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Honors Final Exam
Review
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1. Know the correct order of the scientific method.Ask a questionGather informationForm hypothesisPerform experimentObserve experimentRecord dataReport conclusion
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2. What are the two most important theories studied in biology?
In biology, we mainly study the cell theory and the theory of evolution.
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3. Know the 3 principles of the cell theory.• All living things are composed of one or
more cells.• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
organization of all living organisms.• Cells arise only from previously existing
cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells.
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4. Know the 8 characteristics of living things.•Made of more than one cells• Responds to stimuli•Maintains homeostasis• Reproduces• Grows and develops• Displays organization• Requires energy• Adapts and evolves over time
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5. Compare and contrast dependent variables and independent variables.• Independent variable- what changes
in the experiment, what is being tested•Dependent variable- what measures
the change
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6. Know the 4 types of macromolecules. What are some characteristics of each? What are some examples of each?• Lipids-made of fatty acids, found in cell membranes• Cholesterol, phospholipids
• Carbohydrates- simple and complex sugars, used for energy storage• Glucose, sucrose
• Proteins- made of amino acids, contains nitrogen, produced by RNA in ribosomes• Carboxl groups, amino groups
• Nucleic acids- made of nucleotides• DNA, RNA, ATP
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7. What is activation energy?
Activation energy- energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction, speeds up chemical reactions
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8. What is an enzyme and how does it affect chemical reactions?Enzyme- catalyst that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction, re-used over and over again
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9. What is a monomer?Monomers are small molecules linked together and used to build larger molecules. ex. Amino acids are linked together to build proteins.
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10. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells•No membrane
bound nucleus• Lacks membrane
bound organelles• Ex. Bacteria cells
Eukaryotic cells•Nucleus•Various specialized
organelles with different functions• Ex. Skin cells,
nerve cells
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11.Compare and contrast animal cells and plant cells.Plant cells have the following:• Cell walls made of cellulose• Larger single vacuole to store water and
food• Chloroplasts for absorption of sunlight
Animal cells lack these
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12. Know the major organelles of eukaryotic cells. Structures and functions
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Mitochondria “powerhouse” of the cell; converts sugars into energy
Nucleus control center of the cell; contains DNA
Nucleolus located inside nucleus; makes ribosomes
Vacuole Place of storage inside of cell, much larger in plant cells
Chloroplasts Capture light and convert it to energy (photosynthesis), only found in plant cells
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13.What is diffusion?
Diffusion- movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
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14. Describe the 3 types of solutions in which cells are found.• Isotonic solution- solution that has the same
concentration of water and solute, cell stays the same• Hypertonic solution- solution with a higher
concentration of solute on the outside of the cell, causes the cell to shrivel• Hypotonic solution- solution with a lower
concentration on the outside of the cell, causes the cell to swell
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15.Which of those three would be the most ideal for cells to be placed in?
Isotonic
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16. Know the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Reactants Products
Reactants ProductsC₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -----> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
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17. What is mitosis?
Mitosis- the division of a cell’s nucleus and nuclear material
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18. What are the 4 phases of mitosis in order from start to finish? List some of the occurrences of each phase.Prophase• Nuclear membrane breaks up and disintegrates• Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes• Spindle fibers form and centrioles move to opposite
“poles” of the cellMetaphase• Chromosomes are brought to the equator of the cell
by spindle fibers
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Anaphase• Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles
by spindle fibersTelophase• Nuclear membrane starts to reform around the two
new nuclei• Chromosomes relax/unwind• Cleavage furrow starts to form ending mitosis
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19. Be able to identify diagrams of each phase.
Prophase Metaphase
Anaphase Telophase
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20. What is the outcome of mitosis?
Two identical diploid daughter cells
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21.Compare somatic cells with sex cells.
• Somatic cells are body cells and diploid.
• Sex cells are gametes and haploid
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22. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.•Mitosis- occurs when making new
somatic cells, 2 identical daughter cells in outcome•Meiosis- occurs when making sex
cells, 4 different haploid cells in outcome
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23.How many divisions occur in meiosis?
