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H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma
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àW_ ^mfm {h§XrHindi First Language
AmR>dt H$jm Eighth Standard
Karnataka Text Book Society (R.)100 Ft. Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage,
Bengaluru - 560 085.
8
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II
PREFACE The Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new textbooks according to the new syllabi prepared which in turn are designed based on NCF – 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 11 languages, seven of them serve as the media of instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects namely mathematics, science and social science.
NCF- 2005 has a number special features and they are:• Connectingknowledgetolifeactivities• Learningtoshiftfromrotemethods• Enrichingthecurriculumbeyondtextbooks• Learningexperiencesfortheconstructionofknowledge• Makingexaminationsflexibleandintegratingthemwith
classroomexperiences• Caring concernswithin the democratic policy of the
country• Makeeducationrelevanttothepresentandfutureneeds.• Softeningthesubjectboundariesintegratedknowledge
andthejoyoflearning.• Thechildistheconstructorofknowledge.
TheNewbooksareproducedbasedonthreefundamentalapproachesnamely.
Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integratedapproach.
The Learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities,master skills and competencies. Thematerials presented inthesebooksareintegratedwithvalues.Thenewbooksarenotexaminationorientedintheirnature.Ontheotherhandtheyhelpthelearnerinthetotaldevelopmentofhis/herpersonality,thushelphim/herbecomeahealthymemberofahealthysocietyandaproductivecitizenofthisgreatcountryIndia.
Language textbooksaredesigned tohelp learnersmastercommunicative competencies, excellent comprehension,meaningfulexpressionandefficientreferenceskills.
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III
Englishisstudiedbymoststudentsasthesecondlanguage.TeachershavetokeepinmindthethreefundamentalapproachesbasedonwhichthereadershavebeendesignedandadapttheirteachingmethodsandhelplearnersmasterlanguageskillsandcompetenciesandhelpthembecomeexcellentusersofEnglish.
Schools in Karnataka offer seven languages amedia ofinstructionandeightasfirstlanguagesandtenlanguagesareofferedasthirdlanguage.Theobjectiveistohelpthelearnerstousethese languagesefficientlyatthecommunicative level.It is hoped that at least a cross section of learners achievecompetenciestousetheselanguagesatthecreativelevel.
Teachersareexpectedtoadapttheirteachingmethodsnottomakethesetextbooksjustfeedmaterialsforexaminations,but help learnersmaster language competencies such ascommunication, comprehension, expression in writing andnecessaryreferenceskills.ThereisgoingtobeasourcebookforteachersinKannada1stlanguage,English2ndLanguageandHindi3rdLanguage.Pleasemakeuseofthesesourcebooksandmaketeachingveryeffective.
The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to thechairpersons,writers,scrutinisers,artists,staffofDIETsandCTEsandthemembersoftheEditorialBoardinhelpingtheTextBookSocietyinproducingthesetextbooks.
Place:BengaluruDate:1-3-2012
NagendrakumarManagingDirector
KarnatakaTextbookSociety®Bangalore,Karnataka.
Prof. G S MudambadithayaCoordinator
KarnatakaTextbookSociety®Bangalore,Karnatka
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IV
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VI
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VII
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VIII
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IX
nmR²>` nwñVH$ n[aîH$aU g{_{V
gdm©Ü`j :
àmo. ~aJyé am_M§Ðßnm, AÜ`j, H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` nmR²>` nwñVH$ n[aîH$aU g{_{V, ~|Jbyé.
gh`moJ :
lr Zaqghæ`m, à~§Y {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé-560085
lr_Vr. ZmJ_{U gr, Cn{ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.
AÜ`j:
S>m°. Zm_Xod. E_. Jm¡S>m, {d^mJmÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, _hmamOm H°$mboO, _¡gyé {díd{dX²`m{Zb`,
_¡gyé-570005
gXñ` :
lr_Vr. gw_m. Eg. Ho$, {df` n[adr[jH$m (qhXr) ~|Jbyé {d^mJ Am`wŠVmb` ~|Jbyé-560 001
S>m°. am{JZr. Ama, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m (ñd¡pÀN>H$ AdH$me àmá) 738/4, gmopßnZH$mobm ñQ´>rQ>, H$mern{V AJ«hma, Ho$.Ama. _whëbm, _¡gyé - 24
S>m°. Eg. E. _§OwZmW, ghm`H$ àmo\o$ga Ed§ {d^mJmÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, n§nB© H$m°boO, EoH$bm,
_§Jbyé-574141
S>m°. Eg. {d{O, gh-{ejH$ (qhXr), gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, dm|Q>rH$moßnb, _¡gyé-570020
lr. E_. Or. _§OwZmW, gh-{ejH$ (qhXr), gaH$mar nr.`w. H$m°boO, Jm¡Zrnëbr, lr{Zdmgnwam VmëbwH$m, H$mobma {Obm-563161
lr_Vr. dg§VHw$_mar ~mB©, gh-{e{jH$m (qhXr), Eg. Eg. nr. Eg. hmB©ñHy$b, H$moßnm VmëbwH$m, {MŠH$_Jbyé {Obm - 577126
dmgwXod_y{V©. Eg, qhXr AÜ`mnH$, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, CX²~yé, _¡gyé VmbyH$,
_¡gyé {Obm - 570026.
CÞV n[aerbZ g{_{V :
S>m°. H$merZmW A§~bJo, AdH$me àmá àmo\o$ga, Jwb~Jm© {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.
S>m°. Ho$.E. go~mpñQ>`Z, H«$mBñQ> {díd{dÚmb`, hmogya amoS>, ~|Jbyé
S>m°. JUoe ndma, H$Zm©Q>H$ H|$Ðr` {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.
H$bmH$ma:
lr S>r. EZ. d|H$Q>oe, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, Ca_ma H$gbJoao, _§S²>`m {Obm.
H$m`©H«$_ g§`moOH$ :
lr_Vr O`bú_r gr.S>r., ghm`H$ {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.
