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History Summary
Peace treaties after WW1
Aims of the Big ThreeGeorges Clemenceau
Security cripple Germany so she could never attack France again
Regain Frances lost pride Alsace-Lorraine
Satisfy pulic opinion
!unish Germany very harsh treaty"avid Lloyd George
!rotect #ritish $mpire
Regain trading links %ith Germany not cripple her %ith a very harsh treaty
Satisfy pulic opinion &'ake Germany pay(
Compromise
)ot a too harsh treaty that %ould create a vengeful Germany another %ar*oodro% *ilson
#ase+ , !ointso *orld safe for democracy
o Freedom of seas
o .nternational cooperation League of )ations
o *orld disarmament
o Self-determination
Fair peace not a harsh treaty to prevent future %ar %ith Germany
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles,/ *ar guilt clause 01,
Germany %as to accept the %hole responsiility for starting **, and the damage caused y
it/
0/ Reparations 2/2 illion pounds
1/ "isarmament
"isarmament of the Rhineland
Army of ,334333 men
Conscription anned all soldiers had to e volunteers
2 attleships and 13 small ships
)o sumarines
)o armoured vehicles tanks
)o air force
Anschluss foridden
/ Loss of territories
Lost all colonies mandates under the League of )ations Lost the Saar coal5elds mandate under the League of )ations
6verall lost ,37 of her land
8/ League of )ations
Reactions and eects Germany
o 9hought it %as a &diktat(
o #elieved reparations %ere an attempt to ruin her economy and starve her children
o :umiliated y small armed forces
o Angry for all the loss of land
o #elieved the %ar guilt clause %as untrue and un;ust
o Surprised that the terms had no close relation to *ilsons , pointso Germanys
most valuale industrial area? %hen Germany failed to meet a reparations payment dateand took over iron and steel factories4 coal mines4 and rail%ays/
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o As a result of the occupation of the Ruhr4 hyperin@ation developed/
o )ationalist terror groups killed 182 government politicians
o Riots in #erlin
o )umer of communist reellions
o nited Germans helped :itler rise to po%er
Contriuted to policy of appeasement
#ritish sympathy
Contriuted to hate to%ards League of )ations
Importance of the Treaty of Versailles 9he #ig 9hree negotiated it
'a;or %orld po%ers involved in set up the treaty
o #ritain
o France
o nited States
6utlined the principles of the other treaties
o Self-determination
o "isarmament
o Guilt
o Reparations
o
Loss of land :elped allo%ed :itler to rise to po%er in Germany
Contriuted to the start of *orld *ar 9%o
pinions of the Big Three ! "utual compromise in Treaty of VersaillesGeorges Clemenceau
Liked
o *ar guilt clause 01,
o "isarmament
o Reparations
o Alsace-Lorraine regained
o 'andates under French control
"islikedo Saar Coal5elds under Leagues control for only ,8 years
o "emilitariBed Rhineland %anted it to e independent4 not only demilitariBed
"avid Lloyd George
Liked
o Reduction in German navy
o German colonies as #ritish mandates
"isliked
o *ilsons ideas of freedom of navigation of seas
o Clemenceaus harshness overall harshness of the treaty elieved it %ould cause another
%aro Reparations German economy ruined4 thus not a possile trading partner
*oodro% *ilson Liked
o League of )ations set up
o Self-determination !oland4 CBechoslovakia4 etc/
"isliked
o 'any of his , points ignored
o #ritain opposition to freedom of navigation of seas
o 6nly defeated nations disarmed
o )o self-determination for colonies
o S senate refused to ratify the 9reaty of ersailles S not a memer of the League
ther treaties
9reaty of St/ Germain ,=,= Austria Separated Austria from :ungary
Forade the Anschluss
"isarm
Lost territory to Dugoslavia4 CBechoslovakia4 !oland4 Romania4 and .taly
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Reparations
9reaty of 9rianon ,=03 :ungary
Separated :ungary from Austria
"isarm
Lost territory to CBechoslovakia and Dugoslavia
Reparations9reaty of )euilly ,=,= #ulgaria
Lost territory to Greece Romania4 and Dugoslavia
Lost access to the sea "isarm
Reparations
9reaty of Sevres ,=03 9urkey
Lost territory to Greece
Lost territory as mandates under French and #ritish control
Lost control of straits in the #lack Sea
"isarm
Reparations
9reaty of Lausanne ,=01 9urkey9reaty of Sevres %as unsuccessful as 9urks led y 'ustafa
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o Give legal advice to the assemly or council
Councils and commissions
o .nternational laour organiBation .L6
o *orld health organiBation *:6
o Refugee organiBation
o Slavery commission
o 'andates commission
"ealing %ith disputes,/ eral sanctions
"eclare that it disapproved of an action y the aggressor0/ $conomic sanctions
Stop all memers of the League from trading %ith the aggressor1/ 'ilitary sanctions
