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Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.Mundelein, Illinois USA
By Rose Williams
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Editor: Donald E. Sprague
Cover Design & Typography:Adam Phillip Velez
Cover Illustration: Detail from the Arch of Trajan, Rome 2008 Jupiter Images Corp.
From Romulus to Romulus AugustulusRoman History for the New Millennium
Rose Williams
2008 Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.All rights reserved.
Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.
1570 Baskin RoadMundelein, Illinois 60060www.bolchazy.com
Printed in the United States of America
2008by [printer name]
ISBN 978-0-86516-691-2Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
CIP info goes here
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beatos eos quibus datum est aut facere scribenda aut scribere legenda.
happy are hose o whom i is given o do hings worh being writenor o wrie hings worh being read
Pliny he YoungerEpistulae6.16
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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
I. TIMELINE OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
II. KINGDOM 753509 BCEO244 AUC . . . . . . . . . . .5
III. EARLY REPUBLIC 509265 BCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
IV. MIDDLE REPUBLIC 265133 BCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
V. LATE REPUBLIC 13327 BCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
VI. A. PRINCIPATE ERA OF THE EMPIRE 27 BCE284 CE. . . 41
VI. B. DOMINATE ERA OF THE EMPIRE 284476 CE . . . . 55
VII. REGES ITALIAE 476526 CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
VIII. NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
ANCIENT SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
PHOTOGRAPHY CREDITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
vii
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FOREWORDTe early hisory o Rome is shrouded in legend, much o which we learnrom he hisorian Livy. Te sories canno be aken as absoluely ac-ual, as Livy ofen gives wo versions o he same sory, neiher veriable.Bu hese sories represen Roman hisory as he Romans hemselves ac-ceped and revered i, and wha people believe o be ac is ofen quie asinuenial as ac isel.
ix
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PREFACEFrom Romulus to Romulus Augustulus is a brie survey o he hisory andlieraure o Classical Rome. A conneced chronological overview o apeople and heir wriings helps readers undersand more abou hem,
wha hey have done, and wha hey considered imporan enough obe writen down or all ime. How a people deal wih heir environ-men boh naural and social, as well as wha rouble hey go ino and
how hey did or did no ge ou o i, is an inegral par o language andlieraure sudy. As crises and riumphs ow one rom he oher, hepeople, he language, and he lieraure are carried along wih hemand shaped by hem. Tis shor reader will be useul or hose sudyingancien lieraure, language, culure, or hisory.
erms ha migh be unamiliar o he reader are emphasized inboldace ype. Te noes secion a he back o he book provides an
explanaion or he erms.From Romulus to Romulus Augustulus: Roman History for the New Mil-
lennium will serve as an ancillary and quick reerence book or anygroup sudying he ancien world. I is a good resource or hose usinghe Bolchazy-Carducci exbookLatin for the New Millenniumand co-ordinaes as ollows.
CORRELATION WITH LATIN FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM
II. Kingdom - 753509 (0244 )
LNM Chapters 1, 10, 11
III. Early Republic - 509265
LNM Chapter 4, Review 2, Chapter 12, Review 4
IV. Middle Republic - 265133
LNM Chapters 1, 2, 3
xi
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xii From Romulus to Romulus Augustulus
V. Lae Republic - 13327
LNM Chapters 4, 5, 6, Review 2, Chapters 7, 8, 9, Review 3
VI. A. Principae Era o he Empire - 27 284
LNM Review 1, Chapters 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, Review 6VI. B. Dominae Era o he Empire - 284476
LNM Chapters 19, 20, 21, Review 6
VII. Reges Ialiae - 476526
LNM Chapters 21, Review 7
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I. TIMELINE OVERVIEW753509 BCEO244 AUC
KINGDOM
KINGS OF ROME
ca. 753715 Romulus Founder, king o Rome
ca. 715673 Numa Pompilius, Sabine
ca. 673
642 ullius Hosilius, Lainca. 642617 Ancus Marcius, grandson o Numa Pompilius
ca. 616578 Lucius arquinius Priscus, Eruscan
ca. 578534 Servius ullius, son-in-law o arquiniusPriscus, possibly Lain
ca. 534509 Lucius arquinius Superbus, grandson o
arquinius Priscus