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X
AZwH«$_{UH$mH«$.g§ erf©H$ {dYm n¥.g§
1. MmhVm hÿ± H${dVm 1
2. gm±n Am¡a gnZm H$hmZr 6
3. S>m°. amOm am_ÊUm ì`{º$ n[aM` 18
_¢ n¥Ïdr hÿ± nyaH$ dmMZ 23
4. H$^r _V H${dVm 26
5. Ý`m` H$hmZr 30
6. amIr ~m±YH$a no‹S>m| go [aíVm {Z~§Y 38
7. H$a Mbo h_ {\$Xm H${dVm 47
ê$n§ Xohr nyaH$ dmMZ 53
8. XamoOr A^`maÊ` _| ^mby AmË_H$Wm 55
hmWr Ho$ gmWr nyaH$ dmMZ 61
9. ^mobmam_ H$m Ord H$hmZr 63
10. ZXr Am¡a gm~wZ H${dVm 77
11. ^maVr` {gVmam - H$ënZm Mmdbm OrdZr 80
12. {H$Îmya H$m {H$bm H$hmZr 90
EH$Vm _| ~b h¡ nyaH$ dmMZ
13. H$gm¡Q>r H${dVm 97
14. B©XJmh H$hmZr 103
15. `jJmZ boI 121
{Xem kmZ nyaH$ dmMZ 130
16. dra H${dVm 135
17. ~¡bJm‹S>r aoIm{MÌ 140
18. Eogo-Eogo EH$m§H$s 151
19. ahr_ Ho$ Xmoho Xmoho 165
n[a{eï>…1. ì`mH$aU2. nÌ-boIZ
169
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1
nmR> - 1
MmhVm hÿ±
- am_mdVma Ë`mJr
Ame` : àñVwV H${dVm _| H${d AnZr _mV¥^y{_ na AnZm gd©ñd g_{n©V H$aZm MmhVm h¡Ÿ& dh Xoe H$s YaVr H$mo AnZm VZ-_Z-YZ g~ Hw$N> XoZm MmhVm h¡Ÿ&
_Z g_{n©V, VZ g_{n©V
Am¡a `h OrdZ g_{n©VŸ&
MmhVm hÿ± Xoe H$s YaVr, VwPo Hw$N> Am¡a ^r Xy±Ÿ&
_m±, Vwåhmam G$U ~hþV h¡, _¢ AqH$MZ,
{H$ÝVw BVZm H$a ahm {\$a ^r {ZdoXZ -
Wmb _| bmD±$ gOmH$a ^mb O~ ^r,
H$a X`m ñdrH$ma boZm dh g_n©UŸ&
JmZ A{n©V, àmU A{n©V,
aŠV H$m H$U-H$U g_{n©VŸ&
MmhVm hÿ± Xoe H$s YaVr, VwPo Hw$N> Am¡a ^r Xy±Ÿ&
_m±P Xmo Vbdma H$mo, A~ H$a Z Xoar,
~m±Y Xmo H$gH$a H$_a na T>mb _oarŸ&
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2
^mb na _b Xmo MaU H$s Yyb Wmo‹S>r,
ere na Am{ef H$s N>m`m KZoarŸ&
ñdßZ A{n©V, àíZ A{n©V,
Am`w H$m jU-jU g_{n©VŸ&
MmhVm hÿ± Xoe H$s YaVr, VwPo Hw$N> Am¡a ^r Xy±Ÿ&
Vmo‹S>Vm hÿ± _moh H$m ~§YZ j_m XmoŸ&
Jm±d _oao, Ûma, Ka, Am±JZ j_m Xmo,
AmO grYo hmW _| Vbdma Xo Xmo,
Am¡a ~m`| hmW _| ÜdO H$mo W_m XmoŸ&
`o gw_Z bmo, `o M_Z bmo,
Zr‹S> H$m V¥U-V¥U g_{n©VŸ&
MmhVm hÿ± Xoe H$s YaVr, VwPo Hw$N> Am¡a ^r Xy±Ÿ&
*****
H${d n[aM` - am_mdVma Ë`mJr
am_mdVma Ë`mJr H$m OÝ_ gZ²> 1925 H$mo _wamXm~mX {Obo Ho$ Hw$aH$mdbr J«m_ _| ~«m÷U n[adma _| hþAmŸ& Ka H$s ê${‹T>dm{XVm go {dÐmoh H$a Ë`mJr Zo AË`§V {df_ n[apñW{V`m| _| {ejm àmá H$sŸ& A§V _| {Xëbr AmH$a BÝhm|Zo {d`moJr h[a Am¡a _hmdra A{YH$mar Ho$ gmW gånmXZ H$m`© {H$`mŸ& Ë`mJr nr‹S>m Ho$ H${d WoŸ& BZH$s eãX - `moOZm gab VWm AZw^y{V Jhar h¡Ÿ& "Z`m IyZ' VWm "AmR>dm± ñda'
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3
BZHo$ H${dVm-g§J«h h¢Ÿ& "AmR>dm± ñda' nwñVH$ nwañH¥$V h¡Ÿ& BZ {ZYZ gZ²> 1982 H$mo hþAmŸ&
eãXmW©:
VZ - eara, AqH$MZ - VwÀN>, ~hþV N>moQ>m ; ^mb - {ga, _ñVH$; g_{n©V - AmXanyd©H$ {X`m hþAm, _m±PZm - Yma VoµO H$aZm, Am{ef - Amerdm©X, KZoar - KZm, gKZ ; M_Z - ~JrMm, Zr‹S> - Km|gbm, Wmb - ~‹S>r Wmbr, _bZm - bJmZm, _gbZmŸ&
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) H${d Š`m-Š`m g_{n©V H$aZm MmhVo h¢?
2) H${d {H$g Vah H$m ~§YZ Vmo‹S>Zm MmhVo h¢?
3) H${d Wmb _| Š`m gOmH$a bmZm MmhVo h¢?
4) H${d AnZo XmoZm| hmWm| _| Š`m boZm MmhVo h¢?
II. {b{IV -
1) H${d YaVr _m± go Š`m g_{n©V H$aZo H$s ~mV H$a aho h¢?
2) h_ YaVr _m± go C>G$U H¡$go hmo gH$Vo h¢ ?
3) H${d wX²>Y Ho$ {bE OmVo g_` H¡$go V¡ ma hmoZm MmhVo h¢?
4) N>R>r-gmVdt n§{ŠV`m| _| H${d YaVr _m± go Š`m {ZdoXZ H$a
aho h¢?
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4
III. ^md ñnï> H$s{OE :
_m±P Xmo Vbdma H$mo, A~ H$a Z Xoar,
~m±Y Xmo H$gH$a H$_a na T>mb _oarŸ&
^mb na _b Xmo MaU H$s Yyb Wmo‹S>r,
ere na Am{ef H$s N>m`m KZoarŸ&
IV. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| H$m dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
1. {ZdoXZ 2. g_n©U 3. ñdrH$ma 4. ~§YZŸ
V. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ Xmo-Xmo n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :
1) VZ 2) YaVr 3) aº$ 4) j_m 4) A{n©V
VI. VwH$dmbo eãX {b{IE :
CXmhaU : gw_Z - M_Z
1) _Z - ...............
2) Wmb - ...............
3) ere - ...............
4) j_m - ...............
5) A{n©V - ...............
VII. {ZåZ{b{IV n§{ŠV`m| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :
1) Vmo‹S>Vm hÿ± .....................................
......................................j_m XmoŸ&
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5
2) AmO grYo ...................................
................................... W_m XmoŸ&
3) `o gw_Z ...................................
................................... g_{n©VŸ&
4) MmhVm hÿ± ..................................,
..................................... ^r Xy±Ÿ&
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma :
* Xoe^{ŠV H$s H${dVmAm| H$m g§J«h H$a H$jm _| gwZmBEŸ&
* Bg H${dVm H$mo b` _| hmd - ^md Ho$ gmW n{‹T>EŸ&
*****
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6
nmR> - 2
gm±n Am¡a gnZm
- `mo{JamO WmZr
Ame` : Bg H$hmZr _| ~Vm`m J`m h¡ {H$ ~wamB© `m AÀN>mB© H$m Aga
ha ì`{ŠV na n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& JbVr g~go hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a bmbM g~_| hmoVm
h¡Ÿ& AnZr JbVr gwYmaZm ~‹S>r ~mV h¡Ÿ&
EH$ amOm WmŸ& dh amV H$mo O~ ^r H$moB© gnZm XoIVm Vmo EH$X_
K~am OmVm Am¡a gw~h CR>H$a dh AnZo Xa~m[a`m| go Cg ñdßZ H$m
_Vb~ nyN>VmŸ& EH$ {XZ O~ amV H$mo ñdßZ _| Cgo EH$ {~ëbr {XImB©
Xr Vmo dh EH$X_ K~am J`mŸ& Xa~m[a`m| Zo amOm H$mo ~hþV g_PmZo H$s
H$mo{ee H$s, _Ja amOm H$s naoemZr H$_ Zht hþB©Ÿ& amOm Zo EH$-EH$
H$aHo$ g^r _§{Ì`m| Am¡a Xa~m[a`m| H$mo ~wbm`mŸ& ha EH$ Zo Cg ñdßZ H$m
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7
AnZm-AnZm AW© {ZH$mbmŸ& na amOm H$s naoemZr Am¡a ^r ~‹T> J`rŸ&
Am{Ia V§J AmH$a amOm Zo AnZo eha _| qT>T>moam {nQ>dm {X`m {H$ Omo
ì`{ŠV _oao ñdßZ H$m ghr CÎma ~VmEJm Cgo _mbm_mb H$a {X`m OmEJmŸ&
~g {\$a Š`m WmŸ! g¡H$‹S>m| bmoJ AnZr-AnZr {H$ñ_V AmµO_mZo Ho$ {bE
Xa~ma _| AmZo bJoŸ& _Ja H$moB© ^r ì`{ŠV amOm H$mo ghr AW© ~VmZo _|
g\$b Zht hmo gH$mŸ&
Bgr amÁ` Ho$ EH$ N>moQ>o-go Jm±d _| EH$ Jar~ {H$gmZ ^r ahVm
WmŸ& O~ `h I~a Cg Jar~ {H$gmZ Ho$ H$mZm| VH$ nhþ±Mr Vmo CgZo ^r
amO_hb _| OmZo H$m \¡$gbm {H$`mŸ& O~ dh {H$gmZ amO_hb H$s Amoa
OmZo bJm Vmo amñVo _| EH$ nhm‹S>r na Cgo EH$ gm±n {_bmŸ& gm±n Zo Cg
{H$gmZ H$m amñVm amoH$ H$a nyN>m - ""H$hm± Om aho hmo {H$gmZ ^mB© ?''
