history summary

7/26/2019 History Summary

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History Summary

Peace treaties after WW1

Aims of the Big ThreeGeorges Clemenceau

Security cripple Germany so she could never attack France again

Regain Frances lost pride Alsace-Lorraine

Satisfy pulic opinion

!unish Germany very harsh treaty"avid Lloyd George

!rotect #ritish $mpire

Regain trading links %ith Germany not cripple her %ith a very harsh treaty

Satisfy pulic opinion &'ake Germany pay(

Compromise

)ot a too harsh treaty that %ould create a vengeful Germany another %ar*oodro% *ilson

#ase+ , !ointso *orld safe for democracy

o Freedom of seas

o .nternational cooperation League of )ations

o *orld disarmament

o Self-determination

Fair peace not a harsh treaty to prevent future %ar %ith Germany

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles,/ *ar guilt clause 01,

Germany %as to accept the %hole responsiility for starting **, and the damage caused y

it/

0/ Reparations 2/2 illion pounds

1/ "isarmament

"isarmament of the Rhineland

Army of ,334333 men

Conscription anned all soldiers had to e volunteers

2 attleships and 13 small ships

)o sumarines

)o armoured vehicles tanks

)o air force

Anschluss foridden

/ Loss of territories

Lost all colonies mandates under the League of )ations Lost the Saar coal5elds mandate under the League of )ations

6verall lost ,37 of her land

8/ League of )ations

Reactions and eects Germany

o 9hought it %as a &diktat(

o #elieved reparations %ere an attempt to ruin her economy and starve her children

o :umiliated y small armed forces

o Angry for all the loss of land

o #elieved the %ar guilt clause %as untrue and un;ust

o Surprised that the terms had no close relation to *ilsons , pointso Germanys

most valuale industrial area? %hen Germany failed to meet a reparations payment dateand took over iron and steel factories4 coal mines4 and rail%ays/


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o As a result of the occupation of the Ruhr4 hyperin@ation developed/

o )ationalist terror groups killed 182 government politicians

o Riots in #erlin

o )umer of communist reellions

o nited Germans helped :itler rise to po%er

Contriuted to policy of appeasement

#ritish sympathy

Contriuted to hate to%ards League of )ations

Importance of the Treaty of Versailles 9he #ig 9hree negotiated it

'a;or %orld po%ers involved in set up the treaty

o #ritain

o France

o nited States

6utlined the principles of the other treaties

o Self-determination

o "isarmament

o Guilt

o Reparations

o

Loss of land :elped allo%ed :itler to rise to po%er in Germany

Contriuted to the start of *orld *ar 9%o

pinions of the Big Three ! "utual compromise in Treaty of VersaillesGeorges Clemenceau

Liked

o *ar guilt clause 01,

o "isarmament

o Reparations

o Alsace-Lorraine regained

o 'andates under French control

"islikedo Saar Coal5elds under Leagues control for only ,8 years

o "emilitariBed Rhineland %anted it to e independent4 not only demilitariBed

"avid Lloyd George

Liked

o Reduction in German navy

o German colonies as #ritish mandates

"isliked

o *ilsons ideas of freedom of navigation of seas

o Clemenceaus harshness overall harshness of the treaty elieved it %ould cause another

%aro Reparations German economy ruined4 thus not a possile trading partner

*oodro% *ilson Liked

o League of )ations set up

o Self-determination !oland4 CBechoslovakia4 etc/

"isliked

o 'any of his , points ignored

o #ritain opposition to freedom of navigation of seas

o 6nly defeated nations disarmed

o )o self-determination for colonies

o S senate refused to ratify the 9reaty of ersailles S not a memer of the League

ther treaties

9reaty of St/ Germain ,=,= Austria Separated Austria from :ungary

Forade the Anschluss

"isarm

Lost territory to Dugoslavia4 CBechoslovakia4 !oland4 Romania4 and .taly


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Reparations

9reaty of 9rianon ,=03 :ungary

Separated :ungary from Austria

"isarm

Lost territory to CBechoslovakia and Dugoslavia

Reparations9reaty of )euilly ,=,= #ulgaria

Lost territory to Greece Romania4 and Dugoslavia

Lost access to the sea "isarm

Reparations

9reaty of Sevres ,=03 9urkey

Lost territory to Greece

Lost territory as mandates under French and #ritish control

Lost control of straits in the #lack Sea

"isarm

Reparations

9reaty of Lausanne ,=01 9urkey9reaty of Sevres %as unsuccessful as 9urks led y 'ustafa


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o Give legal advice to the assemly or council

Councils and commissions

o .nternational laour organiBation .L6

o *orld health organiBation *:6

o Refugee organiBation

o Slavery commission

o 'andates commission

"ealing %ith disputes,/ eral sanctions

"eclare that it disapproved of an action y the aggressor0/ $conomic sanctions

Stop all memers of the League from trading %ith the aggressor1/ 'ilitary sanctions

