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Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.Mundelein, Illinois USA

By Rose Williams


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Editor: Donald E. Sprague

Cover Design & Typography:Adam Phillip Velez

Cover Illustration: Detail from the Arch of Trajan, Rome 2008 Jupiter Images Corp.

From Romulus to Romulus AugustulusRoman History for the New Millennium

Rose Williams

2008 Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.All rights reserved.

Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.

1570 Baskin RoadMundelein, Illinois 60060www.bolchazy.com

Printed in the United States of America

2008by [printer name]

ISBN 978-0-86516-691-2Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

CIP info goes here


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beatos eos quibus datum est aut facere scribenda aut scribere legenda.

happy are hose o whom i is given o do hings worh being writenor o wrie hings worh being read

Pliny he YoungerEpistulae6.16


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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

I. TIMELINE OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

II. KINGDOM 753509 BCEO244 AUC . . . . . . . . . . .5

III. EARLY REPUBLIC 509265 BCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

IV. MIDDLE REPUBLIC 265133 BCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

V. LATE REPUBLIC 13327 BCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

VI. A. PRINCIPATE ERA OF THE EMPIRE 27 BCE284 CE. . . 41

VI. B. DOMINATE ERA OF THE EMPIRE 284476 CE . . . . 55

VII. REGES ITALIAE 476526 CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

VIII. NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

ANCIENT SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

PHOTOGRAPHY CREDITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

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FOREWORDTe early hisory o Rome is shrouded in legend, much o which we learnrom he hisorian Livy. Te sories canno be aken as absoluely ac-ual, as Livy ofen gives wo versions o he same sory, neiher veriable.Bu hese sories represen Roman hisory as he Romans hemselves ac-ceped and revered i, and wha people believe o be ac is ofen quie asinuenial as ac isel.

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PREFACEFrom Romulus to Romulus Augustulus is a brie survey o he hisory andlieraure o Classical Rome. A conneced chronological overview o apeople and heir wriings helps readers undersand more abou hem,

wha hey have done, and wha hey considered imporan enough obe writen down or all ime. How a people deal wih heir environ-men boh naural and social, as well as wha rouble hey go ino and

how hey did or did no ge ou o i, is an inegral par o language andlieraure sudy. As crises and riumphs ow one rom he oher, hepeople, he language, and he lieraure are carried along wih hemand shaped by hem. Tis shor reader will be useul or hose sudyingancien lieraure, language, culure, or hisory.

erms ha migh be unamiliar o he reader are emphasized inboldace ype. Te noes secion a he back o he book provides an

explanaion or he erms.From Romulus to Romulus Augustulus: Roman History for the New Mil-

lennium will serve as an ancillary and quick reerence book or anygroup sudying he ancien world. I is a good resource or hose usinghe Bolchazy-Carducci exbookLatin for the New Millenniumand co-ordinaes as ollows.

CORRELATION WITH LATIN FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM

II. Kingdom - 753509 (0244 )

LNM Chapters 1, 10, 11

III. Early Republic - 509265

LNM Chapter 4, Review 2, Chapter 12, Review 4

IV. Middle Republic - 265133

LNM Chapters 1, 2, 3

xi


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xii From Romulus to Romulus Augustulus

V. Lae Republic - 13327

LNM Chapters 4, 5, 6, Review 2, Chapters 7, 8, 9, Review 3

VI. A. Principae Era o he Empire - 27 284

LNM Review 1, Chapters 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, Review 6VI. B. Dominae Era o he Empire - 284476

LNM Chapters 19, 20, 21, Review 6

VII. Reges Ialiae - 476526

LNM Chapters 21, Review 7


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I. TIMELINE OVERVIEW753509 BCEO244 AUC

KINGDOM

KINGS OF ROME

ca. 753715 Romulus Founder, king o Rome

ca. 715673 Numa Pompilius, Sabine

ca. 673

642 ullius Hosilius, Lainca. 642617 Ancus Marcius, grandson o Numa Pompilius

ca. 616578 Lucius arquinius Priscus, Eruscan

ca. 578534 Servius ullius, son-in-law o arquiniusPriscus, possibly Lain

ca. 534509 Lucius arquinius Superbus, grandson o

arquinius Priscus

50927 BCEREPUBLIC

A. 509265 BCEEARLY REPUBLIC

509 Annually eleced magisraes

451450 Law o welve ables writen

390 Rome sacked by he Gauls

367 Consulship opened o plebs

312 Censorship o Appius Claudius Caecus

298290 Tird Samnie War

281272 War wih King Pyrrhus

279 Pyrrhic vicory

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2 From Romulus to Romulus Augustulus