>.n theory? 9he Leagues armed forces could take military action against the aggressor if t%o
previous sanctions failed
"em(ership of the $eague'a;or memers
#ritain
France
apan
.taly
'emers
,=03 3 countries
,=13 23 countries
)on-memers
SSR >;oined in ,=1? fear of communism of *estern countries
Germany >;oined in ,=02 until ,=11? not allo%ed to ;oin
nited States S senate refused to ;oin
$eague in 1)*+sSuccesses
pper Silesia ,=0,o #et%een Germany and !oland
o "ispute over to %hat country pper Silesia should elong to
o League decided to hold a pleiscite and split pper Silesia after results of pleiscite sho%ed
half and half of the population %anting to e part of either countrieso #oth countries accepted4 ut %ere not content
Aaland .slands ,=0,
o #et%een S%eden and Finland
o "ispute over to %hat country the Aaland .slands should elong to
o League decided that they should elong to Finland
o S%eden accepted
Commissions
o
334333 prisoners of %ar repatriatedo 9urkish refugee camps helped in ,=00
o *orked against leprosy and tropical diseases
o *orked against drug companies
o Attacks on slave o%ners in Sierra Leone and #urma
o $conomic advice for Austria in ,=004 and :ungary in ,=01
o .nternational Laour 6rganiBation set an hour %orking day4 hour %orking %eek4 paid
holidays4 and no full-time %orkers under ,8 years old
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o League memers #ritain and France didnt %ant to upset !oland4 so nothing %as done
Corfu ,=01
o #et%een .taly and Greece
o .talian General 9ellini %as murdered in Greece and .taly thus occupied Corfu4 %ho appealed
to the League for helpo League ordered 'ussolini to %ithdra%
o 'ussolini %ithdre% ut managed to get the Conference of Amassadors to force a
compensation from Greece to .taly
6ther treaties sho%ed that the League %as not needed
o *ashington treaty ,=0, naval agreement et%een S4 apan4 and #ritain
o "a%es !lan ,= S gave loans to Germany to pay reparations
o Locarno !act ,=08 defend 9reaty of ersailles
$eague in 1),+s9he Great "epression
,=03s
o S had the strongest economy %orld%ide
o "a%es !lan imposed y S helped Germany %ith loans
,=0= *all Street crash and S economy collapsed
,=13s
o S stopped uying goods from other countries
o $urope economies collapsed
o apan economy also aHected as S %as the main importer of apanese goods
o "a%es !lan stopped
o !rotectionism in many countries >raise of tariHs of imported goods to protect their o%n
industries and ;os from foreign competition? reduced the amount of %orld trade9he 'anchurian Crisis ,=1,
.n Septemer ,=1, the 'ukden incident took place >an eEplosion damaged a section of the
apanese-controlled South 'anchurian Railroad?/ 9he apanese immediately took the opportunityto move troops to 'anchuria/
#y Feruary ,=104 the apanese had conIuered 'anchuria and set up 'anchukuo/
China %as in the middle of a civil %ar and thus %as unale to defend herself from the apanese/
China thus appealed to the League for help/
9he League sent a research group led y Lord Lytton to the Far $ast to investigate the crisis/ 9his
took a year to complete4 ut %hen completed4 the League decided apan should %ithdra%/
.n ,=114 apan left the League/
9he League could not decide on economic sanctions and #ritain and France %ere not prepared
to send an army to solve the crisis militarily4 so apanese stayed in 'anchuria/9he Ayssinian Crisis ,=18
.n "ecemer ,=14 a dispute over the order et%een Ayssinia and the .talian Somaliland
@ared into 5ghting/
.n ,=18 a %ell-eIuipped .talian force invaded Ayssinia/
Ayssinia appealed to the League for help/
9he League talked to 'ussolini4 ut he >'ussolini? used this time of conversation to send an
army to Ayssinia/
9he League imposed economic sanctions on .taly4 %hich consisted on ruer and metal/
France and #ritain secretly came up %ith the :oare-Laval !act %hich consisted on giving'ussolini most of Ayssinia/
.n ,=1J4 .taly left the League/
.taly conIuered Ayssinia and remained there/
$Hects of the 'anchurian and Ayssinian crisis
.t ecame clear that if a strong nation %as prepared to ignore the League4 the League could do
nothing aout it/
9he LeagueKs delays and slo%ness made it look scared/
Sanctions %ere sho%n to e useless/
$veryody realised that #ritain and France %ere not prepared to use force/
9he four ma;or po%ers - apan4 .taly4 #ritain and France - all etrayed the League/ Smaller nations realised that the League could not and %ould not protect them/
#ritain and France decided that the League %as useless to stop %ar4 and follo%ed instead the
policy of appeasement/
:itler %as encouraged to move ahead %ith his plans/
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*orld "isarmament Conference >Geneva Conference? ,=10-1J
)o country %anted to disarm >5rst?