>.n theory? 9he Leagues armed forces could take military action against the aggressor if t%o

previous sanctions failed

"em(ership of the $eague'a;or memers

#ritain

France

apan

.taly

'emers

,=03 3 countries

,=13 23 countries

)on-memers

SSR >;oined in ,=1? fear of communism of *estern countries

Germany >;oined in ,=02 until ,=11? not allo%ed to ;oin

nited States S senate refused to ;oin

$eague in 1)*+sSuccesses

pper Silesia ,=0,o #et%een Germany and !oland

o "ispute over to %hat country pper Silesia should elong to

o League decided to hold a pleiscite and split pper Silesia after results of pleiscite sho%ed

half and half of the population %anting to e part of either countrieso #oth countries accepted4 ut %ere not content

Aaland .slands ,=0,

o #et%een S%eden and Finland

o "ispute over to %hat country the Aaland .slands should elong to

o League decided that they should elong to Finland

o S%eden accepted

Commissions

o

334333 prisoners of %ar repatriatedo 9urkish refugee camps helped in ,=00

o *orked against leprosy and tropical diseases

o *orked against drug companies

o Attacks on slave o%ners in Sierra Leone and #urma

o $conomic advice for Austria in ,=004 and :ungary in ,=01

o .nternational Laour 6rganiBation set an hour %orking day4 hour %orking %eek4 paid

holidays4 and no full-time %orkers under ,8 years old


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o League memers #ritain and France didnt %ant to upset !oland4 so nothing %as done

Corfu ,=01

o #et%een .taly and Greece

o .talian General 9ellini %as murdered in Greece and .taly thus occupied Corfu4 %ho appealed

to the League for helpo League ordered 'ussolini to %ithdra%

o 'ussolini %ithdre% ut managed to get the Conference of Amassadors to force a

compensation from Greece to .taly

6ther treaties sho%ed that the League %as not needed

o *ashington treaty ,=0, naval agreement et%een S4 apan4 and #ritain

o "a%es !lan ,= S gave loans to Germany to pay reparations

o Locarno !act ,=08 defend 9reaty of ersailles

$eague in 1),+s9he Great "epression

,=03s

o S had the strongest economy %orld%ide

o "a%es !lan imposed y S helped Germany %ith loans

,=0= *all Street crash and S economy collapsed

,=13s

o S stopped uying goods from other countries

o $urope economies collapsed

o apan economy also aHected as S %as the main importer of apanese goods

o "a%es !lan stopped

o !rotectionism in many countries >raise of tariHs of imported goods to protect their o%n

industries and ;os from foreign competition? reduced the amount of %orld trade9he 'anchurian Crisis ,=1,

.n Septemer ,=1, the 'ukden incident took place >an eEplosion damaged a section of the

apanese-controlled South 'anchurian Railroad?/ 9he apanese immediately took the opportunityto move troops to 'anchuria/

#y Feruary ,=104 the apanese had conIuered 'anchuria and set up 'anchukuo/

China %as in the middle of a civil %ar and thus %as unale to defend herself from the apanese/

China thus appealed to the League for help/

9he League sent a research group led y Lord Lytton to the Far $ast to investigate the crisis/ 9his

took a year to complete4 ut %hen completed4 the League decided apan should %ithdra%/

.n ,=114 apan left the League/

9he League could not decide on economic sanctions and #ritain and France %ere not prepared

to send an army to solve the crisis militarily4 so apanese stayed in 'anchuria/9he Ayssinian Crisis ,=18

.n "ecemer ,=14 a dispute over the order et%een Ayssinia and the .talian Somaliland

@ared into 5ghting/

.n ,=18 a %ell-eIuipped .talian force invaded Ayssinia/

Ayssinia appealed to the League for help/

9he League talked to 'ussolini4 ut he >'ussolini? used this time of conversation to send an

army to Ayssinia/

9he League imposed economic sanctions on .taly4 %hich consisted on ruer and metal/

France and #ritain secretly came up %ith the :oare-Laval !act %hich consisted on giving'ussolini most of Ayssinia/

.n ,=1J4 .taly left the League/

.taly conIuered Ayssinia and remained there/

$Hects of the 'anchurian and Ayssinian crisis

.t ecame clear that if a strong nation %as prepared to ignore the League4 the League could do

nothing aout it/

9he LeagueKs delays and slo%ness made it look scared/

Sanctions %ere sho%n to e useless/

$veryody realised that #ritain and France %ere not prepared to use force/

9he four ma;or po%ers - apan4 .taly4 #ritain and France - all etrayed the League/ Smaller nations realised that the League could not and %ould not protect them/

#ritain and France decided that the League %as useless to stop %ar4 and follo%ed instead the

policy of appeasement/

:itler %as encouraged to move ahead %ith his plans/


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*orld "isarmament Conference >Geneva Conference? ,=10-1J

)o country %anted to disarm >5rst?

