Presentation On

HIV/AIDS

Contents

Introduction

History

Origin

HIV Virus

Life Cycle

Types of HIV Viruses

Statistics

Transmission

Prevention

Treatment

ICTC

Responsibilities

Introduction

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

it is a disease of the human immune system

caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

The virus and disease are often referred to together as HIV/AIDS

It destroys cells of the immune system

Attacks T-cells or CD4 cells that are designed to fight infections and diseases

History

In the early 1980s, the first recognized cases of AIDS occurred

June 5, 1981, when the U. S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recorded in five homosexual men in Los Angeles.

In the beginning, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease

In the general, the term GRID, which stood for gay-related immune deficiency, had been coined

By September 1982 the CDC started using the name AIDS, and properly defined the illness

Origin

The Hunter Theory

The Oral Polio Vaccine Theory

The Contaminated Needle Theory

The Conspiracy Theory

Conti…

It is now generally accepted that HIV is a descendant of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)

SIVs bear a very close resemblance to HIV

viral transfer between animals and humans takes place

SIV became HIV in humans

The Hunter Theory

It is the most commonly accepted theory

SIV was transferred to humans as a result of chimps being killed and eaten

their blood getting into cuts or wounds on the hunter

SIV on a few occasions adapted itself within its new human host and become HIV

The Oral Polio Vaccine Theory

virus was transmitted via various medical experiments

The oral polio vaccine called Chat was given to millions of people

Then it was cultivated on kidney cells taken from the chimps infected with SIV in order to reproduce the vaccine

later affected large number of people with HIV

The Contaminated Needle Theory

African healthcare professionals were using one single syringe to inject multiple patients without any sterilization in between

This could have rapidly have transferred infection from one individual to another resulting in mutation from SIV to HIV

The Conspiracy Theory

HIV was manufactured as part of a biological warfare programme

to wipe out large numbers of black and homosexual people

HIV Virus

HIV particles are much too small to be seen through an ordinary microscope

HIV particles surround themselves with a coat of fatty material known as the viral envelope (or membrane). Projecting from this are around 72 little spikes

Just below the viral envelope is a layer called the matrix, which is made from the protein p17

The viral core (or capsid) is usually bullet-shaped and is made from the protein p24

Inside the core are three enzymes required for HIV replication called reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease

Life Cycle

Entry

HIV can only replicate inside human cells

The process typically begins when a virus particle bumps into a cell that carries on its surface a special protein called CD4

The spikes on the surface of the virus particle stick to the CD

The contents of the HIV particle are then released into the c

Reverse Transcription and Integration

Once inside the cell, the HIV enzyme reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into DNA

This DNA is transported to the cell's nucleus, where it is spliced into the human DNA by the HIV enzyme integras

Conti…

Transcription and Translation

when the cell becomes activated, it treats HIV genes in much the same way as human genes

First it converts them into messenger RNA

Then the messenger RNA is transported outside the nucleus, and is used as a blueprint for producing new HIV proteins and enzymes

Assembly, Budding and Maturation

Among the strands of messenger RNA produced by the cell are complete copies

of HIV genetic material.

The HIV particles are then released or 'bud' from the cell

The newly matured HIV particles are ready to infect another cell and begin the replication process all over again

Difficulty In Finding Cure

major difficulty in finding a cure for HIV is its genetic variability, which is very high

The main reason for this is variability is the fast replication cycle of the virus

producing as many as with the generation of 109 to 1010 virions per day

The situation gets more complex, in case if a single cell is simultaneously infected by two or more different strains of HIV.

Types Of HIV

There are two types of HIV

HIV-1 and HIV-2

Both types are transmitted by sexual contact, through blood, and from mother to child

both the strains are equally dangerous. Therefore, both should be avoided at any cost.

The prevention modes are the same in both the cases.

irrespective of which strain is it, do not let HIV in any form affect you.

Difference

HIV 1

While HIV1 is the most common strain and is found in the majority of HIV infection cases

HIV1 can be found across all the places of the world

HIV1 strain, since it is most common so it have more Antiretroviral treatments

HIV1 is faster in progress and weaken the Immunity at much faster rate

HIV1 is more infectious that HIV2

Remains the same in all stages

HIV 2

HIV2 is the less common strain and is not found very often.

