, one red & one yellow


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Connectors

Auxiliary Power Connectors:-

There are several types of auxiliary connectors

designed to provide additional power if it is

needed

Serial ATA Connectors:-

15 pins connector for components which use

SATA power plug This connector supplies power at these different

voltages: +3.3v, +5v, +12v

I id PSU (P S l U it)


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Inside PSU (Power Supply Unit) Inside the PSU the complex arrangement of

components including, diodes, capacitors,

transistors & transformers

Most computers power supply have metal heat

sink & fans to dissipate the heat produced

The speed of the fan is often dependent on the

temperature or less often the power load

It may be dangerous to open a power supply even

if it is not connected to an electrical outlet as highvoltage may be still be present in charged

capacitor


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Pi f ATX P S l


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Pin-outs for ATX Power SupplyPin No. Color Code/Voltage Pin No. Color Code/Voltage

1 Orange +3.3VDC 11 Orange +3.3VDC

2 Orange +3.3VDC 12 Blue +3.3VDC

3 Black Ground 13 Blue -12VDC

4 Red +5VDC 14 Green PS-NO

5 Black Ground 15 Black Ground

6 Red +5VDC 16 Black Ground

7 Black Ground 17 Black Ground

8 Gray Power OK 18 White -5VDC

9 Purple +5VDC SB 19 Red +5VDC

10 Yellow +12VDC 20 Red +5VDC


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B i T bl h i


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Basic Troubleshooting

Power supply fan does not working or making

sound:-

1. Shut down the system

2. Remove fan, clean it properly & reinstall itproperly

3. Replace fan if necessary


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Hard Disk

H d Di k D i


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Hard Disk Drive

The hard disk drive is the main & usually largest

data storage device in a computer

The operating system, software and most other

files are stored in the hard disk drive The hard disk drive is also known as HDD, hard

disk, hard drive, fixed disk drive

H d Di k O ti


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Hard Disk Operation HDD record data by magnetizing Ferro magnetic

material directionally to represent either a 0 or a 1binary digit

They read the data back by detecting the

magnetization of the material

A typical HDD design consist of a spindle which

holds one or more flat circular disk called platters,

onto which the data is recorded

The platters are made from a non magneticmaterial, usually aluminum alloy or glass are

coated with a thin layer of magnetic material

C ti & J


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Connection & Jumpers

Hard disk drive use a standard 4 pin male

connector plug that take one of the power

connectors coming from the power supply

This keyed 4 wire plastic connector provides+5v & +12v to the hard disk

Fil S t


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A file system is a method for storing & organizing

contain to make it easy to find & access them

File system may use a data storage device such

maintaining the physical location of the files

File System

FAT ( Fil All ti T bl )


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FAT ( File Allocation Table)

File allocation table, a proprietary computer file

system originally developed by Bill Gates & Marc

Mc Donald in 1976/1977 and is the primary file

system for various operating system includingDR-DOS, Open DOS , Free DOS, MS-DOS,

Microsoft Windows

NTFS (N T h l Fil S t )


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NTFS (New Technology File System)

NTFS supersedes the FAT file system as thepreferred file system for Microsoft Windows

branded operating systems

NTFS has several improvements over FAT andHPFS (High Performance File System) such as

improved supports for metadata & the use of

advanced data structure to improve performance,

reliability & disk space utilization, plus &additional extensions such as security access

control list file system journaling


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F tti H d D i


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Formatting a Hard Drive

Low level formatting & high level formatting:

There are two important concepts about

formatting a hard drive that needed to be

understood.These include low level formatting & high

formatting

Low Level Formatting


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Low Level Formatting

Low level formatting divides the disk into sectors& cylinders & defines their placement on the disk

IDE & SCSI are system level drive types and

normally receive the low level format at thefactory

Some SCSI devices may still require a low levelformat, but never perform a low level format on

an IDE hard drive unless the drive has completelyfailed


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Basic Troubleshooting for HDD


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Basic Troubleshooting for HDD

Check the HDD signal cable for proper

connections at both ends

Exchange the signal cable for a known good one

Check jumper setting to ensure they are setcorrectly

Determine whether the system is using the cable

select options


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This setting enables the system to dynamically

assign the master / slave arrangements formultiple IDE drives

Like wise check the ID configuration setting &

terminator installations for SCSI drives


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CD / DVD ROM

CD DVD ROM


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CDDVD ROM

Compact Disk:-

CD is a removable, cheap & reliable storage

media

A normal CD holds about 650700 MB of data

The CD is made up of the poly carbonate plastic

CD has different layers that enables the CD drive

to access data

Audio Compact Disk


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Audio Compact Disk

The audio CD is used to stored music data or files

The quality of audio CD dose not decrease like

audio cassettes


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Compact Disk Recordable (CD R)


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Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R)

By using CD-R disk we can write data

The data once written can not be erased

This is useful for backing up data

This can be used for creating music CDs

CD Rewritable (CD RW)


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CD Rewritable (CD-RW)