:itler demanded eIuality of armed forces as Germany had already disarmed4 the other

countries should too or Germany %ould rearm to the level of other countries

France disagreed as she %ished for Germany to remain disarmed

France disagreed as %ell in disarming as she %anted to e sure that if she reduced her armed

forces4 Germany %ould not attack

#ritain and the S %ere not prepared to grant the French an unlimited support that %as

demanded y France if she %as to accept to disarm

Reasons for the $eague of %ation-s failure )o army military sanctions not availale

S not a memer

Great depression in ,=13

6rganiBation of the League decisions and system %ere slo%

9reaty of ersailles set it up the treaty %as hated

Self-interest of the leading memers and other memers

"ictators :itler and 'ussolini

Road to World War T&o

Hitler-s aims,/ Leensraum living space for Germans0/ Revise the 9reaty of ersailles1/ nite all Germans in a Greater Germany/ "estroy Communism

Hitler-s foreign policies 1),+sSummary of events

,/ ,=11 :itler left the Geneva "isarmament Conference and the League of )ations0/ ,=18 rearmament and conscription1/ ,=12 remilitariBation of the Rhineland >Jthof march?

/ ,=1 Anschluss8/ ,=1 Sudetenland anneEation2/ ,=1= !act of Steel >'ay? et%een 'ussolini and :itler for mutual helpJ/ ,=1= )aBi-Soviet !act >01rdof august? et%een Stalin and :itler/ ,=1= .nvasion of !oland and CBechoslovakia

.mportant events

Retaking the Saar and Rhineland

o .n ,=18 the Saar voted in a pleiscite to ecome part of Germany >=37 voted in favour?

o .n ,=12 :itler moved his troops ack into the Rhineland it %as a risk to :itler as it %as a

clear reach of the 9reaty of ersailles4 and German troops %ere in no position to stand upto the French army if it reacted >:itlers troops %ere under strict orders to retreat if thishappened?

o French %ere un%illing to act militarily %ithout #ritains help4 so no action took place

o :itler %as convinced that the French and #ritish %ere not going to stop him from achieving

his other aims

Anschluss

o .n ,=14 :itler had attempted the anneEation %ith Austria4 ho%ever4 as 'ussolini supported

Austria4 this attempt failedo .n ,=1 :itler ullied the Austrian Chancellor to accept a )aBi Seyss-.nIuart as Austrian

'inister of .nterioro 9he Austrian Chancellor >Schuschnigg? ordered a pleiscite4 and :itler responded y

moving his troops to the Austrian order and threatening Schuschnigg of invasion if hedidnt resign Schuschnigg resigned

o Seyss-.nIuart appointed himself as Chancellor and invited German troops to Austria a

pleiscite organiBed y the )aBis sho%ed a ==7 vote in favour of Austria to ;oin %ith

Germany )aBi-Soviet !act reasons

o 9ime to prepare for %ar gave Russia eighteen months to prepare for %ar

o !oland division of !oland et%een Germany and Russia


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o Fear of %ar et%een t%o fronts y Germany >France on the %est4 Russia on the east? and

Russia >Germany on the %est4 apan on the east?o Stalin %as unhappy %ith #ritain after Anglo-Soviet talks

Policy of Appeasement$vents

#ritish )aval Agreement ,=18

)o action over reoccupation of the Rhineland ,=12

Allo%ed :itler to use German omers in Spanish Civil *ar ,=1J-1=

)o action over Anschluss ,=1

'unich Conference gave :itler the Sudetenland ,=1

Reasons

Chamerlain %anted to avoid %ar at all costs

#ritain %as too %eak to 5ght a %ar %ith more than one country in ,=1 the policy ofappeasement granted #ritain one year to prepare for %ar

#ritain felt sympathy for Germany un;ust 9reaty of ersailles

Chamerlain mis;udged :itler

Fear of Communism elief that a strong Germany %ould stop Russia

.auses of World War T&o

,/ :itlers foreign policies0/ 9he policy of appeasement1/ League of )ations failures/ 9reaty of ersailles unfairness8/ Great "epression2/ Fear of Communism

Russia 1)+/ ! 1)01

Summary of eents,=38

#loody Sunday

,=38 Revolution,=,J

Feruary Revolution

9sar Adication

!rovisional government

6ctoer Revolution

,=,J-0

Lenin in po%er

Civil %ar

*ar Communism


8/22

!easants 7

#ad aliments caage soup4 vodka4 rye read4 porridge4 5sh4 etc/ food depended on theharvests4 so %hen the harvests %ere ad4 there %ould e starvation and disease/