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8
{H$gmZ Zo ~‹S>o CXmg ^md go H$hm -""_¢ AnZr {H$ñ_V AmµO_mZo
Ho$ {bE amO_hb Om ahm hÿ±Ÿ&''
{H$gmZ go gmar ~mV gwZZo Ho$ ~mX gm±n Zo {H$gmZ go nyN>m - ""Š`m
Vw_ Cg ñdßZ H$m ghr AW© OmZVo hmo?''
`h gwZH$a {H$gmZ Mwn hmo J`mŸ&
gm±n Zo H$hm - ""_¢ Vwåh| amOm Ho$ ñdßZ H$m ghr AW© ~Vm gH$Vm
hÿ±Ÿ& eV© `h hmoJr {H$ Vwåh| amOm Ho$ `hm± go {OVZm ^r _mb {_boJm Cg_|
go AmYm _wPo XoZm hmoJmŸ&''
{H$gmZ Zo Iwer-Iwer gm±n H$s `h eV© _mZ brŸ& gm±n Zo H$hm -
""amOm go OmH$a `h H$hZm {H$ ñdßZ _| {~ëbr {XImB© XoZo H$m _Vb~
`h h¡ {H$ Vwåhmao amÁ` _| AmOH$b [aídV Am¡a YmoImY‹S>r H$m ~mob~mbm
h¡Ÿ&''
{H$gmZ Zo O~ amOm H$mo CgHo$ ñdßZ H$m AW© ~Vm`m Vmo amOm ~hþV
hr àgÞ hþAmŸ& amOm Zo {H$gmZ H$mo ~hþV gmao én`o-n¡go {X`oŸ& {H$gmZ
O~ CZ én`m| H$s JR>ar H$mo CR>mH$a AnZo Ka H$s Amoa OmZo bJm Vmo
CgH$s Zr`V Iam~ hmo J`rŸ& CgZo gmoMm {H$ A~ gm±n Ho$ nmg OmZo _|
H$moB© \$m`Xm ZhtŸ& {\$a gm±n H$mo _oao Ka H$m nVm ^r Vmo Zht _mby_Ÿ&
bmbM Zo Cg {H$gmZ H$mo A§Ym H$a {X`mŸ& dh MwnMmn {H$gr Am¡a amñVo
go AnZo Ka nhþ±M J`mŸ& O~ {H$gmZ H$s nËZrŸ Zo én`m| H$m T>oa XoIm
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9
Vmo dh EH$X_ h¡amZ hmo J`rŸ& {H$gmZ Zo S>tJ _maVo hþE AnZr nËZr go
H$hm {H$ XoImo _¢ {H$VZm g_PXma hÿ±Ÿ& _¢Zo amOm Ho$ ñdßZ H$m {~ëHw$b
ghr-ghr AW© ~Vm {X`mŸ&
Hw$N> {XZ ~rV OmZo Ho$ ~mX amOm Zo EH$ Am¡a ñdßZ XoImŸ& CgZo
ñdßZ _| XoIm {H$ dh {Og H$_ao _| boQ> ahm h¡ CgH$s N>V na Xmo Z§Jr
Vbdma| bQ>H$ ahr h¢Ÿ& `o XmoZm| Vbdma| H$ÀMo YmJm| go ~±Yr hþB© Wt Am¡a
{H$gr ^r jU amOm Ho$ D$na {Ja gH$Vr WtŸ&
gw~h hmoVo hr amOm {\$a naoemZ hmo CR>mŸ& amOm Zo EH$-EH$ H$aHo$ g^r
_§{Ì`m| Am¡a Xa~m[a`m| H$mo ~wbm`mŸ& ha EH$ Zo Cg ñdßZ H$m AnZm-AnZm
AW© {ZH$mbmŸ& na amOm H$mo {H$gr Ho$ CÎma na ^r gÝVmof Zht hþAmŸ&
Am{Ia _| amOm Zo Cgr {H$gmZ H$mo ~wbm`mŸ& {H$gmZ H$mo O~ `h
nVm Mbm Vmo dh ~hþV K~am J`mŸ& _aVm Š`m Z H$aVmŸ& ~oMmam Mwn-
Mmn _wh± bQ>H$m`o {\$a Cgr nhm‹S>r na nhþ±Mm Ohm± na Cgo gm±n {_bm
WmŸ& dhm± nhþ±MH$a dh "ZmJamO' Am¡a "ZmJXodVm' H$hH$a Cg gm±n H$mo
nwH$maZo bJmŸ&
{H$gmZ Ho$ H$m\$s Xoa VH$ MrIZo - {MëbmZo Ho$ ~mX ZmJamO AnZo
{~b go ~mha Am`m Am¡a Jwñgo go ~mobm - ""{Mëbm Š`m| aho hmo, Š`m
~mV h¡ ? `hm± Š`m| Am`o hmo ?'' {H$gmZ Zo hmW Omo‹S>Vo hþE H$hm -
""_hmamO _wPo j_m H$a|Ÿ& _¢ {\$a _wgr~V _| \±$g J`m hÿ±Ÿ& amOm Zo _wPo
AnZo `hm± ~wbm ^oOm h¡Ÿ& _¢ AmnH$s ghm`Vm Ho$ {~Zm Hw$N> Zht H$a
gH$VmŸ& H¥$n`m _wPo amOm Ho$ ñdßZ H$m AW© ~Vm X|Ÿ&''
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10
gm±n Zo H$hm - ""XoImo, Vw_ _wPo EH$ ~ma nhbo ^r YmoIm Xo MwHo$
hmoŸ& _wPo A~ Vw_ na {dídmg Zht hmoVmŸ&''
{H$gmZ Zo hmW Omo‹S>Vo hþE H$hm - ""A~ H$s ~ma _¢ AmnH$mo YmoIm
Zht Xy±JmŸ&'' {H$gmZ H$s ~mV na {dídmg H$aHo$ gm±n Zo H$hm - ""AÀN>m
Vmo gwZmo, Vw_ amOm go OmH$a h H$hZm {H$ Vw_Zo ñdßZ _| Xmo Z§Jr Vbdma|
XoIr h¢Ÿ& CZH$m _Vb~ h h¡ {H$ Vwåhmao amÁ` Ho$ AÝXa Am¡a ~mha Vwåhmao
eÌw AnZr VmH$V| ~‹T>m aho h¢ Am¡a do H$^r ^r Vw_ na h_bm H$a gH$Vo
h¢Ÿ& Bg{bE Vwåh| A^r go gmdYmZ hmo OmZm Mm{hE Am¡a AnZr g¡{ZH$
e{ŠV H$mo Am¡a _µO~yV H$a boZm Mm{hEŸ&''
amOm Ho$ nmg nhþ±MH$a O~ Cg {H$gmZ Zo ñdßZ H$m AW© ~Vm`m Vmo
amOm ~hþV hr Iwe hþAmŸ& amOm Zo {H$gmZ H$mo nhbo go µµÁ`mXm _mbm_mb
H$a {X`mŸ& {H$gmZ O~ én`m| H$s JR>ar CR>mH$a AnZo Ka H$s Amoa OmZo
bJm Vmo Cg na EH$ ~ma {\$a bmbM H$m ^yV gdma hmo J`mŸ& CgZo _Z
hr _Z gmoMm {H$ _wPo gm±n H$mo AmYm {hñgm XoZo H$s _yI©Vm Zht H$aZr
Mm{hEŸ& _wPo MwnMmn amñVm ~XbH$a AnZo Ka Mbo OmZm Mm{hEŸ&
{H$gmZ A^r h gmoM hr ahm Wm {H$ dhr gm±n CgHo$ gm_Zo AmH$a I‹S>m
hmo J`mŸ& gm±n Cg {H$gmZ go AnZm AmYm {hñgm _m±JZo bJmŸ& CgZo
én`m| H$s JR>ar EH$ Amoa aI Xr Am¡a EH$ bmR>r CR>mH$a gm±n H$mo _maZo
H$s gmoMrŸ& gm±n Cg {H$gmZ H$s Zr`V H$mo nhbo go hr g_P J`m Wm,
Bg{bE dh OëXr-OëXr Pm{‹S>`m| _| OmH$a {N>n J`mŸ& {H$gmZ Zo gm±n
H$mo bmR>r go _maZo H$s H$mo{ee H$sŸ& _Ja dh bmR>r CgH$s ny±N> na bJr
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11
Am¡a Bg àH$ma gm±n dhm± go ~M {ZH$bmŸ& BgHo$ ~mX dh {H$gmZ AnZr