The CD-RW disk enable us to rewrite data to the

disk as the name implies

Erasing the data from the CD-RW disk removes

all the data from disk & makes the disk empty forwriting data to it


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CD RW Drive


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CD-RW Drive

CD-RW stands for Compact Disk Rewritable &

similar to CD-R, but allows you to overwrite data

on the CD as needed, so it works more like a

floppy disk but holds a lot more information

Combo Drive


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Combo Drive

Another option is a DVD/CD-RW combo drive

which gives you the best of both worlds with

rewritable CD drives & the ability to play DVDs

as well DVD drives can play all CDs, but CD drive

cannot play DVDs

CD Writer Softwares


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CD Writer Softwares

To write in CDs many softwares are available

Microsoft Windows XP provided with CD writing

option with in itself

Some will get with your CD-Writer package itselfor you can find out many of them from the

internet

Among these softwares, Ahead Nero, Clone CD,Audio/Data Burner are most popular



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CD Drive Not Detected:

When the CD drive is not detected, the drive latterdoes not appear in windows explorer

To correct this problem check the CD drive is

properly configured in the BIOS setting first Check if the connector & cable properly inserted

to the both the ends

Unplug if any new hardware installed. If problem

persist you can connect it to other system and cancheck the drive


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CD Write Error


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CD Write Error

Check if the disk has empty space for storing data

Check if the source disk having scratches

Clean the source disk

By the use a head cleaning CD, clean the head of

the drive

DVD (Digital Video Disk


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DVD (Digital Video Disk DVD is popular optical disk storage media format

Its main uses are video and data storage Most DVDs are of the same dimensions as CD

but store more than six times of a CD data

Variations of the term DVD often describe the

way data is stored on the discs: DVD-ROM hasdata which can only be read only & not written,DVD-R can be written once & then function as aDVD-ROM, & DVDRAM, DVD-RW hold datathat can be erased & thus re-written multipletimes

DVD ROM Drives


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DVD ROM Drives DVD-ROM drives read DVDs of different types

These are read only drives The speed of the drive is indicated by a number

followed by an x

The drive is set to be master if it is only one driveconnected to the system. DVD jumper options aregiven below

CS : Cable Select

MA : MasterSL : Slave


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Input / Output Ports

I / O Port


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I / O Port

I/O ports enable to connect all the input & outputto the system devices

I/O ports providing direct communication with a

device that has sent an interrupt signal toprocessor

The exchange of commands or data between the

processor & the device take place through the I/Oports address of the device, which is a

hexadecimal number

I / O Port


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I / O Port

Port is used to connect the system & a devicetogether, using cable. So that they communicate

each other

The different ports are located mainly at the backside of the system

In some cases they are in front side or any one of

side the system In most cases & M/B there are some symbols to

indicate the ports

Types of Ports


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Types of Ports

Serial Port

Parallel Port

DIN 5 Port

PS/2 Port

USB Port

Infrared Port

IEEE 1394 Port

Serial Port


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Serial Port

Serial port is a serial communication physicalinterface through which information transfer in or

out one bit at a time

Data transfer through serial ports connected thecomputer to devices such as a terminals & various

peripherals

Serial port have 9 pins on connector

Parallel Port


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Parallel Port

Parallel port is a type of interface found oncomputers for connecting various peripherals

It is also known as printer port, LPT port

Printer port have 25 pins on connector


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P/S2 Port


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P/S2 Port

It features a metal sleeve that is notched to ensureproper allignment when inserting in into the P/S2

port

This protects the circular pins inside theconnector from becoming bent

P/S2 port have 6 pins on connector

USB Port


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USB is serial bus standard to interface devices

USB was designed to allow many peripherals tobe connected using a single standardized interfacesocket & to improve plug & play capabilities byallowing devices to be connected & disconnectedwithout rebooting the computer

Other convenient features include providingpower to low consumption devices without theneed for an external power supply & allowing

many devices to be used without requiringmanufacturer specific individual device drivers tobe installed

Continued


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USB can connect computer devices & peripherals

such as mouse, keyboard, joysticks, scanners,cameras, personal media players, & flash devices

For many of those devices USB has become the

standard connecting method

Versions of USB Port


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USB 1.0 : Released in 1996

Specified data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low) & 12 Mbit/s

(High)


Fix problem identified in 1.0 mostly relating to hubs


Added higher maximum speed of 480 Mbit/s

Infrared Port


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The Infrared port also commonly refereed to asthe IRDA (Infrared Data Association ) is a port

much like what you would find on your TV/VCR

remote This port allows two systems or a device and a

system to communicate among each other without

the user of wires

IEEE 1394 Port


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A very fast external bus standard that supportsdata transfer rates of up to 400 Mbps ( in 1394a )and 800 Mbps ( in 1394b )

A single 1394 port can be used to connect up to63 devices

Although it is extremely fast & flexible, 1394 isalso expensive

Like USB, 1394 supports both plug & play andhot plugging and also provides power toperipheral devices