9oo little land very little of Russias land %as farmale most of the land elonged to the

aristocracyM noility >lando%ners?/

Regular epidemics

#ack%ard methods of farming strip method >every family had aout 03 or 13 narro% strips

scattered around the village?4 %ooden ploughs4 fe% animals and tools ackreaking physicallaour/

'ost peasants %ere in det to the government until ,2, ma;ority of peasants %ere serfs4 andin the same year the serfs >peasants o%ned y masters? had een freed and allocated a share ofland %hich they could uy %ith a loan from the government %hich they had to pay over manyyears/

)oility ,/87

ery rich

6%ned 087 of the total farmale land

Attended to the theatre4 concerts and allet

Attended to social events'iddle class

#ankers4 merchants4 rich capitalists4 etc/

Good aliments caviar4 sturgeon4 cold salmon4 orsch4 champagne4 etc/

Could attend to the theatre4 concerts and allet

Link et%een government %as very strong government gave loans and contracts to rich

usinessmen/*orkers 7

Gro%ing class in industrialisation

:orrid %orking and living conditions lived in arracks neEt to factories4 or %ooden lodging

houses4 or tenmnet uildings/

'any factories kept going 0 hours a day long shifts

#ad aliments cheap lack read4 caage soup4 vodka4 uck%heat porridge4 etc/

6rthodoE Church

Close link to the 9sar elieved he %as chosen y God led peasants to elieve him as their

&little father/

pposition to the TsarSocial Revolutionaries

Aims

o Get rid of the 9sar

o Give all land to the peasants

Support

o !easants

9actics

o !ropaganda

o iolent acts >terrorism?

Social "emocrats Aims

o 6verthro% the 9sar

o Create a socialist society

Support

o *orkers

o Students

9actics

o #olsheviks small4 elite party of disciplined professional revolutionaries that %ould take

po%er %hen the time %as right Lenin/o 'ensheviks mass organisation party >as many %orkers as possile? that %ould gro% until

they eventually took po%er 9rotsky >ecame #olshevik after%ards %hen Lenin noticed his

ailities?/Lierals

Aims

o Free elections

o !arliament


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o 9sar to e a constitutional monarch like $nglands

o Civil rights freedom of speech4 %orship4 and conscience

Support

o 'iddle class

o Gentry

9acticso 'eetings

o Speeches

o "iscussions

o Articles and ooks

.auses of the 1)+/ Reolution :ardship for %orkers and peasants living and %orking conditions

$conomic prolems government invested a lot of money to improve industries4 ho%ever4 this

money invested came from the Russian people taEes %ere high and %ages %ere lo%/

Russo-apanese %ar ,=3 Russian navy defeated humiliation

#loody Sunday >00nd of anuary? peaceful march y %orkers and their families >0334333

marchers in total? led y father Gapon to ask the 9sar for a petition &truth4 ;ustice4 andprotection(4 &*e are seeking here our last salvation/ "o not refuse to help Dour people/ "estroythe %all et%een Dourself and Dour people( marchers carried pictures of the 9sar4 and %oretheir Sunday clothes4 as they approached the *inter !alace Cossacks guarding the palaceopened 5re %hen the huge peaceful march seemed as a threat hundreds of peaceful marchersdied in a loodath4 and as a result4 people didnt elieve the 9sar to e their &little father( anymore/

1)+/ Reolution eentsFeruary

Strikes spread

Grand "uke assassinated

'arch and 'ay

'utiny of the attleship !otemkin

'ay and une

"iHerent groups demanding changes middle class demanded a parliament4 national groups

demanded independence4 and e%s %anted civil rightsune and uly

!easant riots

Lando%ners houses urned and looted

Septemer

9reaty %ith apan

9sar promises payment and etter conditions for the army6ctoer

General strike

6ctoer manifesto "uma >parliament elected y the people?4 civil rights >freedom of speech

and conscience?4 uncensored ne%spapers4 and right to form political parties/"ecemer

9roops put do%n the unrest

Ho& the Tsar suried the 1)+/ Reolution Army remained loyal

6ctoer manifesto

Concessions to peasants

Appointed !eter Stolypin as prime minister - up to 14333 revolutionaries or suspected

revolutionaries %ere eEecuted et%een ,=32 and ,=,,4 victim to the hangmans noose or4 as itecame kno%n4 NStolypins necktie4 %hile the NStolypin %agon eEiled vast numers of politicalopponents to Sieria/

4e(ruary 1)15 Reolution,/ *orld *ar 6ne no ammunition for soldiers losses in attles caused demoraliBation Russianrail%ay system %as eing used to carry supplies to the army4 so trains carrying food and coal tocities %ere reduced food shortages and coal shortages stroke cities/