:itler demanded eIuality of armed forces as Germany had already disarmed4 the other
countries should too or Germany %ould rearm to the level of other countries
France disagreed as she %ished for Germany to remain disarmed
France disagreed as %ell in disarming as she %anted to e sure that if she reduced her armed
forces4 Germany %ould not attack
#ritain and the S %ere not prepared to grant the French an unlimited support that %as
demanded y France if she %as to accept to disarm
Reasons for the $eague of %ation-s failure )o army military sanctions not availale
S not a memer
Great depression in ,=13
6rganiBation of the League decisions and system %ere slo%
9reaty of ersailles set it up the treaty %as hated
Self-interest of the leading memers and other memers
"ictators :itler and 'ussolini
Road to World War T&o
Hitler-s aims,/ Leensraum living space for Germans0/ Revise the 9reaty of ersailles1/ nite all Germans in a Greater Germany/ "estroy Communism
Hitler-s foreign policies 1),+sSummary of events
,/ ,=11 :itler left the Geneva "isarmament Conference and the League of )ations0/ ,=18 rearmament and conscription1/ ,=12 remilitariBation of the Rhineland >Jthof march?
/ ,=1 Anschluss8/ ,=1 Sudetenland anneEation2/ ,=1= !act of Steel >'ay? et%een 'ussolini and :itler for mutual helpJ/ ,=1= )aBi-Soviet !act >01rdof august? et%een Stalin and :itler/ ,=1= .nvasion of !oland and CBechoslovakia
.mportant events
Retaking the Saar and Rhineland
o .n ,=18 the Saar voted in a pleiscite to ecome part of Germany >=37 voted in favour?
o .n ,=12 :itler moved his troops ack into the Rhineland it %as a risk to :itler as it %as a
clear reach of the 9reaty of ersailles4 and German troops %ere in no position to stand upto the French army if it reacted >:itlers troops %ere under strict orders to retreat if thishappened?
o French %ere un%illing to act militarily %ithout #ritains help4 so no action took place
o :itler %as convinced that the French and #ritish %ere not going to stop him from achieving
his other aims
Anschluss
o .n ,=14 :itler had attempted the anneEation %ith Austria4 ho%ever4 as 'ussolini supported
Austria4 this attempt failedo .n ,=1 :itler ullied the Austrian Chancellor to accept a )aBi Seyss-.nIuart as Austrian
'inister of .nterioro 9he Austrian Chancellor >Schuschnigg? ordered a pleiscite4 and :itler responded y
moving his troops to the Austrian order and threatening Schuschnigg of invasion if hedidnt resign Schuschnigg resigned
o Seyss-.nIuart appointed himself as Chancellor and invited German troops to Austria a
pleiscite organiBed y the )aBis sho%ed a ==7 vote in favour of Austria to ;oin %ith
Germany )aBi-Soviet !act reasons
o 9ime to prepare for %ar gave Russia eighteen months to prepare for %ar
o !oland division of !oland et%een Germany and Russia
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o Fear of %ar et%een t%o fronts y Germany >France on the %est4 Russia on the east? and
Russia >Germany on the %est4 apan on the east?o Stalin %as unhappy %ith #ritain after Anglo-Soviet talks
Policy of Appeasement$vents
#ritish )aval Agreement ,=18
)o action over reoccupation of the Rhineland ,=12
Allo%ed :itler to use German omers in Spanish Civil *ar ,=1J-1=
)o action over Anschluss ,=1
'unich Conference gave :itler the Sudetenland ,=1
Reasons
Chamerlain %anted to avoid %ar at all costs
#ritain %as too %eak to 5ght a %ar %ith more than one country in ,=1 the policy ofappeasement granted #ritain one year to prepare for %ar
#ritain felt sympathy for Germany un;ust 9reaty of ersailles
Chamerlain mis;udged :itler
Fear of Communism elief that a strong Germany %ould stop Russia
.auses of World War T&o
,/ :itlers foreign policies0/ 9he policy of appeasement1/ League of )ations failures/ 9reaty of ersailles unfairness8/ Great "epression2/ Fear of Communism
Russia 1)+/ ! 1)01
Summary of eents,=38
#loody Sunday
,=38 Revolution,=,J
Feruary Revolution
9sar Adication
!rovisional government
6ctoer Revolution
,=,J-0
Lenin in po%er
Civil %ar
*ar Communism
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!easants 7
#ad aliments caage soup4 vodka4 rye read4 porridge4 5sh4 etc/ food depended on theharvests4 so %hen the harvests %ere ad4 there %ould e starvation and disease/
9oo little land very little of Russias land %as farmale most of the land elonged to the