HIV2 is mainly concentrated to areas of Western Africa. HIV2 cases are mainly found in countries like, Senegal, Nigeria, as well as the Ivory Coast

HIV2, being less common Due to this reason, there has not been much medical development

HIV2 has been found to be slow in progress and has been found to weaken the immune system at a much slower rate

HIV2 is less infectious in the earlier stages

later stages, it is HIV2 which does more damage

statistics

Estimate Range

People living with HIV/AIDS in 2010 34 million 31.6-35.2million

Proportion of adults living with HIV/AIDS in 2010 who were women (%)

50 47-53

Children living with HIV/AIDS in 2010 3.4 million 3.0-3.8 million

People newly infected with HIV in 2010 2.7 million 2.4-2.9 million

Children newly infected with HIV in 2010 3,90,000 3,40,000-4,50,000

AIDS death in 2010 1.8 million 1.6-1.9 million

Regional statistics for end of 2010

Stats

Number of patients in India In 2009 it was estimated that 2.4 million people were living with

HIV in India

which equates to a prevalence of 0.3%.

While this may seem low, because India's population is so large

it is third in the world in terms of greatest number of people living with HIV

With a population of around a billion a mere 0.1% increase in HIV prevalence would increase the estimated number of people living with HIV by over half a million.

Cont…

Transmission

Unprotected sexual intercourse.

Injection drug use.

From an infected mother to her infant.

Blood transfusions

Unprotected sexual intercourse

Unprotected sexual intercourse with infected person

either heterosexual or homosexual

Blood Transfusion

The risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion today is estimated to be 1 in 4 for every 600,000 transfusions

The risk of acquiring HIV from an organ transplantation is probably similar

Today, blood and organ banks screen out most potential donors at risk for HIV infection in advance

From an infected mother to her infant.

HIV can be transmitted from mother to her child

during pregnancy

during birth

breast-feeding

• about 1 in 4 or 5 babies born to HIV-infected women became infected

• when treatment is taken, the HIV transmission rate from a mother to her baby is greatly reduced

Injection drug use

Using shared, unsterile needles and syringes carries a high risk of HIV transmission

Sharing cookers, cottons, and water for mixing/bleaching can also transmit HIV

After use, small amounts of blood can remain in the used needles, syringes, cookers, and cottons

HIV not transmitted by

Kissing, hugging, handshaking

Sneezing, coughing, sharing glasses/utensils, etc

Injections or surgery with STERILE needles and tools

Safer sex using condoms

Tears, sweat, saliva, vomit, feces or urine

Using toilets, drinking fountains, public swimming pools

Insect bites

Working, socializing or living with a person with HIV

Preventions

Sexual Transmission

Infection through blood

Mother to child

Sexual transmission

Abstain from sex or delay first sex

Be faithful to one partner

Use of condoms

Transmission through blood Needle exchange

Sterilized equipments

Secure blood transfusion

Mother to child

Prevent unwanted pregnancies

Antiretroviral drugs given to her

Avoid breast feeding to child

Best feeding options

Treatment

The treatment consists of drugs that have to be taken every day for the rest of a person’s life.

The aim of antiretroviral treatment is to keep the amount of HIV in the body at a low level.

Drugs are known as: antiretrovirals ARVs anti-HIV or anti-AIDS drugs

There are more than 20 approved antiretroviral drugs but not all are licensed or available in every country

NRTIs and NNRTIs are available in most countries

Different Treatments

ICTC

Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre(ICTC)

Integrated counseling and testing services

HIV counseling

HIV testing and quality assurance

Infection control and protection of staff

Training of staff

ART center

Number of ART Centers

Failures to curb the HIV

Poverty

Unawareness

Lack of Education

Risky behavior

Society norms and values

Attitude

Governmental reforms

Our Responsiblities

Government Responsibilities

Social Responsibilities

Individual Responsibilities

Conclusion

Prevention is better than cure so let’s not be ashamed to talk about AIDS

HIV does not make people dangerous to know, so you can shake their hands and give them a hug: Heaven knows they need it.

Any Quieries???