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Hydrogen Fuel Cells April 5, 2004
Gary Flomenhoft,BSME, MAPP, CEEResearch AssociateGund Institute, SNR
Owner: InnEVations.com
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ENERGY STORAGE
Performance of Energy Storage Systems
Fuel Specific Energy
Wh/kg
Gasoline 12,300
Natural gas 9,300
Hydrogen 33,000
Lead-acid battery 30
Advanced Lead Acid 48
Gasoline:C8H18
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ENERGY STORAGE
Performance of Advanced EV Battery SystemsEnergy Density
Wh/kg
Power Density
W/kgLife
Cycles
Lead-acid battery 30 150 300Advanced Lead Acid 48 150 800 GM Ovonic nickel metal hydride
70 220 >600
SAFT nickel metal hydride 70 150 1,500 SAFT lithium ion 120 230 600 Lithium polymer 150 350 <600 Evercel Nickel-zinc 60 255 500Zinc-Air 160-220 low ?Composite Flywheels 120Supercapacitors
Source:
USABC
and others
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SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE ASSOC.
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY
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COMPOSITE FLYWHEELS
SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE ASSOC.
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SUPERCAPACITORS
SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE ASSOC.
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ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL
SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE ASSOC.
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SOURCE:
METALLIC POWER.COM
MECHANICAL RECHARGE
ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL
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SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE ASSOC.
ENERGY DENSITY BY WEIGHT AND VOLUME
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Passenger car emissions reduction HC CO NOxTLEV- Transitional Low-Emission Vehicle
50% NR NR
LEV- Low-Emission Vehicle 70% NR 50%
ULEV- Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (50% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle. )
85% 50% 50%
SULEV- Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (90% cleaner than 2003 average)
96% 70% 95%
PZEV-Partial Zero-Emission-Vehicle
96% 70% 95%SULEV & 15 year/150K mile warranty and 0 evaporative emissions.
AT PZEV-Advanced Technology PZEV (CNG, hybrid-electric, methanol, fuel cell)
96% 70% 95%PZEV & and include advanced technology components.
ZEV-Zero-Emission Vehicles (98%
cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle.)
100% 100% 100%
CARB DEFINITIONS
CLEANER
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What is a Fuel Cell Vehicle?
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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2004 FORD
The Ford Focus FCV fuel cell system is efficient, quiet, and produces zero emissions. Ford has announced plans to have a three year demonstration program of 5-10 fleet vehicles in Vancouver, Canada in 2004.
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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 Honda
Honda is delivering a family of new FCX fuel-cell vehicles to its first customer, the city of Los Angeles. Honda plans to lease approximately 30 fuel-cell cars in California and Japan during the next several years. The fuel-cell itself is propelled by electricity generated by a hydrogen-oxygen chemical reaction—and its only emission, remarkably, is water vapor.
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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 TOYOTA
Its only exhaust is water vapor. Its secret? A hydrogen fuel cell that harnesses the electricity of separated atoms and molecules as they strive to be electrically balanced. Developed entirely in-house, FCHV-4 shows Toyota on the leading edge of fuel-cell technology.
(NOT AVAILABLE)
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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-NISSAN
X-TRAIL FCVNissan is actively developing fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) that have low environmental impact and save energy. Commercialization is scheduled for 2003.(?????)
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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-GM
The Hy-wire has no internal combustion engine, instrument panel, brake or accelerator pedals – but it does have ample power supplied by a GM fuel cell that runs on hydrogen.
PROTOTYPE
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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER
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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER
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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-HYUNDAI
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HYDROGEN FUEL CELL OPERATION
SOURCE:
Schatz Energy Lab
Humboldt State U.
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PEM HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS
SOURCE:
Schatz Energy Lab
Humboldt State U.
PEM= Proton Exchange Membrane (“Nafion”tm)
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SOME SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT HYDROGEN
A) HYDROGEN STORES & TRANSPORTS ENERGY. A CARRIER NOT A SOURCE.
A) BATTERIES
Where does hydrogen come from?Fossil: nat gas, propane, gasoline, methanol
Renewable: electric wind, solar, etc. electrolyze waterMethane (CH4), methanol(CH3OH), ammonia(NH3?)
Q1) IS HYDROGEN A revolutionary NEW ENERGY SOURCE?
Q2) WHICH IS MORE EFFICIENT, FUEL CELL OR BATTERIES?
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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
oil (gasoline) -> IC engine 15%
H2 Fuel Cell Efficiency
BATTERY POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLEOil-> power plant -> electricity ~=45%transmission~=80%battery charging ~=80%electric drive system ~=80%
.45 x .8 x .8 x .8 = 23%
FUEL CELL POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLEOil-> power plant-> electricity~=45%electricity transmission ~=80%H2 electrolyzer max efficiency ~=70%H2 fuel cell max efficiency ~=50%Electric drive system ~=80%
.45 x .8 x .7 x .5 x .8 = 10%
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SOLAR FUEL CELLS ?
SOURCE:
Schatz Energy Lab
Humboldt State U.
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