aristocracyM noility >lando%ners?/
Regular epidemics
#ack%ard methods of farming strip method >every family had aout 03 or 13 narro% strips
scattered around the village?4 %ooden ploughs4 fe% animals and tools ackreaking physicallaour/
'ost peasants %ere in det to the government until ,2, ma;ority of peasants %ere serfs4 andin the same year the serfs >peasants o%ned y masters? had een freed and allocated a share ofland %hich they could uy %ith a loan from the government %hich they had to pay over manyyears/
)oility ,/87
ery rich
6%ned 087 of the total farmale land
Attended to the theatre4 concerts and allet
Attended to social events'iddle class
#ankers4 merchants4 rich capitalists4 etc/
Good aliments caviar4 sturgeon4 cold salmon4 orsch4 champagne4 etc/
Could attend to the theatre4 concerts and allet
Link et%een government %as very strong government gave loans and contracts to rich
usinessmen/*orkers 7
Gro%ing class in industrialisation
:orrid %orking and living conditions lived in arracks neEt to factories4 or %ooden lodging
houses4 or tenmnet uildings/
'any factories kept going 0 hours a day long shifts
#ad aliments cheap lack read4 caage soup4 vodka4 uck%heat porridge4 etc/
6rthodoE Church
Close link to the 9sar elieved he %as chosen y God led peasants to elieve him as their
&little father/
pposition to the TsarSocial Revolutionaries
Aims
o Get rid of the 9sar
o Give all land to the peasants
Support
o !easants
9actics
o !ropaganda
o iolent acts >terrorism?
Social "emocrats Aims
o 6verthro% the 9sar
o Create a socialist society
Support
o *orkers
o Students
9actics
o #olsheviks small4 elite party of disciplined professional revolutionaries that %ould take
po%er %hen the time %as right Lenin/o 'ensheviks mass organisation party >as many %orkers as possile? that %ould gro% until
they eventually took po%er 9rotsky >ecame #olshevik after%ards %hen Lenin noticed his
ailities?/Lierals
Aims
o Free elections
o !arliament
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o 9sar to e a constitutional monarch like $nglands
o Civil rights freedom of speech4 %orship4 and conscience
Support
o 'iddle class
o Gentry
9acticso 'eetings
o Speeches
o "iscussions
o Articles and ooks
.auses of the 1)+/ Reolution :ardship for %orkers and peasants living and %orking conditions
$conomic prolems government invested a lot of money to improve industries4 ho%ever4 this
money invested came from the Russian people taEes %ere high and %ages %ere lo%/
Russo-apanese %ar ,=3 Russian navy defeated humiliation
#loody Sunday >00nd of anuary? peaceful march y %orkers and their families >0334333
marchers in total? led y father Gapon to ask the 9sar for a petition &truth4 ;ustice4 andprotection(4 &*e are seeking here our last salvation/ "o not refuse to help Dour people/ "estroythe %all et%een Dourself and Dour people( marchers carried pictures of the 9sar4 and %oretheir Sunday clothes4 as they approached the *inter !alace Cossacks guarding the palaceopened 5re %hen the huge peaceful march seemed as a threat hundreds of peaceful marchersdied in a loodath4 and as a result4 people didnt elieve the 9sar to e their &little father( anymore/
1)+/ Reolution eentsFeruary
Strikes spread
Grand "uke assassinated
'arch and 'ay
'utiny of the attleship !otemkin
'ay and une
"iHerent groups demanding changes middle class demanded a parliament4 national groups
demanded independence4 and e%s %anted civil rightsune and uly
!easant riots
Lando%ners houses urned and looted
Septemer
9reaty %ith apan
9sar promises payment and etter conditions for the army6ctoer
General strike
6ctoer manifesto "uma >parliament elected y the people?4 civil rights >freedom of speech
and conscience?4 uncensored ne%spapers4 and right to form political parties/"ecemer
9roops put do%n the unrest
Ho& the Tsar suried the 1)+/ Reolution Army remained loyal
6ctoer manifesto
Concessions to peasants
Appointed !eter Stolypin as prime minister - up to 14333 revolutionaries or suspected
revolutionaries %ere eEecuted et%een ,=32 and ,=,,4 victim to the hangmans noose or4 as itecame kno%n4 NStolypins necktie4 %hile the NStolypin %agon eEiled vast numers of politicalopponents to Sieria/