0/ #ecause of food shortages4 the prices rose and %orkers %ere asked to %ork for longer hours1/ Factories closed4 and unemployment rose


10/22

/ 9sar goes to the front he leaves the 9sarina on charge4 %ho is deeply in@uenced y Rasputin4and suspected to e a spy for the Germans given her German descent the 9sarina %ould not%ork %ith the "umas and dismissed ale ministers to replace them %ith friends of Rasputin ormen %ho %ould do as she said the 9sar %as also lamed personally for the losses in the %ar/

8/ Jthof march 34333 %orkers in the !utilov engineering %orks go on strike4 %omen ;oin on thestrike in the .nternational *omens "ay shouting &"o%n %ith the hungerO #read for the%orkersO( the 9sar ordered the demonstrations to e put do%n y force RodBianko4 the leaderof the "uma4 sent a telegram to the 9sar stating that the situation %as at crisis point4 ut the9sar took no notice/

2/ ,0th

of march troops refused to shoot strikers and ;oined them instead/J/ ,1thof march the 9sar tried to get ack to !etrograd ut his train %as stopped y rail%ays

%orkers he %as presented %ith adication papers4 and on the same day4 he adicated/

Proisional 6oernmentFeatures

Led y AleEander "ual government? !rovisional government could onlycarry out decisions if !etrograd Soviet agreed/

'easures taken

!olitical prisoners freed

Freedom of press and speech

Right to strike

$nd to social discrimination and death penalty

Petrograd Soiet *orkers and soldiers sent representatives to look after their interests

.ssued order )o/, gave it control of the armed forces

Issues &ith the Proisional 6oernment *ar %asnt stopped food and coal shortages continued army %as devastated4 and

government sent death sIuads to kill the thousands of deserters/

Land %asnt given to the peasants peasants started taking land y force/

Steps to the 7cto(er8 %oem(er 1)15 Reolution April theses y Lenin read4 !eace4 and Land( and &All po%er to the soviets( ecame very

popular amongst masses/

uly days #olshevik attempted reellion4 ut %ere defeated y the troops


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anuary ,=, Lenin sent soldiers to shut it do%n

Lenin then set up the "ictatorship of the !roletariat4 %hich %as essentially a #olshevikdictatorship

!eace

Lenin sent 9rotsky to negotiate a peace treaty %ith Germany

9rotsky %alked out of the talks ecause Germans demanded too much territory

Lenin sent him ack and the result %as the harsh treaty of #rest-Litovsk

Cheka

"ecemer ,=,J Lenin set up the Cheka4 a secret police force %ith FeliE "BerBhinski as head

9he Cheka arrested people %ho %ere considered a threat to #olshevik rule

'easures taken

.ndustrial changes

o hours a day

o hours a %eek

o $mployment insurance for %orkers %ith in;uries4 illnesses4 and unemployment

o Factories put under control of %orkers committees

Army

o 6cers had to e elected

o Aolished ranks

Socialo

Aolished titles and classes sole title of &comrade(o )on-#olshevik ne%spapers anned

o Lierals and Cadets anned

o "ivorce made easier4 and marriage didnt have to e in churches

o *omen declared eIual to men

Land

o All church land con5scated y state

o Land to peasants

o All anks taken over y government

Sides in the .iil WarReds

#olsheviks*hites

Former 9sarists

Russians %ho %ere ready to accept the !rovisional Government

)oles

'iddle-class constitutional democrats

'ensheviks

Socialist Revolutionaries

Foreign po%ers %ho %ere afraid of a %orld revolution led y #olsheviks

Greens

.ndependent groups of nationalists

.ndependent groups of peasants

.ndependent groups of andits

Why the Reds &on the .iil &arStrengths of the Reds

Controlled main industrial areas production of munition and %ar supplies to support %ar eHort

Control over rail%ay lines %hich connected !etrograd and 'osco% to the rest of Russia sendsoldiers and munition Iuickly to any place in the attle area

6nly one aim %hich %as to stay in po%er in order to uild a ne% Socialist society unity

9rotsky %as the leader of the army inspired the army4 uilt red army >rought in 834333

eEperienced former 9sarist ocers?