JR>ar CR>mH$a Iwer-Iwer AnZo Ka H$s Amoa Mb n‹S>mŸ&
XoIVo hr XoIVo {H$gmZ H$s Pm|n‹S>r Ho$ ñWmZ na EH$ _hb I‹S>m hmo
J`m Am¡a dh Jar~ {H$gmZ aB©gm| H$s Vah AnZr qµOXJr {~VmZo bJmŸ&
Hw$N> dfm] ~mX {\$a Cg {H$gmZ H$mo amOm Ho$ `hm± go ~wbmdm Am`mŸ&
A~ H$s ~ma amOm Zo {\$a ñdßZ _| EH$ H$~yVa H$mo C‹S>Vo hþE XoIm WmŸ&
{H$gmZ h I~a gwZH$a EH$X_ K~am J`mŸ& dh h ~mV AÀN>r Vah go
OmZVm Wm {H$ gm±n H$s ghm`Vm Ho$ {~Zm CgH$m ~o‹S>m nma hmoZm _wpíH$b
h¡Ÿ& dh {\$a Cgr nhm‹S>r na J`mŸ& dhm± nhþ±MH$a dh "ZmJamO' Am¡a
"ZmJXodVm' H$hH$a Cg gm±n H$mo nwH$maZo bJmŸ&
{H$gmZ Ho$ H$m\$s Xoa VH$ MrIZo-{MëbmZo Ho$ ~mX gm±n AnZo {~b
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12
go ~mha Am`m Am¡a Jwñgo go ~mobm - ""{Mëbm Š`m| aho hmo? Š`m ~mV
h¡? `hm± Š`m| Am`o hmo ? Vw_ Vmo _wPo _maZm MmhVo Wo ZŸ&''
{H$gmZ Zo hmW Omo‹S>Vo hþE H$hm - ""_wPo _m\$ H$a XmoŸ& _¢Zo AmnHo$
gmW ~‹S>m AË`mMma {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Amn _wPo Omo Mmh| H$h gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
_¢ gM_wM nmnr hÿ±Ÿ&'' BVZm H$hVo-H$hVo {H$gmZ H$s Am±Im| go Am±gy ~h
{ZH$boŸ& gm±n H$mo `h g_PZo _| µOam ^r Xoa Zht bJr {H$ {H$gmZ Ho$
Am±gy àm`píMÎm Ho$ Am±gy h¢Ÿ& {H$gmZ H$m _Z A~ nhbo O¡gm nmnr Zht
ahm WmŸ& {H$gmZ H$s Am±Im| _| Am±gy XoIH$a X`mbw gm±n H$m _Z {nKb
J`mŸ& gm±n Cg {H$gmZ go H$hZo bJm - ""K~amAmo _V, Vw_ grYo amOm
Ho$ nmg OmAmo Am¡a H$hmo {H$ AmnH$mo ñdßZ _| Omo C‹S>Vm hþAm H$~yVa
{XImB© {X`m h¡ CgH$m _Vb~ `h h¡ {H$ A~ AmnHo$ amÁ` _| nyU© empÝV
h¡Ÿ& AmnH$s OZVm Amngo EH$X_ gÝVwï> h¡ Am¡a A~ AmnH$mo {H$gr ^r
eÌw go {H$gr àH$ma H$m IVam Zht h¡Ÿ&''
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13
{H$gmZ Zo amOm H$mo O~ Bg ñdßZ H$m AW© ~Vm`m Vmo amOm ~hþV
Iwe hþAmŸ& Bg ~ma amOm Zo {H$gmZ H$mo ~hþV µµÁ`mXm BZm_ {X`mŸ& {H$gmZ
Zo {\$a én`m| H$s JR>ar CR>mB© Am¡a grYm Cg nhm‹S>r na nhþ±M J`m Ohm±
dh gm±n ahVm WmŸ& O¡go hr gm±n {~b go ~mha Am`m {H$gmZ Zo én`m|
H$s JR>ar CgHo$ gm_Zo aI Xr Am¡a hmW Omo‹S>Vo hþE H$hm - ""_wP nmnr
H$mo j_m H$a Xmo ZmJXodVmŸ& _¢ AnZo {H$`o na ~hþV e{_©ÝXm hÿ±Ÿ&''
gm±n Zo H$hm - ""AnZo Am±gwAm| H$mo nm|N> S>mbmo {H$gmZ ^mB©Ÿ& Vw_Zo
A~ VH$ _oao gmW O¡gm ^r ì`dhma {H$`m h¡ Cg_| Vwåhmam H$moB© H$gya
Zht h¡Ÿ& nhbr ~ma O~ Vwåh| én`m| H$s JR>ar {_br Cg g_` Xoe _|
[aídV Am¡a YmoImY‹S>r H$m ~mµOma Ja_ Wm& Š`m|{H$ Vw_ ^r Bgr g_mO
Ho$ hr EH$ A§J hmo, Vw_ na bmbM H$m a§J M‹T> J`mŸ&
Xygar ~ma O~ Vwåh| én`m| H$s JR>ar {_br Cg g_` Xoe _| byQ>-_ma
_Mr hþB© WrŸ& {H$gr r dŠV ~mhar h_bo H$m IVam WmŸ& bmoJ EH$-Xygao
Ho$ IyZ Ho$ ß`mgo hmo aho WoŸ& Š`m|{H$ Vw_ ^r Bg g_mO Ho$ hr A§J hmo,
Bg{bE Vw_ na ^r _ma-nrQ> H$m Zem gdma hmo J`mŸ& Vw_ bmR>r boH$a
_wPo _maZo Xm¡‹S>oŸ& A~ Mmam| Amoa gwI Am¡a empÝV H$m dmVmdaU h¡Ÿ& bmoJ
_Z go d¡a-^md {_Q>mH$a ào_ H$m ^md ~‹T>m aho h¢Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ Vw_ ^r Bg
g_mO Ho$ hr A§J hmo, Bg{bE Vwåhmao öX` _| ^r ào_ ^md à~b hmo CR>m
h¡Ÿ& V^r Vmo Vw_ AnZr gmar ny±Or _wPo XoH$a _wPgo ào_ ~‹T>mZm MmhVo hmoŸ&
OmAmo ^mB© OmAmo, AnZm amñVm bmoŸ& B©ída Vwåh| Iwe aIoŸ& _wPo én`m|
go Š`m boZm h¡Ÿ& _¢ bmoJm| H$mo én`m XoVm hÿ±, bmoJm| go én`m boVm Zht
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14
hÿ±Ÿ& bmoJ _wPgo _m±JVo h¢ Am¡a O~ _¢ bmoJm| H$s _m±J| nyar H$a XoVm hÿ± Vmo
do _wPo ^yb OmVo h¢Ÿ& em`X Vw_ Zht OmZVo {H$ _¢ {^Imar Zht hÿ±, XmVm
hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ ZmJamO Zht hÿ±, Zmam`U hÿ±Ÿ&'' BVZm H$hVo hr dh gm±n {H$gmZ
H$s Am±Im| go AmoPb hmo J`mŸ&
*****
eãXmW© :
{T>§T>moam - Sw>½Jr, _wZmXr; YmoImY‹S>r - OmbgmOr, _mbm_mb -
YZ-Xm¡bV go ^am hþAm, AmµO_mZm - naIZm, narjm boZm ; gÝVwï>
- àgÞ, S>tJ _maZm - b§~rMm¡‹S>r AmË_àe§gm H$aZm, gmdYmZr -
gMoV, gVH©$, I~aXma ; _µO~yV - Ñ‹T>, nwï>, ~b`wŠVŸ&
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) amOm Zo nhbr ~ma gnZo _| Š`m XoImŸ ? 2) amñVo _| Jar~ {H$gmZ {H$ggo {_bm ? 3) {H$gmZ H$s nËZr h¡amZ Š`m| hþB© ? 4) {H$gmZ gm±n H$mo {H$g Vah nwH$maZo bJm ?