B. 265133 BCEMIDDLE REPUBLIC

264241 Firs Punic War

21820l Second Punic War

196 Flamininus proclaims reedom or Greece184 Censorship o Cao

149146 Tird Punic War

133 Murder o iberius Gracchus

C. 13327 BCELATE REPUBLIC

112106 War wih Jugurha in Numidia

107100 Repeaed consulships o Gaius Marius

8279 Sulla Dicaor

7371 Revol o Sparacus he Gladiaor

63 Consulship o Cicero

60 Firs riumvirae o Julius Caesar, Pompey he Grea, andCrassus

59 Consulship o Caesar

5850 Caesars Gallic campaign

4946 Civil War beween Caesar and he senaorial orces

46 Suicide o Cao Uicensis

44 Assassinaion o Caesar

43 Second riumvirae o Mark Anony, Ocavian, andLepidus

42 Batle o Philippi

39 Marriage o Ocavian and Livia

31 Batle o Acium

27 Ocavian given ile o Augusus


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Timeline Overview 3

27 BCE476 CEEMPIRE

A. 27 BCE284 CEPRINCIPATE

27 14 Augusus Imperaor

23 Deah o Marcellus

12 Marriage o iberius and Julia

9 Deah o Drusus, Augusus eldes sepson

4 Adopion o iberius by Augusus

147 iberius Imperaor

19 Deah o Germanicus3741 Caligula Imperaor

4154 Claudius Imperaor

43 Conques o Briain

5468 Nero Imperaor

5459 Neros good years, guided by Seneca and Burrus

67 Vespasians Judean campaign

6869 Year o he Four Emperors

6979 Vespasian Imperaor

70 Capure o Jerusalem by ius, son o Vespasian

7981 ius Imperaor

80 Compleion o he Coliseum, or Flavian Amphiheaer

8196 Domiian Imperaor

9698 Nerva Imperaor

98117 rajan Imperaor

117138 Hadrian Imperaor

138161 Anoninus Pius Imperaor

161180 Marcus Aurelius Imperaor


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180192 Commodus Imperaor

193211 Sepimius Severus Imperaor; esablishes miliarydicaorship

211284 Miliary unres and poliical disorder; manyemperors

B. 284476 CEDOMINATE

284305 Diocleian becomes Emperor and proclaimshimsel Dominus

293 Division o empire ino Easern and Wesern; ourrulers

305 Abdicaion o Diocleian and Maximian

306337 Consanine he Grea Imperaor

313 Edic o Milan, conrming religious oleraion orChrisians

324 Founding o Consaninople

325 Council o Nicaea

337476 Varied emperors o varied abiliies

410 Visigohs sack Rome

455 Vandals sack Rome

476 Romulus Augusulus deposed by Odoacer

476526 CEREGES ITALIAE

476 493 Odoacer, Rex Ialiae

493526 Teodoric, Rex Ialiae


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making her a Vesal Virgin so ha she could no marry. His planningwas overse by he god Mars, however, and beore Amulius realized haall, rom his poin o view, was no well, Rhea Silvia was he moher owins, Romulus and Remus.

Amulius was a religious man. He knew he Furies, immoral emaleavengers who had snakes or hair and eyes ha wep ears o blood, pur-sued hose who killed relaives. He reasoned ha i he pu he boys inhe ooding iber in a willow baske, however, and hey happened odrown, he could no be blamed.

Romulus and Remus oaed ono a sandbar and were ound by a moh-erly wol. In he bes radiion o classical lieraure, he baby princes

were discovered by a wandering shepherd. Tis shepherd, named Faus-ulus, ook he boys home wih him.

Romulus and Remus grew up in he hu o Fausulus. In heir youh,when no herding sheep, hey huned game in he ores, where heyencounered bands o robbers. Te wins, developing an early RobinHood spiri, robbed hese robbers and disribued he spoils among

Children of the wolf.


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Kingdom 753509 BCE(0244 AUC) 7

heir shepherd riends. Te robbers, who like all really prosperous crim-inals could assume he guise o hones men, caugh Romulus and hismen in ambush and carried hem off o be judged beore Numior, who

was living in reiremen on a porion o his lands given him by his gener-

ous usurper o a broher.Fausulus, who had always had his suspicions abou he disappearance

o Rhea Silvias wins and he she-wols sudden increase o amily, oldhis sory o Romulus and o Numior. Te resul was a careully plo-ed revoluion ha resored Numior o he hrone. Romulus and Remushen ound ha as a resul o all heir labors hey were living in a kingdom

whose absolue ruler was heir grandaher. However kind and graeul

he migh be, a grandaher ends o resric he aciviies o young men.So, in 753 hey se ou in search o a place o heir own.