50927 BCEREPUBLIC
A. 509265 BCEEARLY REPUBLIC
509 Annually eleced magisraes
451450 Law o welve ables writen
390 Rome sacked by he Gauls
367 Consulship opened o plebs
312 Censorship o Appius Claudius Caecus
298290 Tird Samnie War
281272 War wih King Pyrrhus
279 Pyrrhic vicory
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2 From Romulus to Romulus Augustulus
B. 265133 BCEMIDDLE REPUBLIC
264241 Firs Punic War
21820l Second Punic War
196 Flamininus proclaims reedom or Greece184 Censorship o Cao
149146 Tird Punic War
133 Murder o iberius Gracchus
C. 13327 BCELATE REPUBLIC
112106 War wih Jugurha in Numidia
107100 Repeaed consulships o Gaius Marius
8279 Sulla Dicaor
7371 Revol o Sparacus he Gladiaor
63 Consulship o Cicero
60 Firs riumvirae o Julius Caesar, Pompey he Grea, andCrassus
59 Consulship o Caesar
5850 Caesars Gallic campaign
4946 Civil War beween Caesar and he senaorial orces
46 Suicide o Cao Uicensis
44 Assassinaion o Caesar
43 Second riumvirae o Mark Anony, Ocavian, andLepidus
42 Batle o Philippi
39 Marriage o Ocavian and Livia
31 Batle o Acium
27 Ocavian given ile o Augusus
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Timeline Overview 3
27 BCE476 CEEMPIRE
A. 27 BCE284 CEPRINCIPATE
27 14 Augusus Imperaor
23 Deah o Marcellus
12 Marriage o iberius and Julia
9 Deah o Drusus, Augusus eldes sepson
4 Adopion o iberius by Augusus
147 iberius Imperaor
19 Deah o Germanicus3741 Caligula Imperaor
4154 Claudius Imperaor
43 Conques o Briain
5468 Nero Imperaor
5459 Neros good years, guided by Seneca and Burrus
67 Vespasians Judean campaign
6869 Year o he Four Emperors
6979 Vespasian Imperaor
70 Capure o Jerusalem by ius, son o Vespasian
7981 ius Imperaor
80 Compleion o he Coliseum, or Flavian Amphiheaer
8196 Domiian Imperaor
9698 Nerva Imperaor
98117 rajan Imperaor
117138 Hadrian Imperaor
138161 Anoninus Pius Imperaor
161180 Marcus Aurelius Imperaor
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4 From Romulus to Romulus Augustulus
180192 Commodus Imperaor
193211 Sepimius Severus Imperaor; esablishes miliarydicaorship
211284 Miliary unres and poliical disorder; manyemperors
B. 284476 CEDOMINATE
284305 Diocleian becomes Emperor and proclaimshimsel Dominus
293 Division o empire ino Easern and Wesern; ourrulers
305 Abdicaion o Diocleian and Maximian
306337 Consanine he Grea Imperaor
313 Edic o Milan, conrming religious oleraion orChrisians
324 Founding o Consaninople
325 Council o Nicaea
337476 Varied emperors o varied abiliies
410 Visigohs sack Rome
455 Vandals sack Rome
476 Romulus Augusulus deposed by Odoacer
476526 CEREGES ITALIAE
476 493 Odoacer, Rex Ialiae
493526 Teodoric, Rex Ialiae
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6 From Romulus to Romulus Augustulus
making her a Vesal Virgin so ha she could no marry. His planningwas overse by he god Mars, however, and beore Amulius realized haall, rom his poin o view, was no well, Rhea Silvia was he moher owins, Romulus and Remus.
Amulius was a religious man. He knew he Furies, immoral emaleavengers who had snakes or hair and eyes ha wep ears o blood, pur-sued hose who killed relaives. He reasoned ha i he pu he boys inhe ooding iber in a willow baske, however, and hey happened odrown, he could no be blamed.
Romulus and Remus oaed ono a sandbar and were ound by a moh-erly wol. In he bes radiion o classical lieraure, he baby princes
were discovered by a wandering shepherd. Tis shepherd, named Faus-ulus, ook he boys home wih him.
Romulus and Remus grew up in he hu o Fausulus. In heir youh,when no herding sheep, hey huned game in he ores, where heyencounered bands o robbers. Te wins, developing an early RobinHood spiri, robbed hese robbers and disribued he spoils among
Children of the wolf.
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Kingdom 753509 BCE(0244 AUC) 7
heir shepherd riends. Te robbers, who like all really prosperous crim-inals could assume he guise o hones men, caugh Romulus and hismen in ambush and carried hem off o be judged beore Numior, who
was living in reiremen on a porion o his lands given him by his gener-
ous usurper o a broher.Fausulus, who had always had his suspicions abou he disappearance
o Rhea Silvias wins and he she-wols sudden increase o amily, oldhis sory o Romulus and o Numior. Te resul was a careully plo-ed revoluion ha resored Numior o he hrone. Romulus and Remushen ound ha as a resul o all heir labors hey were living in a kingdom
whose absolue ruler was heir grandaher. However kind and graeul
he migh be, a grandaher ends o resric he aciviies o young men.So, in 753 hey se ou in search o a place o heir own.