4e(ruary 1)15 Reolution,/ *orld *ar 6ne no ammunition for soldiers losses in attles caused demoraliBation Russianrail%ay system %as eing used to carry supplies to the army4 so trains carrying food and coal tocities %ere reduced food shortages and coal shortages stroke cities/
0/ #ecause of food shortages4 the prices rose and %orkers %ere asked to %ork for longer hours1/ Factories closed4 and unemployment rose
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/ 9sar goes to the front he leaves the 9sarina on charge4 %ho is deeply in@uenced y Rasputin4and suspected to e a spy for the Germans given her German descent the 9sarina %ould not%ork %ith the "umas and dismissed ale ministers to replace them %ith friends of Rasputin ormen %ho %ould do as she said the 9sar %as also lamed personally for the losses in the %ar/
8/ Jthof march 34333 %orkers in the !utilov engineering %orks go on strike4 %omen ;oin on thestrike in the .nternational *omens "ay shouting &"o%n %ith the hungerO #read for the%orkersO( the 9sar ordered the demonstrations to e put do%n y force RodBianko4 the leaderof the "uma4 sent a telegram to the 9sar stating that the situation %as at crisis point4 ut the9sar took no notice/
2/ ,0th
of march troops refused to shoot strikers and ;oined them instead/J/ ,1thof march the 9sar tried to get ack to !etrograd ut his train %as stopped y rail%ays
%orkers he %as presented %ith adication papers4 and on the same day4 he adicated/
Proisional 6oernmentFeatures
Led y AleEander "ual government? !rovisional government could onlycarry out decisions if !etrograd Soviet agreed/
'easures taken
!olitical prisoners freed
Freedom of press and speech
Right to strike
$nd to social discrimination and death penalty
Petrograd Soiet *orkers and soldiers sent representatives to look after their interests
.ssued order )o/, gave it control of the armed forces
Issues &ith the Proisional 6oernment *ar %asnt stopped food and coal shortages continued army %as devastated4 and
government sent death sIuads to kill the thousands of deserters/
Land %asnt given to the peasants peasants started taking land y force/
Steps to the 7cto(er8 %oem(er 1)15 Reolution April theses y Lenin read4 !eace4 and Land( and &All po%er to the soviets( ecame very
popular amongst masses/
uly days #olshevik attempted reellion4 ut %ere defeated y the troops
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anuary ,=, Lenin sent soldiers to shut it do%n
Lenin then set up the "ictatorship of the !roletariat4 %hich %as essentially a #olshevikdictatorship
!eace
Lenin sent 9rotsky to negotiate a peace treaty %ith Germany
9rotsky %alked out of the talks ecause Germans demanded too much territory
Lenin sent him ack and the result %as the harsh treaty of #rest-Litovsk
Cheka
"ecemer ,=,J Lenin set up the Cheka4 a secret police force %ith FeliE "BerBhinski as head
9he Cheka arrested people %ho %ere considered a threat to #olshevik rule
'easures taken
.ndustrial changes
o hours a day
o hours a %eek
o $mployment insurance for %orkers %ith in;uries4 illnesses4 and unemployment
o Factories put under control of %orkers committees
Army
o 6cers had to e elected
o Aolished ranks
Socialo
Aolished titles and classes sole title of &comrade(o )on-#olshevik ne%spapers anned
o Lierals and Cadets anned
o "ivorce made easier4 and marriage didnt have to e in churches
o *omen declared eIual to men
Land
o All church land con5scated y state
o Land to peasants
o All anks taken over y government
Sides in the .iil WarReds
#olsheviks*hites
Former 9sarists
Russians %ho %ere ready to accept the !rovisional Government
)oles
'iddle-class constitutional democrats
'ensheviks
Socialist Revolutionaries
Foreign po%ers %ho %ere afraid of a %orld revolution led y #olsheviks
Greens
.ndependent groups of nationalists
.ndependent groups of peasants
.ndependent groups of andits
Why the Reds &on the .iil &arStrengths of the Reds
Controlled main industrial areas production of munition and %ar supplies to support %ar eHort
Control over rail%ay lines %hich connected !etrograd and 'osco% to the rest of Russia sendsoldiers and munition Iuickly to any place in the attle area
6nly one aim %hich %as to stay in po%er in order to uild a ne% Socialist society unity
9rotsky %as the leader of the army inspired the army4 uilt red army >rought in 834333
eEperienced former 9sarist ocers?