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Keyboard & Mouse


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Types of Keyboard


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yp y

101 Key Enhanced Keyboard


104 Key Windows Keyboard

Ergonomic Keyboard

Programmable Keyboard

Cordless Keyboard



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y y

Also known as the 101 key keyboard, the ATkeyboard is the US standard keyboard introduced

in 1986 by IBM compatible computer

An AT keyboard may also be used to describe akeyboard that uses

This type of keyboard has been widely replace by

new standard such as PS/2 & USB keyboard



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y y

Several slightly modified versions of the regularAmerican English 101 key enhanced keyboard

were created by IBM for by non-English PC users

These keyboards are vertically identical to theregular 101 key Enhanced keyboard,

incorporating just slight differences from the

regular U. S. keyboard

104 Key Windows Keyboard


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y y

Also known as the Windows keyboard, the 104key keyboard is a keyboard found with most new

computers today that incorporates three additional

Microsoft Windows keys

Ergonomic Keyboard


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g y

Ergonomic keyboard are sold widely under avariety of names & are made by most keyboard

manufacturers

They are fairly popular, but dont seem likely toreplace regular keyboard any time soon

Programmable Keyboard


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g y

Programmable keyboard have special additionalsmarts built into their internal processor to

support programmability, and an EEPROM (flash

memory) to hold key definitions, even whenpower to key boards has been cut

They are great for users that really want control

over their keyboards layout & operation

Cordless Keyboards


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y

Cordless keyboard are like regular keyboards,except instead of having a keyboard cable that

runs from the keyboard to the PC, they have no

cord The wired interface between the keyboard & the

motherboard is replace with a wireless one

Keyboard Connectors


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The keyboard connector is a device at the end ofthe cable that is used to attach the keyboard to the

system

There are three standard types of connectors,which the only connector type ever used in the PC

world, if you ignore special proprietary hardware

5 Pin DIN Connector


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These connectors were widely used in past

This type of connectors were widely used in past

This type of connectors are rarely used now days

Connector Pins PurposePin 1 KBDCLK

Pin2 KBDAT

Pin 3 KBRSTPin 4 GND

Pin 5 VCC (+5V)

6 Pin PS/2 Connector


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IBM introduced PS/2 connectors to connect keyboard &

mouse

Its emergence replaced almost 5 pin DIN connectors

Connector Pin Purpose

Pin 1 KBDAT (data)Pin 2 Not used

Pin 3 GND

Pin 4 VCC (+5)

Pin 5 KBDCLK (clock)

Pin 6 Not used

USB Connector


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4 pin USB connector is most widely usedconnector now a days

USB keyboards can be plugged in this type of

connectors USB type A plug typically connects a keyboard to

a desktop or laptop computer

The end is a wide, flat rectangle



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Some of the typical keyboard problems are given

belowWrong characters appear when typing

Onscreen messages do not appear when pressingmultimedia keys

Setting a multimedia button produce an illeagaloperation error message

Multimedia keyboard buttons not working

Internet keyboard buttons not working

Sticking keys

1.The most common problem when faced with a

ki k b d i i ti


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non-working keyboard is an improper connection.

Try reconnecting your keyboard, restart your

computer & fix it. Turn off the system. Unplug the

keyboard connect & inspect for any bent or broken

pins. If the pins are bent, then it is possible to gently

straighten them using the tip of a ball point pen ormechanical pencil. If the pins are broken, then

replacement of keyboard may be neccessary

Mouse


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In computing, a mouse functions as a pointingdevice by detecting tow dimensional motion

relative to its supporting surface

Types of Mouse1. Mechanical Mouse

2. Optical Mouse

3. Cordless Mouse

Mechanical Mouse


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Mechanical mouse requires that the mouse be seton a flat surface

The distance & the speed of the rollers inside the

mouse determines how far the mouse cursormoves on the screen depending on the software

configurations

Optical Mouse


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Optical mouse requires a special mouse pad which has a

grid pattern

A sensor inside the the mouse determines the movement

by reading the grid as the mouse passes over it while

emitting a light from an LED or sometimes a laser

This type mouse is much more accurate that the ordinaryoptical mechanical mouse which relies on the traction

between the mouse ball & the rollers

In comparison to the traditional mechanical mouse, the

optical is much better solution for a computer mouse

Cordless Mouse


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Cordless mouse establishes an infrared or radiolink with a transceiver (transmitter / Receiver)

that is connected to the system

These devices are more convenient to use Mostly cordless mouses are operate on batteries


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Modem

Modem


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Modem ( modulator-Demodulator) is a device

that modulates an analog carrier signal to encodedigital information, and also demodulates suchsignals to decode the transmitted information

Modem is a hardware device that enable a

computer to transmit & receive information overtelephone lines

The modem is responsible for converting thedigital data into an analog signal used on phone

lines & then converting it back once received onthe other end

Types of Modem


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Internal Modem:

Modem which would be plugged into a slot

located within or on the computer

External Modem:

Modem which is located within a box & is

hooked up externally to the computer generallyvia the Serial Ports

hardware details

Documents