Te wins soon decided go back o heir wol-cave and ound a ciy.Tis cave was on he Palaine, or Shepherds Hill, which was an excellensraegic locaion, being one o an irregular ring o seven hills souh ohe iber River. Is desirabiliy was enhanced because he erce Erus-cans lived norh o he iber, and he river was given o ooding. Near
he wol-cave on he Palaine, Romulus and his men cu grea squareblocks o sone and began o lay oundaions or he new ciy Romulusinended o rule. According o one sory Remus, who waned he ciyor himsel, laughed a he budding oricaions and jumped over helow wall, and Romulus killed him. Afer ha nobody laughed a Romu-lus effors, and when he ciy was named Rome afer Romulus, nobodylaughed a ha, eiher.
Romulus and his men were proud o heir new own, bu i lacked oneimporan elemenwomen. Romulus and his men decided ha setledhomes, complee wih wives, would be nice. Bu in seting ou on heirgrea advenure, hey had negleced o bring along any emalesperhapshe girls in Alba Longa, being more sensible han he males, reused ohave any par o such an exploi. In any case, now ha hey had homes andpropery, more or less, he Romans dressed up and wen over o cour hedaughers o he Sabines, who lived some hree miles away. Teir recep-
ion was deniely no encouraging. Afer a bi o consrucive hough,he Romans se up an ahleic cones and carried off he girls while heirahers were waching he games. Te Sabines sormed back home and
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8 From Romulus to Romulus Augustulus
brough reinorcemens o rescue he girls, o course, bu afer a livelybatle and some inervenion by he girls, who had been well-reaed byheir new Roman spouses, he wo peoples setled down o live ogeherand or a ime were ruled by co-kings, Romulus and a Sabine wih he
allieraive name o ius aius. ius being shor-lived, Romulus soonruled alone wih he advice o one hundred elders, called senaors, whomhe appoined. One day during a ceremony a hick cloud enveloped Ro-mulus, and when he cloud dispersed his hrone chair was empy. Tepeople murmured ha he senaors sanding nearby had done away wihKing Romulus, bu he senaors swore he had been carried away by hegods. Henceorh he was worshipped as he god Quirinus, and gave hesenaors much less rouble in he eher han he had on earh.
Afer Romulus came six more kings: Numa Pompilius, who esab-lished laws and religion; ullus Hosilius, who, as his name implies,
waged many a war; Ancus Marcius, who made he misake o choosingan Eruscan named arquin Priscus o uor his sons; arquin Priscus,
who usurped he hrone rom his pupils; Servius ullius, who marriedhe kings daugher and was murdered by his son-in-law arquin Super-
bus, whose name means arquin he Arrogan. arquin Superbus, he
las and nasies o he Roman kings, lived up o his name wih enhusi-asm, killing and exiling many powerul people, including any senaors
whose propery he desired or who he believed migh be a hrea o him.
As young Lucius Junius Bruus narrowly observed hese gruesomeproceedings, he decided his saey lay in sumbling around, saying su-pid hings, and generally behaving like a helpless soul. Biding his ime, he
waied or he proper momen o promoe a change in governmen. His
opporuniy came in 509 wih he deah o a rue Roman heroine,Lucreia Collainus. Sexus arquin, son o he king and heir o all hisnasier rais, raped Lucreia, he wie o arquin Collainus because she
was no only beauiul bu moral, and decency was one hing he couldno somach. Showing ha Roman women as well as Roman men pre-erred deah o dishonor, Lucreia, ully imbued wih sern old Romanprinciples, called her aher and her husband and old hem, along wih
he res o Rome, wha had happened, and hen plunged a dagger ino herbreas. Bruus, waving her deah weapon, made a sirring speech callinghe Romans o arms agains he despicable arquins. Te Romans, no
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Kingdom 753509 BCE(0244 AUC) 9
even lingering o wonder how he dull and supid Bruus had suddenlyblossomed ino oraor and warrior, rallied o he cry and drove he kingand his amily ou o Rome. So in 509 , afer he Roman Kingdomhad lased a litle over wo hundred years, he Romans began a remark-
able experimen in sel-governmen.