Cheka ensured people maintained loyal to Lenin
Good use of propaganda
*ar Communism
*eaknesses of the *hites
Armies scattered all over the attle area
#ad communications
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)o common aim no unity4 and sometimes generals in the *hites opposed each other as much
as they opposed the Reds
Lacked good leaders
Generals %ould not support each other and %ould not coordinate attacks
:arsh treatment of people in the lands they took led to the people supporting the Reds
Foreign intervention
Armies sent y #ritain4 France4 S4 and apan %ere tired of %ar didnt 5ght
Some sympathiBed %ith the #olshevik cause
Allo%ed #olsheviks to make use of propaganda make *hites appear to e controlled yCapitalist po%ers
9ents of the .iil War 1)1:!1)*1,/ 9he %ar lasted 1 years/0/ *hite armies led y Generals Dudenich and "enikin attacked Russia from the %est4 Admiral
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Small factories >that produced consumer goods? returned to private o%nership and could sell
goods for pro5t
Large industries >coal4 steel4 transport4 etc/? remained under the states control
$lectri5cation Lenin %anted to install an electric light ul in every home4 he stated &Sovietpo%er plus electri5cation eIuals Communism(
Results
Successes
o Foreign trade resumed
o !eriod of staility
o .mproved the general economic situation
Failures
o !rices for consumer goods %ere high peasants >after ,=08? %ere un%illing to sell their
produce of grain as they could not uy much %ith the money they earnedo nemployment increased
o Crime rate increased
o #y the end of ,=03s4 food supplies %ere a prolem again
o Some communists %ere angry ecause they sa% the )$! as capitalism
6ther outcomes
o Socialist Revolutionaries %on the Constituent Assemly elections of,=,J? %hich made the Civil *ar much %orse than it could have een
Red terror
!repared to see millions of Russians suHer for his ideals
Stopped other people from eEpressing their opinions
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'ade the Communist !arty an organisation for carrying out orders4 as memers could not
disagree %ith the leaders
Struggle for po&er'a;or contenders
Stalin &Socialism in one country(
o General Secretary of the Communist party
o )ot an intellectual and inspiring speaker
o Regarded as dull4 mediocre4 and humourless y the other leading Communists
o !olitically cunning
o Loyal memer of the party for over 03 years
9rotsky &!ermanent revolution(
o Commissar of %ar
o !lanned the )ovemer ,=,J Revolution
o #uilt the Red army from nothing
o 6rganised the Red army during the Civil *ar
o 6nly one %ho could rival Lenin as speaker and %riter of revolutionary ideas4 ut didnt
inspire aHection as Lenin dido 6lder Communists distrusted him as they feared he could ecome a dictator
o 'emer of the party since ,=,J
Pinoviev left %ing >%anted to end the )$!?
%anted to end the )$!?
#ukharin right %ing >)$! %as the %ay for%ard?
Stalin-s steps to&ards po&er,/ sed his position as general secretary to put his supporters in important positions and remove
more radical young memers %ho %ere likely to support 9rotsky0/ 9ricked 9rotsky into missing Lenins funeral y telling him the %rong date delivered a speech
praising Lenin and stated he %as Lenins disciple1/ Leading Communists decided not to pulish Lenins %ill this contained criticism to%ards Stalin/ ,=0 !arty Congress Stalin ;oined %ith Pinoviev and
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respects diHers from Comrade Stalin in having only one advantage4 namely4 that of eing moretolerant4 more loyal4 more polite4 and more considerate to the comrades4 less capricious4 etc/
Why did Stalin ∈ General secretary he placed his supporters in important posts and removed younger4 more
radical4 memers %ho %ere more likely to support 9rotsky
9rotsky %as unpopular other leading Communists elieved he %as too ig headed4 and he had
also failed to attend to Lenins funeral >Stalin had tricked him y telling him the %rong date?
nderestimated y other contenders he %as disregarded y other leading Communists %ho
concentrated in defeating each other instead4 and he stayed in the ackground uilding up hissupport
!olitically ruthless changed alliances to defeat the other contenders one y one
Reasons for modernisation Stalin %anted Russia to ecome a %orld po%er
Russia needed to achieve self-suciency *estern countries %ere hostile to%ards Communism
#uild up armaments for self-defence German invasion a possiility
Stalin stated &*e are 83 or ,33 years ehind the advanced countries/ *e must make good this lag in,3 years/ $ither %e do it or %e %ill go under(
The 4ie#,=0-10?
Concentrated in heavy industries coal4 oil4 iron4 steel4 and electricity to lay a foundation forfuture 5ve-year plans
$lectric po%er production treled4 ,4833 ne% industrial plants %ere uilt4 and the uilding of
over ,33 ne% to%ns %as startedSecond Five-Dear !lan >,=11-1J?
Gave heavy industries priority
Communications such as rail%ays to link cities and industrial areas %ere also given importance
)e% industries chemicals and metallurgy gre% enormously
9hird Five-Dear !lan >,=1-,?