Te wins soon decided go back o heir wol-cave and ound a ciy.Tis cave was on he Palaine, or Shepherds Hill, which was an excellensraegic locaion, being one o an irregular ring o seven hills souh ohe iber River. Is desirabiliy was enhanced because he erce Erus-cans lived norh o he iber, and he river was given o ooding. Near

he wol-cave on he Palaine, Romulus and his men cu grea squareblocks o sone and began o lay oundaions or he new ciy Romulusinended o rule. According o one sory Remus, who waned he ciyor himsel, laughed a he budding oricaions and jumped over helow wall, and Romulus killed him. Afer ha nobody laughed a Romu-lus effors, and when he ciy was named Rome afer Romulus, nobodylaughed a ha, eiher.

Romulus and his men were proud o heir new own, bu i lacked oneimporan elemenwomen. Romulus and his men decided ha setledhomes, complee wih wives, would be nice. Bu in seting ou on heirgrea advenure, hey had negleced o bring along any emalesperhapshe girls in Alba Longa, being more sensible han he males, reused ohave any par o such an exploi. In any case, now ha hey had homes andpropery, more or less, he Romans dressed up and wen over o cour hedaughers o he Sabines, who lived some hree miles away. Teir recep-

ion was deniely no encouraging. Afer a bi o consrucive hough,he Romans se up an ahleic cones and carried off he girls while heirahers were waching he games. Te Sabines sormed back home and


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brough reinorcemens o rescue he girls, o course, bu afer a livelybatle and some inervenion by he girls, who had been well-reaed byheir new Roman spouses, he wo peoples setled down o live ogeherand or a ime were ruled by co-kings, Romulus and a Sabine wih he

allieraive name o ius aius. ius being shor-lived, Romulus soonruled alone wih he advice o one hundred elders, called senaors, whomhe appoined. One day during a ceremony a hick cloud enveloped Ro-mulus, and when he cloud dispersed his hrone chair was empy. Tepeople murmured ha he senaors sanding nearby had done away wihKing Romulus, bu he senaors swore he had been carried away by hegods. Henceorh he was worshipped as he god Quirinus, and gave hesenaors much less rouble in he eher han he had on earh.

Afer Romulus came six more kings: Numa Pompilius, who esab-lished laws and religion; ullus Hosilius, who, as his name implies,

waged many a war; Ancus Marcius, who made he misake o choosingan Eruscan named arquin Priscus o uor his sons; arquin Priscus,

who usurped he hrone rom his pupils; Servius ullius, who marriedhe kings daugher and was murdered by his son-in-law arquin Super-

bus, whose name means arquin he Arrogan. arquin Superbus, he

las and nasies o he Roman kings, lived up o his name wih enhusi-asm, killing and exiling many powerul people, including any senaors

whose propery he desired or who he believed migh be a hrea o him.

As young Lucius Junius Bruus narrowly observed hese gruesomeproceedings, he decided his saey lay in sumbling around, saying su-pid hings, and generally behaving like a helpless soul. Biding his ime, he

waied or he proper momen o promoe a change in governmen. His

opporuniy came in 509 wih he deah o a rue Roman heroine,Lucreia Collainus. Sexus arquin, son o he king and heir o all hisnasier rais, raped Lucreia, he wie o arquin Collainus because she

was no only beauiul bu moral, and decency was one hing he couldno somach. Showing ha Roman women as well as Roman men pre-erred deah o dishonor, Lucreia, ully imbued wih sern old Romanprinciples, called her aher and her husband and old hem, along wih

he res o Rome, wha had happened, and hen plunged a dagger ino herbreas. Bruus, waving her deah weapon, made a sirring speech callinghe Romans o arms agains he despicable arquins. Te Romans, no


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Kingdom 753509 BCE(0244 AUC) 9

even lingering o wonder how he dull and supid Bruus had suddenlyblossomed ino oraor and warrior, rallied o he cry and drove he kingand his amily ou o Rome. So in 509 , afer he Roman Kingdomhad lased a litle over wo hundred years, he Romans began a remark-

able experimen in sel-governmen.

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