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Severe Weather Hazards & Hurricanes and the Coastline
Min Gu Kim and Vicky Yeung, EE60N November 6, 2018
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Severe Weather Hazards
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Severe Weather Hazards
Tornadoes
Northeasters
Hurricanes
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Severe Weather Hazards
Tornadoes
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Tornadoes | Basics
- Bodies of air with a funnel shape rotating counterclockwise- Low interior pressure and high velocities in walls - Damage the smallest area through mobilizing debris
- Tornado swarm: tornado breakout - Occur March to July, mainly in Tornado Alley
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Tornadoes | Formation
http://web.gccaz.edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_units/thunder_hurr/thunder_hurr2.html
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Tornadoes | Tornado Alley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_Alley#/media/File:Tornado_Alley_Diagram.svg
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Tornadoes | Monitoring
Tornado Watch: tornado-breeding thunderstorms
Tornado Warning: tornadoes spotted or Doppler radar identifies hook-shaped areas
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Severe Weather Hazards
Tornadoes
Northeasters
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Northeasters | Basics
- Refers to direction from which their winds come - Massive extratropical storms originating in mid-latitude, move
eastward and track up the Atlantic coast - Low-pressure systems with counterclockwise winds - Occur October - April
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Northeasters | Formation
https://www.boatus.com/magazine/2016/december/anatomy-of-a-noreaster.asp
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Northeasters | Formation
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Northeasters | Dolan and Davis Scale
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Severe Weather Hazards
Tornadoes
Northeasters
Hurricanes
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Hurricanes | Basics
- Massive tropical storm system with rotary winds >119 km/hr- Storms in the NW Pacific are called typhoons or cyclones in the
Indian Ocean - Cape Verde storms: form in E. Atlantic off the coast of Africa - “Hurricane season”: June to November
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Hurricanes | Formation
https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2016/10/6/13191010/how-hurricanes-form-tropical-storms-guide
Releases enough energy to supply US energy demands for 6 months!
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Hurricanes | Structure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone
- Two velocities:- Storm center velocity:
Forward speed of the storm
- Hurricane wind velocity: rotational speed of the winds circling the eye
- Right side: velocity = hurricane wind velocity + storm center velocity
- Left side: hurricane wind velocity - storm center velocity
Area of low pressure
Strongest winds
Bands of torrential rain and high winds
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Hurricanes | Monitoring
- Ships at sea transmit weather reports - Scientists at National Hurricane Center scan satellite images of
Earth every 30 mins to watch for disturbance- For matured storms: observation planes examine close up and
land-based radars examine structure of storm - Hurricane hunters fly into the storm and drop dropsondes which
transmit meteorological data
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Hurricanes | Monitoring
Coast-parallel hurricane track: weaker left side moves over land
Coast-normal hurricane track: moves onto coast at right angle. Severe damage on right side, less severe on left side
https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/atlantic/1960/Major-Hurricane-Donna
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Hurricanes and the Coastline
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Hurricanes | Damage Potential Scale
https://www.entergynewsroom.com/media-kit/hurricane-wind-scale/
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Looking closely to Category 5
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Hurricane captured from the spaceThis is what happened after Hurricane Andrew passed by
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Coast l Hurricane and Effect on CoastlinesHurricanes and the Gulf of Mexico Coastline
- Galveston, Texas is a coastal resort city (island)- Galveston is built on a low-lying island, a sandy barrier beach- Texas has an immense area of low-elevation coastal land. These lands lie less than
20ft above seal level. The surges and high waves accompanying hurricanes wreak havoc on low-lying areas.
- Category 4 hurricane struck the bay (thousands were killed)- Due to decaying human bodies the spread of disease was a problem- Afterwards, the city constructed a 5km long seawall, 17 ft high and 16ft wide and sand
was brought in to elevate the island
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Paths of 10 hurricanes that hit the Texas coast between 1960 and 1979
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Hurricanes and the Atlantic Coastline
- Category 4 hurricane (Hugo) struck Charleston, South California- Although Hugo was a powerful hurricane, it caused only 11 death. Property damages
exceeded $7 billion. Here is the trend - decreasing deaths, increasing damages. - An ongoing trend is for Americans to move to the coastline and to build larger and more
expensive homes filled with more expensive possessions.
- Death by hurricanes in the United States have dropped dramatically due to the advance warnings that are now broadcast widely before a hurricane make landfall.
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Hurricanes and the Pacific Coastline
- The Hawaiian Islands lie on the northern edge of the warm, hurricane generating waters of the Pacific Ocean
- Usually cold water drains the energy out of any hurricanes that dare to move across it
- Fast-moving category 4 Hurricane Iniki hit Kauai- No building escaped damage, over 6,000 utility poles snapped like
matchsticks, and even bark was stripped from many trees- Although only two people were killed, the island economy suffered over $2
billion in damages
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Evacuation Dilemma
- Since population growth is far faster than the building of new roads and bridges, it’s hard for people to evacuate
- It is estimated that evacuating some cities could take 72 hours - We do not get notices three days in advance where a hurricane will strike- The detailed path of a hurricane is still unpredictable
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How can we reduce Hurricane damages?
- When hurricane winds destroy a building, a common first step is lifting off the roof so better designing the buildings with connecting roofs to the wall is essential.
- Winds that come inside the building intensifies destruction so shatter-proof glass and door is crucial
- Using low-lying coastal land as farm fields, parks, golf course, and etc. And the higher and more protected land could be zoned for house and building construction
- Adding sand to beaches, adding riprap, or building hard walls