Download - HEALTH GEOGRAPHY OF ANDHRA PRADESH
HEALTH GEOGRAPHY OF ANDHRA PRADESH
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
Dr. B.ShrinageshProf. Kalpana Markandey
Mr. Kiran BaktulaMr. Bhagiaiah
Globalization “is the closer integration of countries and peoples of the world…..brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication ,and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, Knowledge, and people across borders.
Joseph Stiglitz
Globalization and its ImpactGlobalization and its Impact• The world has become increasingly interconnected
and interdependent
• This has positive and negative consequences
• Rapid industrialization and urbanization
• Demand for energy and land
• Profits maximized : no focus on standards and regulation
• Pollution, improper waste disposal
• Depletion of natural resources
• Increased consumption
• Globalization and infectious diseases
• With changing climate, people have become more vulnerable to health risk at global level.
• With the changing climate and the environment, and the change in the seasons, which in turn, affecting agriculture globally.
• India, is not far behind, the current drought and flood situation is an indication to the future.
• The deficiency in food nutrition has set new challenges to the government.(Food Bill was Passed
in Parliament on 26/08/2013 IST)
• Common person has become a soft target to various new diseases.
Factors that Influence the Earth's Climate
Source: Internet
Health effects
Temperature-relatedillness and death
Extreme weather-related health effects
Air pollution-relatedhealth effects
Water and food-bornediseases
Vector borne and rodent borne diseases
Health Effects
Temperature-relatedillness and death
Extreme weather-related (floods, storms, etc.) health effects
Air pollution-relatedhealth effects
Human exposures
Regional weatherchanges
•Heat waves•Extreme weather•Temperature•Precipitation
Regional weatherchanges
•Heat waves•Extreme weather•Temperature•
•Sea-level rise
Contaminationpathways
Transmissiondynamics
----rodent
Microbial changes:
Contamination paths
Transmission dynamics
Water and food-bornediseases
Vector borne and borne diseases
Climate ChangeClimate Change
Changes in agro-ecosystems, hydrology
Socioeconomic and demographic disruption
Effects of food and water shortages
Mental, nutritional,infectious-disease and other effects
Modulating influences
Changes in climatic phenomenon
Confidence in observed changes
(latter half of 1900s)
Probability of projected changes to
2100
Higher maximum temperatures - more hot days
Likely Very likely
Higher minimum temperatures, - fewer cold days and frost days
Very likely Very likely
Increase of heat index over land areas Likely Very likely
More intense precipitation events Likely, (N mid to high
latitudes)
Very likely
Increased summer continental drying and associated risk of drought
Likely, in a few areas Likely, over most mid-latitude continental
interiors.
Increase in tropical cyclone peak wind intensities
Not observed in the few analysis available
Likely, over some areas
Increase in tropical cyclone mean and peak precipitation intensities
Insufficient data Likely, over some areas
IPCC WORKING GROUP I, Third Assessment Report, 2001
Social Pathology
In fact, different locations on earth are usually associated with different profiles: •physical, •biological, •environmental, •economical,•social, •cultural and •sometimes even spiritual profiles, that do affect and are affected by health, disease and healthcare.
These profiles and associated health and disease conditions may also change with time (the longitudinal or temporal dimensions).
Since the 1970s, newly emerging diseases have been identified at the unprecedented rate of one or more per year.
There are now nearly 40 diseases that were unknown a generation ago. In addition, during the last five years, WHO has verified more than 1100 epidemic events worldwide.
Today’s highly mobile, interdependent and interconnected world provides myriad opportunities for the rapid spread of infectious diseases
Epidemic-prone diseases
Food borne diseases
Accidental and deliberate outbreaks
Toxic chemical accidents
Radio nuclear accidents
Environmental disasters
The categories and examples given below illustrate the variety and breadth of public health threats confronting people today.
Infectious diseases such as
Malaria,
Leprosy,
Filariasis,
Tuberculosis,
Hepatitis and
Sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS are major health issues
Infectious diseases
Significance of the study
Health geography plays a vital role in public health surveillance, including the design and monitoring of the implementations of health interventions and disease prevention strategies.
Geographical research into healthcare services can also help identifying inequities in health service delivery between classes and region, and in the efficient allocation and monitoring of scarce healthcare resources.
As a modelling and decision support tool, GIS can help determining the geographical distribution and variation of diseases (e.g. prevalence, incidence) and associated factors, analyzing spatial and longitudinal trends, mapping population at risk and stratifying risk factors.
Andhra Pradesh is one of the fastest growing states in the country.
IT development has made A.P. as the most preferred global destination. Many MNCs have established themselves.
