Download - HIV/Aids
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Presentation On
HIV/AIDS
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Contents
Introduction
History
Origin
HIV Virus
Life Cycle
Types of HIV Viruses
Statistics
Transmission
Prevention
Treatment
ICTC
Responsibilities
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Introduction
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
it is a disease of the human immune system
caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
The virus and disease are often referred to together as HIV/AIDS
It destroys cells of the immune system
Attacks T-cells or CD4 cells that are designed to fight infections and diseases
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History
In the early 1980s, the first recognized cases of AIDS occurred
June 5, 1981, when the U. S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recorded in five homosexual men in Los Angeles.
In the beginning, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease
In the general, the term GRID, which stood for gay-related immune deficiency, had been coined
By September 1982 the CDC started using the name AIDS, and properly defined the illness
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Origin
The Hunter Theory
The Oral Polio Vaccine Theory
The Contaminated Needle Theory
The Conspiracy Theory
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Conti…
It is now generally accepted that HIV is a descendant of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)
SIVs bear a very close resemblance to HIV
viral transfer between animals and humans takes place
SIV became HIV in humans
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The Hunter Theory
It is the most commonly accepted theory
SIV was transferred to humans as a result of chimps being killed and eaten
their blood getting into cuts or wounds on the hunter
SIV on a few occasions adapted itself within its new human host and become HIV
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The Oral Polio Vaccine Theory
virus was transmitted via various medical experiments
The oral polio vaccine called Chat was given to millions of people
Then it was cultivated on kidney cells taken from the chimps infected with SIV in order to reproduce the vaccine
later affected large number of people with HIV
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The Contaminated Needle Theory
African healthcare professionals were using one single syringe to inject multiple patients without any sterilization in between
This could have rapidly have transferred infection from one individual to another resulting in mutation from SIV to HIV
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The Conspiracy Theory
HIV was manufactured as part of a biological warfare programme
to wipe out large numbers of black and homosexual people
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HIV Virus
HIV particles are much too small to be seen through an ordinary microscope
HIV particles surround themselves with a coat of fatty material known as the viral envelope (or membrane). Projecting from this are around 72 little spikes
Just below the viral envelope is a layer called the matrix, which is made from the protein p17
The viral core (or capsid) is usually bullet-shaped and is made from the protein p24
Inside the core are three enzymes required for HIV replication called reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease
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Life Cycle
Entry
HIV can only replicate inside human cells
The process typically begins when a virus particle bumps into a cell that carries on its surface a special protein called CD4
The spikes on the surface of the virus particle stick to the CD
The contents of the HIV particle are then released into the c
Reverse Transcription and Integration
Once inside the cell, the HIV enzyme reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into DNA
This DNA is transported to the cell's nucleus, where it is spliced into the human DNA by the HIV enzyme integras
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Conti…
Transcription and Translation
when the cell becomes activated, it treats HIV genes in much the same way as human genes
First it converts them into messenger RNA
Then the messenger RNA is transported outside the nucleus, and is used as a blueprint for producing new HIV proteins and enzymes
Assembly, Budding and Maturation
Among the strands of messenger RNA produced by the cell are complete copies
of HIV genetic material.
The HIV particles are then released or 'bud' from the cell
The newly matured HIV particles are ready to infect another cell and begin the replication process all over again
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Difficulty In Finding Cure
major difficulty in finding a cure for HIV is its genetic variability, which is very high
The main reason for this is variability is the fast replication cycle of the virus
producing as many as with the generation of 109 to 1010 virions per day
The situation gets more complex, in case if a single cell is simultaneously infected by two or more different strains of HIV.
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Types Of HIV
There are two types of HIV
HIV-1 and HIV-2
Both types are transmitted by sexual contact, through blood, and from mother to child
both the strains are equally dangerous. Therefore, both should be avoided at any cost.
The prevention modes are the same in both the cases.
irrespective of which strain is it, do not let HIV in any form affect you.
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Difference
HIV 1
While HIV1 is the most common strain and is found in the majority of HIV infection cases
HIV1 can be found across all the places of the world
HIV1 strain, since it is most common so it have more Antiretroviral treatments
HIV1 is faster in progress and weaken the Immunity at much faster rate
HIV1 is more infectious that HIV2
Remains the same in all stages
HIV 2
HIV2 is the less common strain and is not found very often.