.nterrupted y *orld *ar 9%o
As %ar approached4 resources %ere put into the production of armamentsFeatures
Specialists specialist advisers %ere rought in from other countries >American and #ritishengineers? to improve industry
Single managers reintroduction of single managers4 %ho %ere directly responsile for the
reaching of targetsSpectacular achievements
"neiper "am
'osco%-olga canal
'osco% 'etro
'agnitogorsk
Ho& &or'ers &ere made to &or' so hard 'any %orkers especially younger %orkers %ere inspired y the thought that they %ere
uilding a etter society for their children and some sacri5ces %ere necessary
:uge propaganda campaign in cinemas4 ne%spapers4 and posters to encourage people
A%ards and honours given to individuals and groups %ho %orked hard
Stakhanovite 'ovement %as created %hen AleEei Stakhanov %as said to have moved ,30 tons
of coal in one shift >the eEpected amount of , men? the title of &Stakhanovite( %as given tooverachieving %orkers %hich entitled them to free holidays4 etter housing4 and cash priBes/
*ages paid according to ho% much one produced
!unishments asenteeism %as punished y 5nes4 loss of ration cards4 or dismissal4 and y
,=34 crime and prison sentence %as given to second oHenders %orkers had to carry laourooks4 and a ad record could lead to loss of food rations and imprisonment
.ollectiisationAnnounced in 'ay ,=0=
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!easants %ere encouraged to hand in their land4 animals4 and tools to the state4 and ;oin
Collective farms? in %hich they %ould share everything
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Successes
,/ Uuarter of a million kolkhoBes ==7 of Russia had een collectiviBed0/ )e% methodsM tractorsM fertilisersM large-scaleM ne% attitudes >trying to produce as much as
possile?1/ #y ,=1J4 =J million tonnes %ere produced !LS cash crops for eEport// ,J million peasants left the countryside to %ork in the to%ns4 ,=01J8/ 6cials ran farming/ !easants oeyed the !arty4 through enthusiasm or fear/ Stalin had all
po%er/
Failures
,/ Stock fell0/ Famine in ,=10-11 killed ,1 million peasants1/ "ekulakisation killed all kulaks and many other ordinary peasants
The 1),= .onstitution 9he ,=12 Constitution changed the name of the Central $Eecutive Committee to the Supreme
Soviet
9he Supreme Soviet %as empo%ered to set up Commissions4 %hich administered most of the
government
9he leader of the !residium %as declared to e the :ead of State
9he ,=12 Constitution thus focussed po%er in StalinKs hands
.t also gave people rights to vote >ut only for the Communist !arty?4 to %ork4 to rest and leisure4
to health protection4 to care in old age and sickness4 to housing and education
The great purgesSummary of events
,/ ,=1 Sergei eliminated over 037 of the memers?1/ ,=1J armed forces purged/ ,=1 Stalin stopped the purges
!urging the Communist party
.n ,=14 Sergei
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:istory %as re%ritten teEtooks changed information and pictures %ere tampered %ith to suit
Stalin
6ctoerists children et%een and ,3 years old %ere forced to ;oin
!ioneers children and teenagers et%een ,3 and ,2 years old %ere forced to ;oin
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"ivide Germany into Bones for #ritain4 France4 SA4 and SSR to occupy?4 as %ell as #erlin
and Austria
Free elections in $astern $uropean countries lierated from German control
Soviet sphere of in@uence
Coalition government in !oland
Set up the nited )ations peacekeeping organisation that %ould replace the League of )ations
Russia %ould help in %ar against apan
"isagreed on
!oland Stalin %anted to shift Russias order into !oland and in turn !oland could shift heroundaries into Germany4 Churchill didnt approve
The Potsdam .onference SA !resident :arry S/ 9ruman
SSR Comrade >dictator? Stalin
#ritain >5rst half of the conference? !rime 'inister *inston Churchill4 >second half of the
conference? ne% !rime 'inister Clement AttleeAgreed to
Find %ar criminals
"isagreed on
*hat to do %ith Germany Stalin %anted to cripple Germany y taking her resources4 the
%estern allies feared the repetition of history and %anted to help her recover Soviet policy in !oland Stalin had set up a Communist government in !oland4 and not a
coalition one
SiBe of German reparations
"etails of oundaries
Tensions at the conferencesDalta
Churchill mistrusted Stalin
Stalin mistrusted Churchill
Churchill elieved Roosevelt %as too pro-communist
!otsdam
)o common enemy Germany had een defeated Roosevelt died shared a relatively good relationship %ith Stalin
9ruman replaced Roosevelt he %as more anti-communist than Roosevelt and %as also
ineEperienced in %orking %ith Stalin
Attlee replaced Churchill this change happened in mid-conference %hich caused discussions4