II. {b{IV -
A) EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) amOm Zo Xygar ~ma gnZo _| Š`m XoIm? 2) gm±n H$mo {H$gmZ na Š`m| {dídmg Zht Wm ?
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15
3) Vrgar ~ma amOm Zo gnZo _| Š`m XoIm ? 4) {H$gmZ Zo hmW Omo‹S>Vo hþE gm±n go Š`m H$hm ?
5) ZmJamO dmñVd _| Š`m Wm ?
Am) VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) amOm Zo eha _| qT>T>moam {H$g{bE {nQ>dm`m ?
2) gm±n Zo {H$gmZ Ho$ gm_Zo {H$g Vah H$s eV© aIr ?
3) ñdßZ _| {~ëbr {XImB© XoZo H$m _Vb~ Š`m Wm ?
4) {H$gmZ gm±n H$mo Š`m| _maZm MmhVm Wm ? gm±n H¡$go ~M
J`m?
5) {H$gmZ H$s Am±Im| _| Am±gy XoIH$a gm±n H$m _Z Š`m| {nKb
J`m?
B) Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) ñdßZ _| Z§Jr Vbdma| Am¡a H$~yVa {XImB© XoZo H$m _Vb~ Š`m
Wm?
2) A§V _| gm±n Zo {H$gmZ H$mo {H$g Vah g_Pm`m ?
III. {H$gZo {H$ggo H$hm :
1) "{Mëbm Š`m| aho hmo ? Š`m ~mV h¡ ?'
2) "A~ H$s ~ma _¢ AmnH$mo YmoIm Zht Xy±JmŸ&'
3) "Š`m Vw_ Cg ñdßZ H$m ghr AW© OmZVo hmo ?'
4) "_¢ AnZo {H$`o na ~hþV e{_©ÝXm hÿ±Ÿ&'
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16
IV. gmW©H$ dmŠ` ~ZmBE :
1) amOm Wm EH$Ÿ&
2) H$hm hþE hmW Zo Omo‹S>Vo {H$gmZŸ&
3) J`m Mwn {H$gmZ hmo `h gwZH$aŸ&
4) ^r ~mhar H$m Wm {H$gr dŠV h_bo IVamŸ&
5) Iwe B©ída aIo Vwåh|Ÿ&
V. ZrMo {bIo dmŠ`m| _| aoIm§{H$V gd©Zm_m| Ho$ dMZ ~X{bE :
1) {H$Ýhm|Zo Vwåhmar ghm`Vm H$s ?
2) Vw_ {H$Zgo PJ‹S>m H$a aho Wo ?
3) {H$gH$m nÌ Am`m h¡ ?
4) Vw_ {H$Ýh| XmdV _| ~wbm aho hmo ?
5) {H$ZHo$ {bE Cnhma bo Om aho hmo ?
VI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| "H$moB©' `m "Hw$N'> H$m à`moJ H$aVo
hþE [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$so{OE :
1) XadmµOm Iwbm h¡, bJVm h¡ ............. Ka _| h¡Ÿ&
2) XyY _| ............. {Ja J`m h¡Ÿ&
3) _m± ^yI bJr h¡, ............. ImZo H$mo Xo XmoŸ&
4) XadmµOo na ............. I‹S>m h¡Ÿ&
5) Vwåhmar ~mV AZw{MV h¡ ............. Zht _mZoJmŸ&
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17
VII. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE :
{H«$`m àW_ àoaUmW©H$ {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$
1) gmoZm - gwbmZm - gwbdmZm
2) byQ>Zm - -
3) XoIZm - -
4) gwZZm - -
5) {N>nZm - -
VIII. Amdí`H$ ñWmZ na ZwŠVm Xr{OE :
1) nhmS>r 2) AmO_mZm 3) YmoImYS>r 4) _O~yV
5) IS>m 6) OmoS>Vo 7) Pm|nS>r 8) {O§XJr
9) CS>Vm 10) ~mOmaŸ
IX. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE :
1) _mbr 2) gwV 3) H${d
4) g_«mQ> 5) n‹S>mogr
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma :
* AnZo {H$gr gnZo H$m dU©Z H$s{OEŸ&
* "bmbM ~war ~bm h¡' - {df` na Xg dmŠ` {b{IEŸ&
*****
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18
nmR>- 3
S>m°. amOm am_ÊUm
-g§H${bV
Ame` : àñVwV nmR> _| H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ _hmZ d¡km{ZH$ S>m°. amOm am_ÊÊmm Ho$ ì`[º$Ëd VWm CZH$s _hmZ gmYZm na àH$me S>mbm J`m h¡&
ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX ^maV Ho$ gm_Zo H$B© MwZm¡{V`m°§ Wt& g{X`m| H$s XmgVm go Xoe ~hþV {nN>‹S> J`m Wm& ha joÌ _| àJ{V H$s$ Amdí`H$Vm Wr& A~ Xoe H$mo AmË_{Z^©a ~ZmZm Wm& BgHo$ {bE maV gaH$ma Zo H$B© `moOZmE± ~ZmBª& BÝht `moOZmAm| Ho$ H$maU AmO ^maV e{º$embr amï´> ~ZH$a C^am h¡& BZ `moOZmAm| Ûmam H$¥{f, {dkmZ, {M{H$Ëgm, VH$ZrH$s, D$Om© Am{X joÌm| _| Xoe Zo AË`§V CÞ{V H$s h¡& Xoe H$mo ñdmdb§~r d geº$ ~ZmZo _| H$B© _hmZ² d¡km{ZH$m| Zo AnZm `moJXmZ {X`m h¡& BÝht _hmZ² d¡km[ZH$m| _| go EH$ h¢, H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ S>m°. amOm am_ÊUm Or&
amOm am_ÊUm Or H$m OÝ_ 28 OZdar gZ² 1925 H$mo H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ Vw_Hy$ê$ ZJa _| hþAm Wm& CZH$s àmW{_H$ VWm _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm ~|Jbyê$ Ho$ {~en-H$m°Q>Z hmB©ñHy$b _o§ hþB© Wr& BÝhm|Zo _Ðmg Ho$ {H«$pñM`Z H$m°boO go "ñZmVH$' nXdr àmá H$s& b§XZ Ho$ {H$§½g H$m°boO go nr-EM.S>r. H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s& Bg à{V^mdmZ d¡km{ZH$ Zo Xoe H$s CÞ{V _| AnZm _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ {X`m h¡&
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19
Xoe H$s àJ{V Ho$ {bE na_mUw D$Om© joÌ _o§ gwYma H$s Amdí`H$Vm H$mo g_PH$a ^maV Ho$ à{gÕ d¡km{ZH$ S>m°. hmo_r Ohm°§Jra m^m Zo "na_mUw g§emoYZ H|$Ð' H$s ñWmnZm H$s& gZ² 1966 _| S>m°. m^m Ho$ {ZYZ Ho$ ~mX S>m°. amOm am_ÊUm Or H$mo AUw g§emoYZ H|$Ð _o§ EH$ _hËdnyU© H$m`© gm¢nm J`m& BZHo$ ZoV¥Ëd _| EH$ JmonZ g{_{V na_mUw ~_ H$s aMZm d H$m`© _| OwQ> JB© Am¡a BgH$m \$b gm_Zo Am`m&
gZ² 1974 _| ^maV Zo amOñWmZ Ho$ nmoIamZ _| N>: AUw{dñ\$moQ> {H$E Am¡a BgHo$ ~mX ^maV {díd H$m EH$ à_wI AUw e{º$ g§nÞ amï´> ~ZH$a C^am& ^maV AUwe{º$ H$m à`moJ AnZr gwajm d D$Om© Ho$ joÌ _| H$aVm h¡&
S>m°. amOm am_ÊUm Or {dkmZ Ho$ gmW-gmW g§JrV _o§ r é{M aIVo Wo& do EH$ AX²^wV {n`mZmo dmXH$ ^r Wo& BÝhm|Zo Xoe-{dXoe _| g§JrV Ho$ H$B© H$m`©H«$_ àñVwV {H$E, pOÝh| Xþ{Z`m^a _| gamhm J`m &