HIV2 is mainly concentrated to areas of Western Africa. HIV2 cases are mainly found in countries like, Senegal, Nigeria, as well as the Ivory Coast
HIV2, being less common Due to this reason, there has not been much medical development
HIV2 has been found to be slow in progress and has been found to weaken the immune system at a much slower rate
HIV2 is less infectious in the earlier stages
later stages, it is HIV2 which does more damage
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statistics
Estimate Range
People living with HIV/AIDS in 2010 34 million 31.6-35.2million
Proportion of adults living with HIV/AIDS in 2010 who were women (%)
50 47-53
Children living with HIV/AIDS in 2010 3.4 million 3.0-3.8 million
People newly infected with HIV in 2010 2.7 million 2.4-2.9 million
Children newly infected with HIV in 2010 3,90,000 3,40,000-4,50,000
AIDS death in 2010 1.8 million 1.6-1.9 million
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Regional statistics for end of 2010
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Stats
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Number of patients in India In 2009 it was estimated that 2.4 million people were living with
HIV in India
which equates to a prevalence of 0.3%.
While this may seem low, because India's population is so large
it is third in the world in terms of greatest number of people living with HIV
With a population of around a billion a mere 0.1% increase in HIV prevalence would increase the estimated number of people living with HIV by over half a million.
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Cont…
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Transmission
Unprotected sexual intercourse.
Injection drug use.
From an infected mother to her infant.
Blood transfusions
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Unprotected sexual intercourse
Unprotected sexual intercourse with infected person
either heterosexual or homosexual
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Blood Transfusion
The risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion today is estimated to be 1 in 4 for every 600,000 transfusions
The risk of acquiring HIV from an organ transplantation is probably similar
Today, blood and organ banks screen out most potential donors at risk for HIV infection in advance
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From an infected mother to her infant.
HIV can be transmitted from mother to her child
during pregnancy
during birth
breast-feeding
• about 1 in 4 or 5 babies born to HIV-infected women became infected
• when treatment is taken, the HIV transmission rate from a mother to her baby is greatly reduced
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Injection drug use
Using shared, unsterile needles and syringes carries a high risk of HIV transmission
Sharing cookers, cottons, and water for mixing/bleaching can also transmit HIV
After use, small amounts of blood can remain in the used needles, syringes, cookers, and cottons
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HIV not transmitted by
Kissing, hugging, handshaking
Sneezing, coughing, sharing glasses/utensils, etc
Injections or surgery with STERILE needles and tools
Safer sex using condoms
Tears, sweat, saliva, vomit, feces or urine
Using toilets, drinking fountains, public swimming pools
Insect bites
Working, socializing or living with a person with HIV
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Preventions
Sexual Transmission
Infection through blood
Mother to child
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Sexual transmission
Abstain from sex or delay first sex
Be faithful to one partner
Use of condoms
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Transmission through blood Needle exchange
Sterilized equipments
Secure blood transfusion
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Mother to child
Prevent unwanted pregnancies
Antiretroviral drugs given to her
Avoid breast feeding to child
Best feeding options
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Treatment
The treatment consists of drugs that have to be taken every day for the rest of a person’s life.
The aim of antiretroviral treatment is to keep the amount of HIV in the body at a low level.
Drugs are known as: antiretrovirals ARVs anti-HIV or anti-AIDS drugs
There are more than 20 approved antiretroviral drugs but not all are licensed or available in every country
NRTIs and NNRTIs are available in most countries
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Different Treatments
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ICTC
Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre(ICTC)
Integrated counseling and testing services
HIV counseling
HIV testing and quality assurance
Infection control and protection of staff
Training of staff
ART center
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Number of ART Centers
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Failures to curb the HIV
Poverty
Unawareness
Lack of Education
Risky behavior
Society norms and values
Attitude
Governmental reforms
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Our Responsiblities
Government Responsibilities
Social Responsibilities
Individual Responsibilities
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Conclusion
Prevention is better than cure so let’s not be ashamed to talk about AIDS
HIV does not make people dangerous to know, so you can shake their hands and give them a hug: Heaven knows they need it.
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Any Quieries???