Cheka ensured people maintained loyal to Lenin

Good use of propaganda

*ar Communism

*eaknesses of the *hites

Armies scattered all over the attle area

#ad communications


12/22

)o common aim no unity4 and sometimes generals in the *hites opposed each other as much

as they opposed the Reds

Lacked good leaders

Generals %ould not support each other and %ould not coordinate attacks

:arsh treatment of people in the lands they took led to the people supporting the Reds

Foreign intervention

Armies sent y #ritain4 France4 S4 and apan %ere tired of %ar didnt 5ght

Some sympathiBed %ith the #olshevik cause

Allo%ed #olsheviks to make use of propaganda make *hites appear to e controlled yCapitalist po%ers

9ents of the .iil War 1)1:!1)*1,/ 9he %ar lasted 1 years/0/ *hite armies led y Generals Dudenich and "enikin attacked Russia from the %est4 Admiral


13/22

Small factories >that produced consumer goods? returned to private o%nership and could sell

goods for pro5t

Large industries >coal4 steel4 transport4 etc/? remained under the states control

$lectri5cation Lenin %anted to install an electric light ul in every home4 he stated &Sovietpo%er plus electri5cation eIuals Communism(

Results

Successes

o Foreign trade resumed

o !eriod of staility

o .mproved the general economic situation

Failures

o !rices for consumer goods %ere high peasants >after ,=08? %ere un%illing to sell their

produce of grain as they could not uy much %ith the money they earnedo nemployment increased

o Crime rate increased

o #y the end of ,=03s4 food supplies %ere a prolem again

o Some communists %ere angry ecause they sa% the )$! as capitalism

6ther outcomes

o Socialist Revolutionaries %on the Constituent Assemly elections of,=,J? %hich made the Civil *ar much %orse than it could have een

Red terror

!repared to see millions of Russians suHer for his ideals

Stopped other people from eEpressing their opinions


14/22

'ade the Communist !arty an organisation for carrying out orders4 as memers could not

disagree %ith the leaders

Struggle for po&er'a;or contenders

Stalin &Socialism in one country(

o General Secretary of the Communist party

o )ot an intellectual and inspiring speaker

o Regarded as dull4 mediocre4 and humourless y the other leading Communists

o !olitically cunning

o Loyal memer of the party for over 03 years

9rotsky &!ermanent revolution(

o Commissar of %ar

o !lanned the )ovemer ,=,J Revolution

o #uilt the Red army from nothing

o 6rganised the Red army during the Civil *ar

o 6nly one %ho could rival Lenin as speaker and %riter of revolutionary ideas4 ut didnt

inspire aHection as Lenin dido 6lder Communists distrusted him as they feared he could ecome a dictator

o 'emer of the party since ,=,J

Pinoviev left %ing >%anted to end the )$!?

%anted to end the )$!?

#ukharin right %ing >)$! %as the %ay for%ard?

Stalin-s steps to&ards po&er,/ sed his position as general secretary to put his supporters in important positions and remove

more radical young memers %ho %ere likely to support 9rotsky0/ 9ricked 9rotsky into missing Lenins funeral y telling him the %rong date delivered a speech

praising Lenin and stated he %as Lenins disciple1/ Leading Communists decided not to pulish Lenins %ill this contained criticism to%ards Stalin/ ,=0 !arty Congress Stalin ;oined %ith Pinoviev and


15/22

respects diHers from Comrade Stalin in having only one advantage4 namely4 that of eing moretolerant4 more loyal4 more polite4 and more considerate to the comrades4 less capricious4 etc/

Why did Stalin &in; General secretary he placed his supporters in important posts and removed younger4 more

radical4 memers %ho %ere more likely to support 9rotsky

9rotsky %as unpopular other leading Communists elieved he %as too ig headed4 and he had

also failed to attend to Lenins funeral >Stalin had tricked him y telling him the %rong date?

nderestimated y other contenders he %as disregarded y other leading Communists %ho

concentrated in defeating each other instead4 and he stayed in the ackground uilding up hissupport

!olitically ruthless changed alliances to defeat the other contenders one y one

Reasons for modernisation Stalin %anted Russia to ecome a %orld po%er

Russia needed to achieve self-suciency *estern countries %ere hostile to%ards Communism

#uild up armaments for self-defence German invasion a possiility

Stalin stated &*e are 83 or ,33 years ehind the advanced countries/ *e must make good this lag in,3 years/ $ither %e do it or %e %ill go under(

The 4ie#,=0-10?

Concentrated in heavy industries coal4 oil4 iron4 steel4 and electricity to lay a foundation forfuture 5ve-year plans

$lectric po%er production treled4 ,4833 ne% industrial plants %ere uilt4 and the uilding of

over ,33 ne% to%ns %as startedSecond Five-Dear !lan >,=11-1J?

Gave heavy industries priority

Communications such as rail%ays to link cities and industrial areas %ere also given importance

)e% industries chemicals and metallurgy gre% enormously

9hird Five-Dear !lan >,=1-,?