g§JrV Ho$ A{V[aº$ BÝhm|Zo Xoe H$s amOZr{V _o§ ^r AnZm `moJXmZ {X`m h¡& gZ² 1990 _o§ lr {dídZmW àVmn qgh Or H$s gaH$ma _| S>m°. amOm am_ÊUm ajm _§Ìmb` Ho$ amÁ`_§Ìr Wo& gZ² 1997 _o§ do amÁ`g^m Ho$ gXñ` _ZmoZrV {H$E JE& {dkmZ-g§JrV-amOZr{V Ho$ AX²^wV _ob Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd Ho$ YZr amOm am_ÊUm Or Ho$ H§$Ym| na Xoe Ho$ H$B© d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZm| H$s {Oå_oXmar Wr&
S>m°. amOm am_ÊUm H$s godmAm| H$mo XoIH$a BÝh| H$B© nwañH$ma VWm Cnm{Y`m| go gå_m{ZV {H$ m J`m& AmnH$mo gZ² 1963 _| em§{V ñdê$n ^Q>ZmJa nwañH$ma, gZ² 1968 _o§ nX²_lr H$s Cnm{Y, gZ² 1973 _o§ nX²_ yfU H$s Cnm{Y, gZ² 1976 _o§ nX²_{d yfU H$s Cnm{Y Am{X àmá h¢&
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20
eãXmW© : D$Om© - e{º$, XmgVm - Jwbm_r, narjU - à`moJ, g§emoYZ - ImoO, {nN>‹S>m - nrN>o ahZm, nwañH$ma - BZm_, gå_mZ; gX¡d - h_oem, ñ_aUr` - `mX aIZo `mo½`, àXmZ H$aZm - XoZm, AX²^wV - {Zambm, gamhZm - àe§gm H$aZm&
*****
Aä`mg
I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE :
1. S>m°. amOm am_ÊUm H$m OÝ_ H$~ Am¡a H$hm± hþAm Wm? 2. na_mUw g§emoYZ Ho$ÝÐ H$s ñWmnZm {H$gZo H$s Wr? 3. ^maV AUwe{º$ H$m à`moJ {H$g joÌ _| H$aVm h¡? 4. {dkmZ Ho$ Abmdm am_ÊUm Or H$mo {H$Z {df`m| _| é{M Wr? 5. am_ÊUm Or {H$g dmÚ H$mo ~OmVo Wo? 6. "nmoIamZ' {H$g amÁ` _o§ h¡?
II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZmo§ Ho$ CÎma VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _o§ {b{IE :
1. amOm am_ÊUm Or H$s {ejm Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE& 2. amOm am_ÊUm Or Zo amOZr{V _| Š`m `moJXmZ {X`m Wm? 3. S>m°. amOm am_ÊÊm H$mo {H$Z-{H$Z nwañH$ma d Cnm{Y`m| go gå_m{ZV {H$`m J`m ?
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21
III. {ZåZ{b{IV [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© C{MV eãXm| go H$s{OE :
1. ^maV Ho$ gm_Zo H$B© ................Wt& 2. g{X`m| H$s XmgVm go Xoe ~hþV................. J`m Wm& 3. Xoe H$mo................~ZmZm Wm& 4. amOm am_ÊUm Or EH$$ AX²^wV .............. dmXH$ ^r Wo&
IV. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m§e ghr h¡ `m JbV nhMmZ H$a {b{IE :
1. amOm am_ÊUm Or EH$ AX² wV drUmdmXH$ Wo&
2. am_ÊUm Or Zo Xoe-{dXoe _| H$B© g§JrV H$m ©H«$_ {H$E&
3. am_ÊUm Or Zo Xoe H$s amOZr{V _| ^r `moJXmZ {X`m&
4. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ nmoIamZ _| AUw{dñ\$moQ> {H$ m J`m&
V. S>m°. amOm am_ÊUm Or H$mo Xoe-{dXoe _| gamhm J`m& Š`m Amn ^r AnZo {bE àe§gm MmhVo h¡ ? {ZåZ[b{IV _| go {H$g H$m`© _| ^mJ boH$a AmnZo gamhZm nm`r h¡ `m nwañH$ma nm`m h¡ Cgna (){ZemZ bmJmBE :
1. Iob à{V`mo{JVm _|&
2. g§JrV, Z¥Ë` Am{X _|&
3. {MÌH$bm _|&
4. ^mfU à{V`mo{JVm _|&
5. narjm _§o AÀN>o A§H$ àmá H$aHo$&
6. nmR>embm _| AÀN>o ì`dhma Ho$ {bE&
7. gmh{gH$ H$m`© Ho$ {bE&
8. {_Ìm| H$s ghm`Vm H$aHo$&
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22
VI. dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE : 1. MwZm¡Vr 2. CÞ{V 3. `moJXmZ 4. ZoV¥Ëd 5. gå_mZ VII. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma nmR> _| go Ty>±‹T>H$a {b{IE : CXm: amOm am_ÊUm Or H$m OÝ_ - gZ² 1925
1. AUw g§emoYZ H|$Ð _| H$m`© - 2. nmoIamZ _| AUw {dñ\$moQ> - 3. - gZ² 19904. - gZ² 19975. em§{V ñdê$n ^Q>ZmJa nwañH$ma - 6. - gZ² 19687. nX²_^yfU H$s Cnm{Y - 8. - gZ² 1976
VIII. S>m°. amOm am_ÊUm Or ajm _§Ìr Wo& h_mao Xoe H$s CÞ{V Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo _hËdnyU© H$m`© {H$`o h¢& A~ Amn H$ënZm H$s{OE {H$ Amn {ejm-_§Ìr h¢& {ejm-joÌ _§o gwYma bmZm hmo Vmo Amn Š`m-Š`m H$a|Jo? Mma dmŠ`m| _o§ {b{IE&
`mo½`Vm {dñVma:
* H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` Ho$ AÝ` _hmZ² d¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ ~mao _o§ OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&
*****
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23
nyaH$ dmMZ
_¢ n¥Ïdr h±y
_¢ n¥Ïdr h±y& _¡§ hr YaVr _mVm h±ÿ& _¡§ hr OrdZ H$mo YmaU H$aVr h±ÿ& _¢ g^r Ordm| H$m nmbZ-nmofU H$aVr h±ÿ& _¢ _mZd g_mO Ho$ {bE ^moOZ, dó, hdm, nmZr Am{X g^r Hw$N> CnbãY H$amVr h±ÿ& _wPo "dgwYm' ^r H$hVo h¢& Amn OmZVo h¢ Š`m|? dgwYm H$m AW© h¡-"YZ Am¡a dZ H$mo YmaU H$aZo dmbr!' _¢ _Zwî` Ho$ {hV Ho$ {bE µ\$gb| CJmVr h±ÿ& Cgo AZoH$ àH$ma H$r O‹S>r-~y{Q>`m°§ XoVr h±y& _¢ aËZJ^m© h±ÿ& _wPgo hr AmnH$mo {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ aËZ, O¡go hram-_m{UH$ Am¡a I{ZO nXmW©, O¡go bmohm, gmoZm, Mm°§Xr Am{X àmá hmoVo h¢& _¢ gy`© H$s n{aH«$_m H$aVr h±ÿ& BgrHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n amV-{XZ hmoVo h¢ VWm G$VwE± ~ZVr h¢& _¢ gy`©-n[adma H$s, `m gm¡a_§S>b H$s n«_wI gXñ`m h±ÿ& d¡km{ZH$ H$hVo h¢ {H$ _¢ gy`© go hr AbJ hþB© h±y& bJ^J Xg Ia~ df© nyd© _¢ gy`© go AbJ hmoH$a CgHo$ BX©-{JX© Ky_Zo bJr& Cg g_` Vmo _¡§ AmJ H$m EH$ YYH$Vm hþAm Jmobm Wr, Ja_ J¡g Am¡a YwE± go ^am EH$ qnS>&