2 divisions- meiosis I and meiosis II
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24. Know the phases of meiosis I and II in order and what occurs in each.Prophase I• Chromosomes condense• Centrioles and spindle fibers start to form and move toward
the poles• Homologous chromosomes pair up in process called
synapsis• Crossing over occurs- exchanging of segments between the
chromosome pairsMetaphase I• Pairs of homologous chromosomes line up on the equatorial
plate• Spindle fibers attach to centromere of each pair
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Anaphase I• Homologous chromosome pairs separate to opposite poles
of cellTelophase I• Homologous chromosomes reach each opposite pole• Sister chromatids are not identical in each cell because of
crossing over• Spindle fibers break down, nucleus forms back• The 2 cells divide
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Prophase II• Chromosomes condense• Spindle fibers form and grab each pair of sister
chromatidsMetaphase II• Chromosomes line up in the middle of cellAnaphase II• Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite
poleTelophase II• Four nuclei form around chromosomes• Spindle fibers break down• 4 cells divide
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25.What is the final result of meiosis?
4 different haploid daughter cells
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26.What is fertilization?
Fertilization-process where one haploid gamete combines with another haploid gamete to form one diploid cell
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27.Compare and contrast homozygous and heterozygous genotypes.Homozygous•Same alleles in pair•Purebred•Ex. AA or rr
Heterozygous•Different alleles in pair•Hybrid•Ex. Yy or Bb
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28.What is another name for a homozygous individual? Heterozygous?
Homozygous- purebredHeterozygous- hybrid
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29. Be able to cross various monohybrid crosses to determine the possible offspring.
Y yYy
YY YyYy yy
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30.What are alleles?
Allele- alternative form of a single gene passed downex. Pod Color- yellow or green
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31.What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of a heterozygous monohybrid cross?
Phenotypic ratio- 3:1Genotypic ratio- 1:2:1
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32. What type of inheritance patterns are found in blood typing? Be able to identify examples of blood types when looking at genotypes.
Blood typing involves codominance, multiple alleles, and simple dominanceA- IᴬIᴬ or IᴬiB- IᴮIᴮ or IᴮiAB- IᴬIᴮO- ii
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33.What is nondisjunction? What are some disorders caused by nondisjunction?Nondisjunction is when chromosomes do not separate correctly and some cells have the wrong number of chromosomes after meiosis
Disorders caused by nondisjunction would include Downs syndrome, Edward’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Klinfelters …
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34.What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA RNA protein synthesis
DNA codes for RNA which makes proteins which expresses DNA
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35.Compare and contrast DNA and RNA nucleotides.DNA•Deoxyribose
sugar•Bases- thymine,
adenine, cytosine, guanine•Double stranded
RNA•Ribose sugar•Bases- uracil,
adenine, cytosine, guanine• Single stranded
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36. Know the processes of protein synthesis. What are the monomers that make up proteins? What are the roles of each of the RNA strands in protein synthesis?
Transcription- mRNA travels to nucleus and codes DNA into codons(3 bases) and takes it back to ribosomesTranslation- tRNA uses codons to pair anti-codons on amino acids. They travel around cytoplasm picking up AAs and assemble proteins.
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37.Know the principles of natural selection.• Variation- individuals in a population will show
differences from one another • Heritability- the variations are passed down to
offspring • Overpopulation- populations will produce
more offspring than will survive • Reproductive advantage- some variations
allow organisms to reproduce more offspring than other variations
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38.What are the three types of adaptations we discussed in class? Give an example of each.• Camouflage- adaptation that allows them to blend
in with their environment, ex. Peppered moth and bark to hide from predators• Mimicry- one species evolves to resemble another
species, ex. Monarch and viceroy butterflies• Antimicrobial resistance- certain species of bacteria
are now found to be resistant to medicines such as penicillin
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39. Know how to write a scientific name. What language is used in writing scientific names? What two levels of taxonomy are used in writing scientific names?
Latin is used in binomial nomenclature.Scientific names use the genus and species of an organism.Genus speciesHomo sapiensHomo sapiens
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40. Know the levels of taxonomy in order from least exclusive to most exclusive.
• Domain- broadest of all taxa categories, contains one or more kingdoms
• Kingdom- consists of related phyla or divisions• Phylum/Division(plants and bacteria)- contains related
classes• Class- contains related orders• Order- contains related families• Family-consists of similar related genera• Genus- group of species that are closely related and share a
common ancestor• Species- most exclusive, each different organism has its own
species name
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41. What are the three domains of taxonomy? What kingdoms are found in each?
• Bacteria- Eubacteria• Archaea- Archaebacteria• Eukarya- Animalia,
Plantae, Protista, Fungi
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42.What is the 10% rule?