.nterrupted y *orld *ar 9%o

As %ar approached4 resources %ere put into the production of armamentsFeatures

Specialists specialist advisers %ere rought in from other countries >American and #ritishengineers? to improve industry

Single managers reintroduction of single managers4 %ho %ere directly responsile for the

reaching of targetsSpectacular achievements

"neiper "am

'osco%-olga canal

'osco% 'etro

'agnitogorsk

Ho& &or'ers &ere made to &or' so hard 'any %orkers especially younger %orkers %ere inspired y the thought that they %ere

uilding a etter society for their children and some sacri5ces %ere necessary

:uge propaganda campaign in cinemas4 ne%spapers4 and posters to encourage people

A%ards and honours given to individuals and groups %ho %orked hard

Stakhanovite 'ovement %as created %hen AleEei Stakhanov %as said to have moved ,30 tons

of coal in one shift >the eEpected amount of , men? the title of &Stakhanovite( %as given tooverachieving %orkers %hich entitled them to free holidays4 etter housing4 and cash priBes/

*ages paid according to ho% much one produced

!unishments asenteeism %as punished y 5nes4 loss of ration cards4 or dismissal4 and y

,=34 crime and prison sentence %as given to second oHenders %orkers had to carry laourooks4 and a ad record could lead to loss of food rations and imprisonment

.ollectiisationAnnounced in 'ay ,=0=


16/22

!easants %ere encouraged to hand in their land4 animals4 and tools to the state4 and ;oin

Collective farms? in %hich they %ould share everything


17/22

Successes

,/ Uuarter of a million kolkhoBes ==7 of Russia had een collectiviBed0/ )e% methodsM tractorsM fertilisersM large-scaleM ne% attitudes >trying to produce as much as

possile?1/ #y ,=1J4 =J million tonnes %ere produced !LS cash crops for eEport// ,J million peasants left the countryside to %ork in the to%ns4 ,=01J8/ 6cials ran farming/ !easants oeyed the !arty4 through enthusiasm or fear/ Stalin had all

po%er/

Failures

,/ Stock fell0/ Famine in ,=10-11 killed ,1 million peasants1/ "ekulakisation killed all kulaks and many other ordinary peasants

The 1),= .onstitution 9he ,=12 Constitution changed the name of the Central $Eecutive Committee to the Supreme

Soviet

9he Supreme Soviet %as empo%ered to set up Commissions4 %hich administered most of the

government

9he leader of the !residium %as declared to e the :ead of State

9he ,=12 Constitution thus focussed po%er in StalinKs hands

.t also gave people rights to vote >ut only for the Communist !arty?4 to %ork4 to rest and leisure4

to health protection4 to care in old age and sickness4 to housing and education

The great purgesSummary of events

,/ ,=1 Sergei eliminated over 037 of the memers?1/ ,=1J armed forces purged/ ,=1 Stalin stopped the purges

!urging the Communist party

.n ,=14 Sergei


18/22

:istory %as re%ritten teEtooks changed information and pictures %ere tampered %ith to suit

Stalin

6ctoerists children et%een and ,3 years old %ere forced to ;oin

!ioneers children and teenagers et%een ,3 and ,2 years old %ere forced to ;oin


19/22

"ivide Germany into Bones for #ritain4 France4 SA4 and SSR to occupy?4 as %ell as #erlin

and Austria

Free elections in $astern $uropean countries lierated from German control

Soviet sphere of in@uence

Coalition government in !oland

Set up the nited )ations peacekeeping organisation that %ould replace the League of )ations

Russia %ould help in %ar against apan

"isagreed on

!oland Stalin %anted to shift Russias order into !oland and in turn !oland could shift heroundaries into Germany4 Churchill didnt approve

The Potsdam .onference SA !resident :arry S/ 9ruman

SSR Comrade >dictator? Stalin

#ritain >5rst half of the conference? !rime 'inister *inston Churchill4 >second half of the

conference? ne% !rime 'inister Clement AttleeAgreed to

Find %ar criminals

"isagreed on

*hat to do %ith Germany Stalin %anted to cripple Germany y taking her resources4 the

%estern allies feared the repetition of history and %anted to help her recover Soviet policy in !oland Stalin had set up a Communist government in !oland4 and not a

coalition one

SiBe of German reparations

"etails of oundaries

Tensions at the conferencesDalta

Churchill mistrusted Stalin

Stalin mistrusted Churchill

Churchill elieved Roosevelt %as too pro-communist

!otsdam

)o common enemy Germany had een defeated Roosevelt died shared a relatively good relationship %ith Stalin

9ruman replaced Roosevelt he %as more anti-communist than Roosevelt and %as also

ineEperienced in %orking %ith Stalin

Attlee replaced Churchill this change happened in mid-conference %hich caused discussions4

and Attlee %as also ineEperienced in %orking %ith Stalin

SA had successfully tested the atomic om

SA and #ritain %ere alarmed at the Communist eEpansion

Stalin felt tricked as 9ruman had failed to tell him aout the atomic om efore its 5rst usage

9ents 71)0=#0:8,/ Futon speech in 'arch ,=2 Churchill delivers his iron curtain speech to a cro%d of 34333