Cgr g_` _oam EH$ Qw>H$‹S>m Qy>Q>H$a M§Ð_m ~Z J`m& dh _oar n[aH«$_m H$aVm ahVm h¡, O¡go _¢ gy`© H$s n[aH«$_m H$aVr h±ÿ& Bg{bE Vmo Amn M§Ð_m H$mo M§Xm _m_m H$hVo h¢ Am¡a gy`© H$mo gyaO XmXm& Yrao-Yrao _¢ R>§S>r hmoVr JB©& {\$a hm°§ VoµO dfm© hmoZo bJr& Bggo _oar D$nar gVh em§V Am¡a [ñWa hmoVr JB©& O~ _oam eara R>§S>m hþAm Vmo _oam AmH$ma H$ht D±$Mm Am¡a H$ht ZrMm hmo J`m& {ZMbr OJhm| _| nmZr a J`m Am¡a _hmgmJa Ed§ _hmX²drnm| H$s aMZm hþB©& D±$Mr OJhm| na no‹S> nm¡Yo CJ JE& {Za§Va Ky_Vo ahZo Ho$ H$maU Am¡a _hmgmJam| H$s bham| Ho$ Wn‹S>o ImVo-ImVo _oam ê$n ~XbVm J`m Am¡a A~ ^r ~Xb ahm h¡&
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24
_oam `h gOm-g±dam ê$n, Omo Amn XoIVo h¢, nhbo Zht Wm& Mmam| Amoa O§Jb Am¡a Ho$db O§Jb Wo Omo {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ new-n{j`m| go ^ao Wo& Amn O¡go gä` _Zwî` CZ {XZm| Zht Wo& AmnHo$ gä` hmoZo H$s EH$ AbJ hr H$hmZr h¡& Cg H$hmZr H$mo ~VmZo bJ±y Vmo nVm Zht {H$VZm g_` bJ OmE! H$hVo h¢ {H$ àmMrZH$mb _| EH$ amOm Wo, n¥Ww& amOm n¥Ww Zo AnZo ghm`H$m| Ho$ gh`moJ go _wP na CJo O§Jbm| H$mo H$mQ>m Am¡a _wPo g_Vb ~Zm`m& amOm n¥Ww Zo _wP na hb Mbm`m Am¡a ~rO ~moH$a ZB© µ\$gb| CJmB©& amOm n¥Ww Zo hr hb H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m Wm& Bgr{bE _oam Zm_ "n¥Ïdr' n‹S>m h¡&
Omo bmoJ A§V[aj _o§ JE h¢, do H$hVo h¢ {H$ _¢ ~hþV gw§Xa h±ÿ& gwXÿa AmH$me go `{X Amn _wPo XoI| Vmo _¢ àH$me_` Vmam| H$s Vah {Pb{_bVr-gr [XIbmB© Xÿ±Jr& R>rH$ Cgr Vah {Og Vah `hm± go AmnH$mo Mm±X-{gVmao {XIbmB© XoVo h¢&
_¢ AmO O¡gr h±ÿ, AnZo nwÌm| VWm AÝ` Ord O§VwAm| Ho$ AWH$ n[al_ Ho$ H$maU h±ÿ& _¢ MmhVr h±ÿ {H$ amOm n¥Ww H$s Vah _oao nwÌ d nw{Ì`m± namH«$_r Am¡a n[al_r hm|, Š`m|{H$ CÝhtHo$ à`mg go _¢ AnZr e{º$`m| H$mo g~Ho$ {hV Ho$ {bE à`moJ _| bm gH$Vr h±ÿ& na§Vw Amngo _oam {deof AZwamoY h¡ {H$ Amn _oao Ob Am¡a dm`w H$mo àXÿ{fV Z H$a§o AÝ`Wm gmam dmVmdaU {~J‹S> OmEJm& CgH$m Xþîà^md _wP na hr Zht A{nVw Amn g^r Ordm| na n‹S>oJm& Amn µÁ`mXm d¥j bJmE± {Oggo dmVmdaU ewÕ hmo& Ü`mZ aI| _oar gwajm _| hr Amn g~H$s gwajm {Z{hV h¡!
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25
I. àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :
1. n¥Ïdr H$mo "dgwYm' Š`m| H$hVo h¢?
2. YaVr H$m Zm_ "n¥Ïdr' Š`m| n‹S>m?
3. {XZ-amV Š`m| hmoVo h¢ Am¡a G$VwE± H¡$go ~ZVr h¢?
4. _hmgmJam| Am¡a _hmXoem| H$s aMZm {H$g àH$ma hþB©?
5. n¥Ïdr H$mo aËZJ^m© Š`m| H$hVo h¢?
6. n¥Ïdr H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE h_| Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?
II. ZrMo {XE JE dmŠ`m| Ho$ AmJo ghr `m JbV bJmBE :>>
H$. n¥Ïdr ewê$ _| AmJ H$m EH$ YYH$Vm Jmobm Wr&
I. n¥Ïdr M§Ð_m H$s n[aH«$_m H$aVr h¡&
J. amOm n¥Ww Zo JS²>‹T>o ImoXH$a _hmgmJa ~ZmE&
K. gy`©-n[adma H$mo Vmam_§S>b H$hVo h¢&
L>. n¥Ïdr h_| AZoH$ àH$ma H$s O‹S>r-~y[Q>`m± XoVr h¡&
*****
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26
nmR> - 4
H$^r _V
- lrYa nmR>H$
Ame` : Bg H${dVm _| H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ ~wam _V gmoMmo, ~wam _V ~Zmo Am¡a ~wam _V H$amoŸ& ha _Zwî` _| Xmof h¢ hr, bo{H$Z Xmof na Ü`mZ Z XoH$a Cggo {_bZodmbo kmZ Ed§ JwUm| H$s Amoa Ü`mZ XoZm Mm{hEŸ&
~mbH$mo, b‹S>mo H$^r _VŸ& ama _| n‹S>mo H$^r _VŸ&&
^«mV go {^‹S>mo H$^r _VŸ& ~mV go {M‹T>mo H$^r _VŸ&&
_ñV hmo A‹S>mo H$^r _VŸ& gwñV hmo g‹S>mo H$^r _VŸ&&
PyR> na PwH$mo H$^r _VŸ& gË` go éH$mo H$^r _VŸ&&
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27
ì`W© H$mo ~H$mo H$^r _VŸ& Eo~ H$mo T>H$mo H$^r _VŸ&&
ZrM go h±gmo H$^r _VŸ& H$sM _| \±$gmo H$^r _VŸ&&
S>mh go Obmo H$^r _VŸ& amh go Q>bmo H$^r _VŸ&&
Vmb _| Y±gmo H$^r _VŸ& Omb _| \±$gmo H$^r _VŸ&&
Xwï> go Ow‹S>mo H$^r _VŸ& H$ï> go _w‹S>mo H$^r _VŸ&&
amV ^a OJmo H$^r _VŸ& _ma H$a ^Jmo H$^r _VŸ&&
nmn na S>Q>mo H$^r _VŸ& nwÊ` go hQ>mo H$^r _VŸ&&
J§X _| Y±gmo H$^r _VŸ& \§$X _| \±$gmo H$^r _VŸ&&
ß`ma H$mo VOmo H$^r _VŸ& H$m`© go bOmo H$^r _VŸ&&
*****
H${d n[aM` - lrYa nmR>H$
lrYa nmR>H$ H$m OÝ_ gZ²> 1859 H$mo AmJam {Obo Ho$ Om¢Yar J«m_
_| hþAmŸ& {ejm, g§ñH¥$V Am¡a \$magr _| hþB©Ÿ& H$bH$Îmm _| gaH$mar godm
H$aZo Ho$ níMmV²> `o à`mJ _| AmH$a ahZo bJoŸ& BÝhm|Zo ~«O^mfm VWm
I‹S>r~mobr XmoZm| _| H${dVm {bIrŸ& BZH$s _w»` aMZmE± h¢ - "OJV gMmB©
- gma', "_Zmo{dZmoX', "H$í_ra gwf_m', "Jmo{nH$m-JrV' Ed§ "^maV-
JrV'Ÿ& I‹S>r~mobr _| H$mì` aMZm H$a BÝhm|Zo JÚ Am¡a nÚ H$s ^mfmAm|
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28
_| EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m`© {H$`mŸ& BÝhm|Zo A§J«oOr VWm
g§ñH¥$V H$s nwñVH$m| Ho$ nX²`mZwdmX ^r {H$EŸ& `o àmH¥${VH$ gm¢X`©, ñdXoe
ào_ VWm g_mO gwYma H$s ^mdZmAm| Ho$ H${d WoŸ& AmnH$m {ZYZ gZ²>
1928 H$mo hþAmŸ&
eãXmW© :
ama - PJ‹S>m, {ddmX; ^«mV - ^mB©, A‹S>Zm - hR> H$aZm, Eo~ - Xmof, H$sM - H$sM‹S>, S>mh - ObZ, Agy`m; Y±gZm - Zï> hmoZm, \±$gZm; \§$X - \$§Xm, ~§YZ; VOZm - Ë`mJZm, S>Q>Zm - O_H$a I‹S>m hmoZm, bOmo - ea_mAmo&
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) H${d {H$ggo Z b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE H$h ahm h¡ ? 2) {H$g na Zht PwH$Zm h¡ ?
