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Introduction to the HYPER projectJacob Carstensen (Aarhus University)
....HYPOX kickoff meeting Bremen
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HYPER: HYPoxia mitigation for Baltic Sea Ecosystem Restoration
Jacob Carstensen National Environmental Research Institute
Aarhus University
BONUS+ project
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Partners in HYPER
• Aarhus University• Lund University• Stockholm University• Åbo Akademic Univ.• Univ. of Helsinki• Finnish Env. Inst.• Zoological Inst.• University of Gdansk• I O Warnemünde• Utrecht University
0 100 20050 Km
±
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Outline of HYPER presentation
• Hypoxia – a growing problem– focus on the Baltic Sea
• Research questions addressed• HYPER work plan
– monitoring cruises
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Source: Diáz & Rosenberg (2008)
Hypoxia is a growing global problem
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Source: Diáz & Rosenberg (2008)
Hypoxia is a growing global problem
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Source: Diáz & Rosenberg (2008)
Hypoxia is a growing global problem
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Below the surface – it’s a different world
Photo: Nanna Rask
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Below the surface – it’s a different world
Photo: Nanna Rask
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Below the surface – it’s a different world
Photo: Nanna Rask
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Below the surface – it’s a different world
Photo: Nanna Rask
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Hypoxia in the long-term perspective
Source: Zillén et al. (2008)
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Hypoxia in the long-term perspective
Holocene Thermal Maximum
Holocene Thermal Maximum
Source: Zillén et al. (2008)
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Hypoxia in the long-term perspective
Medieval Warm Period
Medieval Warm Period
Holocene Thermal Maximum
Holocene Thermal Maximum
Source: Zillén et al. (2008)
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Laminated sediments within the last 100 years
Source: Hille et al. (2006)
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The anthropogenic lamination
Source: Jonsson et al. (1990)
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Trends of the anthropocene
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Oxy
gen
conc
. (m
g l-1
)
Gotland Deep (>100 m)
Source: ICES data
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Trends of the anthropocene
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Oxy
gen
conc
. (m
g l-1
)
Gotland Deep (>100 m)
Source: ICES data
Source: Jørgensen & Richardson (1996)
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Trends of the anthropocene
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Oxy
gen
conc
. (m
g l-1
)
Gotland Deep (>100 m)
Source: ICES data
Source: Jørgensen & Richardson (1996)
Major inflows
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The physical forcing behind hypoxia
Source: www.smhi.se, after Mattäus & Franck (1992)
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Inflows improve oxygen conditions in the deep holes
Inflow 1993
Source: B. Gustafsson
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…. but overall hypoxia is worsened
Stagnation period
Source: Conley et al. (2002)
Inflow 1993
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The situation in 2008
Source: www.smhi.se
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Why bother about hypoxia?
Photo: Nanna Rask
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Why bother about hypoxia?
Photo: Nanna Rask
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Why bother about hypoxia?
Photo: Nanna Rask
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Why bother about hypoxia?
Photo: Nanna Rask
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Why bother about hypoxia?
Photo: Nanna Rask
Source: Vahtera et al. (2007)
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HYPER research questions
• Can we separate anthropogenic from climate forcing?
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HYPER research questions
• Can we separate anthropogenic from climate forcing?
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HYPER research questions
• Can we separate anthropogenic from climate forcing?
• Are there regime shifts and thresholds with hypoxia?
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HYPER research questions
• Can we separate anthropogenic from climate forcing?
• Are there regime shifts and thresholds with hypoxia?
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HYPER research questions
• Can we separate anthropogenic from climate forcing?
• Are there regime shifts and thresholds with hypoxia?
• What are the spatial differences of ”hypoxia processes”?
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HYPER research questions
• Can we separate anthropogenic from climate forcing?
• Are there regime shifts and thresholds with hypoxia?
• What are the spatial differences of ”hypoxia processes”?
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HYPER research questions
• Can we separate anthropogenic from climate forcing?
• Are there regime shifts and thresholds with hypoxia?
• What are the spatial differences of ”hypoxia processes”?
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HYPER research questions
• Can we separate anthropogenic from climate forcing?
• Are there regime shifts and thresholds with hypoxia?
• What are the spatial differences of ”hypoxia processes”?
• Can we manage and mitigate hypoxia?
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HYPER research questions
• Can we separate anthropogenic from climate forcing?
• Are there regime shifts and thresholds with hypoxia?
• What are the spatial differences of ”hypoxia processes”?
• Can we manage and mitigate hypoxia?
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HYPER work plan
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HYPER work plan
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HYPER work plan
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HYPER work plan
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HYPER work plan
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HYPER work plan
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HYPER work plan
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HYPER work plan
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HYPER work plan
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HYPER work plan
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Field sampling activities• Spatial monitoring cruise
– r/v Aranda 25 May- 17 June 2009
• Temporal monitoring cruises– r/v Gunnar Thorson
• Ships-of-opportunity
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The spatial monitoring cruise
• 25 May – 17 June• Leg 1: Helsinki –
Rønne (11 scientists)• Leg 2: Rønne –
Rauma (10 scientists)• Leg 3: Rauma –
Helsinki (9 scientists)• Coordinated with
BalticGas (Leg 2 & 3)
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The spatial monitoring cruise
• 25 May – 17 June• Leg 1: Helsinki –
Rønne (11 scientists)• Leg 2: Rønne –
Rauma (10 scientists)• Leg 3: Rauma –
Helsinki (9 scientists)• Coordinated with
BalticGas (Leg 2 & 3)