0/ Greece in Feruary ,=J turning point in SAs attitude to%ards %orld politics1/ 9ruman doctrine in 'arch ,=J/ 'arshall !lan in une ,=J8/ Cominform in 6ctoer ,=J2/ CBechoslovakia in Feruary ,= Communist takeoverJ/ SAs Congress granted money for 'arhsall aid in 'arch ,=/ #erlin #lockade and airlift in une ,=

Salami Tactics,/ ,=8 Alania0/ ,=8 #ulgaria1/ ,=J !oland

/ ,=J - :ungary8/ ,=8-J Romania2/ ,= CBechoslovakiaJ/ ,== $ast Germany

&Slice y slice( Stalin made sure all $astern $uropean countries had Communist governments


20/22

Stalin said his eEpansionism %as purely for defence friendly states around Russia that %ould preventanother invasion

6reece and .?echosloa'iaCBechoslovakia ,=

CBechoslovakia %as the only democratic country left in $astern $urope/

She %as run y a coalition government !rime 'inister


21/22

Berlin Bloc'adeCauses

Cold %ar

Aims

o *estern allies %anted Germany to recover

o Stalin continually stripped her German Bone of her resources for Russias use

#iBonia and then *estern Germany

o #ritain and SA merged their German Bones

o France ;oined after%ards

'arshall !lan

)e% currency "eutschmark

o "estailiBed $ast German economy

$vents,/ ,stof une ,= #ritain and the S merge their Bones of Germany and form iBonia( France

;oins4 and forms *est Germany *est Germany egins to recover rapidly %ith the 'arshall aid Soviet Bone >$ast Germany? is continually stripped of its resources4 %hich go to the SSR/

0/ ,thof une ,= )e% currency the "eutschmark is introduced to *est Germany and *est#erlin/

1/ 08thof une ,= General Clay %ants to send supplies %ith an armed convoy of lorries 9ruman re;ects this idea as it %ould mean military confrontation :e orders an &airlift(4 %hich

%as essentially the carrying of supplies from *est Germany to *est #erlin y air// 0thof une ,= Stalin closes roads and rail%ays connecting *est Germany from *est #erlin

and gives the allies a choice of either surrendering #erlin or removing the ne% currency8/ 02thof une ,= 6peration ittles >5rst American planes airlift supplies to *est #erlin?2/ 0thune ,= 6peration !lane Fare >5rst #ritish planes airlift supplies to *est #erlin?J/ ,0thof 'ay ,== Stalin reopens communications

Facts

0J84333 @ights in total

An allied plane took oH or landed in *est #erlin every 13 seconds approEimately

#eginning 8333 tons of supplies per day

$nd 333 tons of supplies per day

9otal 0/1 million tons of cargo airlifted to *est #erlin

Results Cold %ar %orsened

$ast and *est #erlin division

)A96 ,==

*arsa% !act ,=88

.ron Curtain ecame permanent

Alliances 71)0/#//8 Cominform ,=J alliance of Communist governed countries

Comecon ,== coordinated production of Cominform countries

)A96 >)orth Atlantic 9reaty 6rganisation? ,= *estern #loc military alliance

*arsa% !act ,=88 response to )A96 >communist version

Who &as to (lame;9he Soviet historians

9hey lamed America

9he 9raditionalists

All *estern %riters efore ,=J34 and many since4 lame the Soviet nion for its &attempt toimpose their ideology on the rest of the %orld(/

9he 6rthodoE historians

9hey lame the Soviet nion for its eEpansionism in post-%ar years >salami tactics?4 spread of

Communism4 and desire of a %orld revolution/9he Revisionists vie%

.n ,=8=4 historian *illiam Appleman *illiams %as the 5rst to suggest that the nited States %as

to lame/ 9hey elieved America %as engaged in a %ar to keep countries open to capitalism and American

trade/

9hey elieved 9rumans failure of telling Stalin aout the Atomic om efore its 5rst usage in

,=8 %as the eginning of the Cold *ar/


22/22

9hey elieved Americans had al%ays %anted to uild an empire4 and this %as sho%n in the

'arshall !lan &dollar imperialism(/9he !ost-Revisionists vie%

ohn Le%is Gaddis 5rst pulished his idea in ,=J0/

9hey elieved that neither side %as to lame that the Cold *ar %as caused y

misunderstandings and failure to appreciate each others fears/After the collapse of communism

Russian historians >such as Pudok and !leshakov? have een ale to study Soviet nions secret5les for the 5rst time 9hese 5les sho% that Soviet leaders %ere genuinely trying to avoidcon@ict %ith the S4 %hich puts more lame ack to America/

'odern historians stress that the Cold %ar %as a clash et%een communism and capitalism/

history summary

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