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Erikson’s Eight
Stages of Psychosoci
al Developme
ntPresentation by Renee Illerbrun, Heather Kleinsmith, Kevin
McMullen, and Ann Pallifrone
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Erik Eriksonand his psychosocial stages
Ideas influenced by Freud’s work with personalities
Ego psychologist Believed the ego develops as it
successfully resolves social crises
Maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order and each stage completed builds upon the previous stage
Interested in how children socialize and how that affects their sense of self
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Eight Stagesof Psychosocial Development
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Stage One: Trust vs. Mistrust
Can I trust the people around me?The most important period in a person’s life
Infancy
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Trust• Stability
• Consistency
• Building blocks that are necessary to construct the trust for success in life
• Virtue of hope
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Mistrust• Failing to complete the stage of
virtue of hope
• Increased/heightened sense of fear
• Anxiety
• General feeling of mistrust in the world around them
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Stage Two: Autonomy vs. Shame and
DoubtCan I do things myself or am I reliant on the help of others?
Children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control.
Early Childhood
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Autonomy• Ages of 1-3 years old
• Independence
• Self-confidence
• Positive or negative
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Shame and Doubt• Positive reassurance
• Over protective
• Feeling shameful
• Learn doubt
• Toilet training
“Erikson believes that children who experience too
much doubt at this stage will lack
confidence in their powers later in life”
(Woolfolk, 1987).
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Stage Three: Initiative vs.
Guilt
Am I good or bad?Children begin to assert their power and
control over the world through social interaction.
Preschool
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The FactsInitiative vs. Guilt• Play age (years 3-5)
• Child develops fundamental understanding of morals and values
• Gain self-esteem and learn to cooperate with peers
• Sense of power and control of environment
• Positive outcome of this stage is self-purpose and worth
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Stage Four: Industry vs.
Inferiority
How can I be good?Children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and
abilities.
School Age
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The FactsIndustry vs. Inferiority
• School age (years 5-12)
• Main goal of this stage is the individual’s ability to rely on themselves
• Child will learn about• Friendship• Self-Evaluation• Teamwork
Provides a sense of competence and capability in terms of educational
achievement.
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Stage Five: Identity vs. Role
Confusion
Who am I? Who can I be?Children are exploring their
independence and sense of self.
Adolescence
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The FactsIdentity vs. Role Confusion
• Ages 13-19 years old (adolescence)
• Fidelity is the main virtue
• Development of social relationships is important
• Concerned with appearances
• Sense of sexual identity
• Figuring out future roles in the adult world
• Risk of “identity crisis”
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Stage Six: Intimacy vs.
Isolation
Will I be loved or will I be alone?The major conflict centers on forming
intimate, loving relationships with other people.
Young Adulthood
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The FactsIntimacy vs. Isolation
• Ages 18-40• Newfound identity and meaningfulness• Developing intimacy and willingness to
express feelings and share experiences
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Possible OutcomesIntimacy vs. Isolation
Failure to Establish Intimacy Results in:1. Loneliness2. Feeling or being uncared for
Success in Establishing Intimacy Results in:3. Close intimate friendships4. Feeling secure in relationshipsWhat is the importance in
understanding this stage?
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Stage Seven: Generativity vs. Self-
Absorption (Stagnation)
How can I contribute to the world?
Adults strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them.Middle Adulthood
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The FactsGenerativity vs. Self-Absorption
- Ages 40-65
- Goes further into looking beyond and toward the future
- Establishing family and productivity in the community
- If they do not feel productive or that they have accomplished their goals, they feel like they are losing the meaning of life- mid-life crisis
Why is this important to understand?
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Stage Eight: Ego Integrity vs.
Despair
Did I live a meaningful life?People reflect on the life they have lived
and come away with either a sense of fulfillment or a sense of regret.
Maturity
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The FactsEgo Integrity vs. Despair
• Age 65 until death
• Wisdom is the main virtue
• Retrospection (the final developmental task)
• Can occur out of sequence ex. Terminal disease diagnosis
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Possible OutcomesEgo Integrity vs. Despair
Seeing Your Life as Productive/Successful:- Contemplate accomplishments- Develop integrity
Seeing Your Life as Unproductive/Unsuccessful:- Dissatisfied with life - Develop despair
- Can lead to depression/hopelessness
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So, how is this theory relevant to us and
what we’ve studied in class?
and
How does this theory help us to better
understand ourselves?