In spite of development in IT field, there is considerable backwardness in Health sector.
During the last ten years, the state has witnessed many new health related problems mainly in the rural areas.
When it comes to the urban areas, the city of Hyderabad, which is considered as the health capital of India, has its own drawbacks.
Objectives
• To study the prevalent diseases across the state of Andhra Pradesh.
• To study the infrastructural facilities available and suggest the alternatives.
Methodology
Data Collection
Spatial Data Primary
(Attribute Data)
Secondary(Attribute
Data)
Satellite Image( Medium &
High Resolution)Sample Survey
of villages DMHO dataAP Map &
Survey of India Toposheets
Data from DME And other private
hospitalsAPVVP data
Digitization of Layer
Boundaries
Carving of AOILinking of Spatial &
Attribute Data
DATA SOURCES Primary Data through a sample survey of households by means
of a multidimensional questionnaire
Directorate of Medical and Health Office
Andhra Pradesh Vaidya Vidhana Parishad
National Sample Survey
Directorate of Medical Education
Private Hospitals and Research centres
Census of India
Satellite Imagery of the disasters form NRSC
Toposheet and ground checks
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH
LANDUSE/LANDCOVER OF ANDHRA PRADESH
WATER BODIES OF AP
DISEASES PREVALENT IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2001-2011
YEAR
NO
.0F
CA
SE
S
YEAR
No
. O
F C
AS
ES
DISEASES PREVALENT IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2001-2011
Contd.
DEATHS AS PER DISEASES PREVALENT
YEAR
No
. OF
DE
AT
HS
YEAR
No
.OF
DE
AT
HS
DEATHS AS PER DISEASES PREVALENT
Contd.
Gastroenteritis cases in Andhra Pradesh1991-2001
MALARIA CASES IN ANDHRA PRADESH2006-2010
DISTRICTS
CA
SE
S
MALARIA DEATHS IN ANDHRA PRADESH2006-2010
DISTRICT
DE
AT
HS
MALARIA CASES & DEATHS IN ANDHRA PRADESH2002-2012
YEAR
CA
SE
S A
ND
DE
AT
HS
PROJECTION OF VITAL STATISTICS
INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
Nobel laureate Amartya Sen said that India needs to invest more on providing basic health care services, especially in rural areas and backward states.
The elementary health care services are worst in some of the backward states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkand.
He also lauded India’s growth trajectory but he emphasized that health care planning is not able to tackle various problems in its implementation.
Amartya Sen for better health care (24-10-2009) (The Hindu)
DISTRICT Sub Centres PHCs CHCs SDH Dist Hosp
ADILABAD 470 70 13 2 0
ANANTHAPUR 609 82 11 3 0
CHITTOOR 653 94 9 5 1
CUDDAPAH 462 72 12 1 1
EAST GODAVARI 809 96 20 3 1
GUNTUR 689 74 16 2 1
HYDERABAD 53 10 0 4 1
KARIMNAGAR 580 70 16 3 1
KHAMMAM 591 69 13 2 1
KRISHNA 609 72 9 2 1
KURNOOL 576 88 18 1 1
MAHABOOBNAGAR 680 85 14 4 1
MEDAK 489 67 8 3 1
NALGONDA 626 72 4 4 1
NELLORE 481 61 15 2 1
NIZAMABAD 412 50 14 3 1
PRAKASHAM 555 85 14 3 0
RANGA REDDY 399 48 9 1 1
SRIKAKULAM 488 86 14 2 0
VISHAKAPATNAM 573 76 13 2 0
VIZIANAGARAM 470 58 10 1 1
WARANGAL 605 69 14 2 0
WEST GODAVARI 643 70 15 3 1
STRENGTH OF HOSPITALS IN AP, DISTRICT WISE 2011
PUBLIC HEALTH CENTRESANDHRA PRADESH
Climate change and Health – Impact on Health through Climate change, Mitigation and Adaptation.
CASE STUDY – I NETWORK ANALYSIS
Rural-urban differences are quite high both in Andhra Pradesh and at the national level.
More health workers are located in urban areas than in rural areas. The availability of health workers and therefore health services is much better for the urban population as compared to the rural.
There is also a large difference in the per capita availability of health workers between rural and urban areas, indicating the disadvantage of rural people in terms of access to health services in general and public health services in particular.
Owing to inadequate public health facilities, while awareness and demand for health services are increasing, private health care has developed on a wide scale.
The rising cost of health care at the household level is a cause of concern and needs public action. The average share of household budget spent (7 per cent) on health care is relatively higher than the share of public budget spent (5 per cent) on health care in the state.
ConclusionsConclusions