and Attlee %as also ineEperienced in %orking %ith Stalin
SA had successfully tested the atomic om
SA and #ritain %ere alarmed at the Communist eEpansion
Stalin felt tricked as 9ruman had failed to tell him aout the atomic om efore its 5rst usage
9ents 71)0=#0:8,/ Futon speech in 'arch ,=2 Churchill delivers his iron curtain speech to a cro%d of 34333
0/ Greece in Feruary ,=J turning point in SAs attitude to%ards %orld politics1/ 9ruman doctrine in 'arch ,=J/ 'arshall !lan in une ,=J8/ Cominform in 6ctoer ,=J2/ CBechoslovakia in Feruary ,= Communist takeoverJ/ SAs Congress granted money for 'arhsall aid in 'arch ,=/ #erlin #lockade and airlift in une ,=
Salami Tactics,/ ,=8 Alania0/ ,=8 #ulgaria1/ ,=J !oland
/ ,=J - :ungary8/ ,=8-J Romania2/ ,= CBechoslovakiaJ/ ,== $ast Germany
&Slice y slice( Stalin made sure all $astern $uropean countries had Communist governments
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Stalin said his eEpansionism %as purely for defence friendly states around Russia that %ould preventanother invasion
6reece and .?echosloa'iaCBechoslovakia ,=
CBechoslovakia %as the only democratic country left in $astern $urope/
She %as run y a coalition government !rime 'inister
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Berlin Bloc'adeCauses
Cold %ar
Aims
o *estern allies %anted Germany to recover
o Stalin continually stripped her German Bone of her resources for Russias use
#iBonia and then *estern Germany
o #ritain and SA merged their German Bones
o France ;oined after%ards
'arshall !lan
)e% currency "eutschmark
o "estailiBed $ast German economy
$vents,/ ,stof une ,= #ritain and the S merge their Bones of Germany and form iBonia( France
;oins4 and forms *est Germany *est Germany egins to recover rapidly %ith the 'arshall aid Soviet Bone >$ast Germany? is continually stripped of its resources4 %hich go to the SSR/
0/ ,thof une ,= )e% currency the "eutschmark is introduced to *est Germany and *est#erlin/
1/ 08thof une ,= General Clay %ants to send supplies %ith an armed convoy of lorries 9ruman re;ects this idea as it %ould mean military confrontation :e orders an &airlift(4 %hich
%as essentially the carrying of supplies from *est Germany to *est #erlin y air// 0thof une ,= Stalin closes roads and rail%ays connecting *est Germany from *est #erlin
and gives the allies a choice of either surrendering #erlin or removing the ne% currency8/ 02thof une ,= 6peration ittles >5rst American planes airlift supplies to *est #erlin?2/ 0thune ,= 6peration !lane Fare >5rst #ritish planes airlift supplies to *est #erlin?J/ ,0thof 'ay ,== Stalin reopens communications
Facts
0J84333 @ights in total
An allied plane took oH or landed in *est #erlin every 13 seconds approEimately
#eginning 8333 tons of supplies per day
$nd 333 tons of supplies per day
9otal 0/1 million tons of cargo airlifted to *est #erlin
Results Cold %ar %orsened
$ast and *est #erlin division
)A96 ,==
*arsa% !act ,=88
.ron Curtain ecame permanent
Alliances 71)0/#//8 Cominform ,=J alliance of Communist governed countries
Comecon ,== coordinated production of Cominform countries
)A96 >)orth Atlantic 9reaty 6rganisation? ,= *estern #loc military alliance
*arsa% !act ,=88 response to )A96 >communist version
Who &as to (lame;9he Soviet historians
9hey lamed America
9he 9raditionalists
All *estern %riters efore ,=J34 and many since4 lame the Soviet nion for its &attempt toimpose their ideology on the rest of the %orld(/
9he 6rthodoE historians
9hey lame the Soviet nion for its eEpansionism in post-%ar years >salami tactics?4 spread of
Communism4 and desire of a %orld revolution/9he Revisionists vie%
.n ,=8=4 historian *illiam Appleman *illiams %as the 5rst to suggest that the nited States %as
to lame/ 9hey elieved America %as engaged in a %ar to keep countries open to capitalism and American
trade/
9hey elieved 9rumans failure of telling Stalin aout the Atomic om efore its 5rst usage in
,=8 %as the eginning of the Cold *ar/
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9hey elieved Americans had al%ays %anted to uild an empire4 and this %as sho%n in the
'arshall !lan &dollar imperialism(/9he !ost-Revisionists vie%
ohn Le%is Gaddis 5rst pulished his idea in ,=J0/
9hey elieved that neither side %as to lame that the Cold *ar %as caused y
misunderstandings and failure to appreciate each others fears/After the collapse of communism
Russian historians >such as Pudok and !leshakov? have een ale to study Soviet nions secret5les for the 5rst time 9hese 5les sho% that Soviet leaders %ere genuinely trying to avoidcon@ict %ith the S4 %hich puts more lame ack to America/
'odern historians stress that the Cold %ar %as a clash et%een communism and capitalism/