Only 10% of the energy is available to transfer to the next trophic level.
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43. What are the main tropic levels when looking at food chains and energy pyramids? What is the purpose of the arrows? How does the energy flow?
Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer
The arrows show the direction of the energy flow from producers to consumers.
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44.Compare and contrast habitat and niche.
•Habitat- where an organism lives•Niche- the role or job an organism
has in its environment
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45.Compare and contrast autotroph and heterotroph.
•Autotrophs- make their own food by using energy from the sun or inorganic compounds•Heterotroph- need to eat or consume
their food for energy
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46. What are the six levels of organization? List them in order from smallest to largest.• Individual organism•Population•Community•Ecosystem•Biome•Biosphere
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47.Compare biotic and abiotic. What are some examples of each?
Biotic- living organisms•Zebra, bacteria, treeAbiotic- nonliving thing•Soil, sunlight, water
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48. Compare and contrast density-dependent and density-independent. What are some examples of each limiting factor?Density-dependent- does depend on number of organisms• Predation, food supply, parasitismDensity-independent- does not depend on number of organisms•Water supply, climate/weather, nutrients
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49.What are some characteristics used to determine populations?Birthrate, death rate, emigration, immigration
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50. Compare and contrast immigration and emigration. Natality and mortality?
• Immigration- moving into a population•Emigration- moving out of a
population
•Natality- birthrate•Mortality- death rate
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51.How does biodiversity change as you travel from polar ice caps to the equator?
Biodiversity increases
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52. Be familiar with characteristics of the major biomes discussed in class.• Tundra- cold and dry, permafrost, plants such as saxifrage
and animals such as caribou and arctic hares• Taiga- short summers, long cold winters, plants such as
conifer trees and animals such as moose• Grassland- mild winters, hot summers, plants such as
grasses and wildflowers and animals such as large grazers• Temperate deciduous forest- 4 seasons, plants such as
deciduous trees and animals such as deer and squirrels• Desert- dry hot climate, plants such as cacti and mesquite
trees and animals such as reptiles and nocturnal mammals• Tropical rain forest- wet and humid all year, plants such as
broad leaf trees and orchids and animals such as pythons and monkeys
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53.What is population density?
Population density- the number of organisms in a unit area
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54. Compare and contrast renewable and nonrenewable resources. What are some examples of each?Renewable resources can be replaced as fast as they are used. • Ex. Timber, water, food
Nonrenewable resources take millions of years to replace and therefore are used up.• Ex. Fossil fuels, minerals, nuclear
elements
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55.What are the two vascular tissues? Explain their purposes.•Xylem- transports water up from the roots to the leaves•Phloem- transports sugars down from the leaves to the rest of the plant
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56.What are some characteristics of plants?•Cell walls composed of cellulose•Cell division with formation of cell
plate•Chlorophyll and photosynthesis•Food stored as starch
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57.What is cuticle? What is its purpose for plants?•Helps prevent the evaporation of water from plant tissues•Provides waxy covering for new growth•Acts as a barrier to invading microorganisms
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58.What are sepals? What is their purpose?
Sepals are leaf like structures that protect the new forming bud to become a fully developed flower.
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59. What are the 8 categories of plants we discussed in class? What are some of the characteristics that are used to identify plants in each category?• Vascular- plants that have vascular tissue, various
heights and parts• Nonvascular- plants lacking vascular tissue, short, no
true roots or stems, must be kept in moist locations in order to grow and reproduce
• Seeded- vascular plants that reproduces with seeds• Seedless- vascular plants that reproduce with spores
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• Angiosperm- flowering plants• Gymnosperm- plants that reproduce with
cones
•Monocot- flower parts in multiples of 3, parallel vein in leaves, tap roots, 1 cotyledon• Dicot- flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5,
branched vein in leaves, fibrous roots, 2 cotyledons
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60. Be able to identify examples that belong to each category.• Vascular- trees• Nonvascular- moss• Seeded- dandelion• Seedless- fern• Angiosperm- apple• Gymnosperm- pine• Monocot- tulip• Dicot- daisy
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61. Be able to identify the different structures of a typical flower. What makes up the male parts? Female parts?1.Stigma2.Style3.Ovary4.Pistil5.Anther6.Filament7.Stamen8.Petal9.Sepal
Pistil
Stamen