3) {H$g _| \±$gZm Zht Mm{hE ? 4) {H$ggo bOmZm Zht Mm{hE ?
II. {b{IV -
EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) {H$gHo$ gm_Zo PwH$Zm Zht Mm{hE ? 2) H$ï> go Š`m Zht H$aZm Mm{hE ? 3) {H$ggo Zht hQ>Zm Mm{hE ? 4) {H$gH$m Ë`mJ Zht H$aZm Mm{hE ?
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29
III. {dñVma go :
1) "H$^r _V' H${dVm H$m gmam§e {b{IEŸ&
IV. {ZåZm§{H$V n§{ŠV`m| H$m Ame` ñnï> H$s{OE :
1) ^«mV go {^‹S>mo H$^r _VŸ& ~mV go {M‹T>mo H$^r _VŸ&& 2) ì`W© H$mo ~H$mo H$^r _VŸ& Eo~ H$mo T>H$mo H$^r _VŸ&& 3) amV ^a OJmo H$^r _VŸ& _ma H$a ^Jmo H$^r _VŸ&& 4) PyR> na PwH$mo H$^r _VŸ& gË` go éH$mo H$^r _VŸ&&
V. Imbr OJh ^[aE :
1) nmn na ................... H$^r _VŸ& 2) ZrM go .................... H$^r _VŸ& 3) \§$X _| .................... H$^r _VŸ& 4) ß`ma H$mo .................. H$^r _VŸ&
VI. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| H$m dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
1) gË` 2) ì`W© 3) Xwï> 4) nwÊ` 5) H$m`©
VII. Bg H${dVm H$mo H§$R>ñW H$s{OEŸ&
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma :
* Eogr hr N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r {ejmàX H${dVmE± n{‹T>EŸ& * nmR>embm _| AZwemgZ Ho$ nmbZ Ho$ gå~§Y _| ghnm{R>`m| go MMm© H$s{OEŸ& * Jm§YrOr Ho$ VrZ ~§Xam| H$s H$hmZr n{‹T>EŸ&
*****
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30
nmR>-5
Ý`m`
-g§H${bV
Ame` : à»`mV H$Wm g§J«h "Aao{~`Z ZmBQ²>g' H$s EH$ H$Wm na AmYm[aV `h amoMH$ H$hmZr Ý`m` Am¡a ~wX²{Y~b H$s EH$ PbH$ XoVr h¡&
nwamZo ‹>O_mZo _| EH$ ì`mnmar ahVm Wm, Zm_ Wm CgH$m Abr »dmOm& ì`mnma H$aVo-H$aVo O~ CgHo$ nmg EH$ hµOma gmoZo H$s _moha| BH$Q²>R>r hmo JBª Vmo CgZo _ŠH$m earµ\$ H$s `mÌm H$m {ZíM` {H$`m& My±{H$ dh AHo$bm ahVm Wm, CgZo AnZr O_m ny±Or AnZo {_Ì Ho$ `hm± aIZo H$m {ZíM` {H$`m& `mÌm Ho$ IM© Ho$ {bE CgZo nm±M gm¡ _moha| AbJ aI bt& {\$a EH$ K‹S>o _| ~Mr hþB© _moha| S>mb H$a Vob a {X`m& Abr »dmOm n‹S>mog _| AnZo {_Ì dm[µOX Ho$ Ka J`m& CgH$mo AnZr `mÌm Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm`m Am¡a H$hm, ""`h Vob H$m K‹S>m _¡§ AmnHo$ Ka aIH$a OmZm MmhVm hÿ±& _ŠH$m go bm¡Q>H$a bo by±Jm''& dm{µOX Zo AnZo VhImZo H$s Mm~r Cgo XoVo hþE H$hm {H$, ""Amn AnZm K‹S>m VhImZo _| aI AmBE Am¡a O~ Amn bm¡Q>| Vmo Cgr ñWmZ go bo br{OE&'' Abr »dmOm K‹S>m aIH$a `mÌm Ho$ {bE {ZH$b J`m&
EH$ {XZ dm[µOX Ho$ Ka XmdV Wr& Vah-Vah Ho$ nH$dmZ ~ZmVo hþE Vob IË_ hmo J`m& amV H$m g_` Wm& dm{µOX H$s ~rdr AnZm {ga IwObmZo bJr& V^r Cgo Abr »dmOm Ho$ Vob Ho$ K‹S>o H$s `mX AmB©& CgZo dm[µOX go H$hm -""Amn VhImZo _| aIo Vob Ho$ K‹S>o go Wmo‹S>m
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31
Vob {ZH$mb bmBE& Bg g_` ~mµOma Vmo ~§X h¡& H$b gw~h ~mµOma go Z`m Vob bmH$a K‹S>o _| ^a Xr{OE& »dmOm AmO amV hr AmH$a Vmo Vob Zht _m±J§oJo&''
~rdr H$s ~mV gwZH$a dm[µOX VhImZo _| J`m& O~ K‹S>o H$s grb ImobH$a Vob {ZH$mbZo bJm, V~ K‹S>o _| go {gŠH$m| H$s AmdmµO AmB©& Cgo bJm {H$ K‹S>o _| Vob Ho$ ZrMo Hw$N> h¡& Bg{bE CgZo Xÿgao ~V©Z _| gmam Vob {ZH$mb {b`m& CgZo XoIm {H$ K‹S>o _| Vmo nm±M gm¡ gmoZo H$s _moha| Wt& CgZo CZ _moham| H$mo AnZr {VOmoar _| {N>nmH$a aI {X`m Am¡a Vob bmH$a ~rdr H$mo Xo {X`m& AJbo {XZ CgZo ~mµOma go Z`m Vob boH$a K‹S>o _| ^a {X`m& Cgo d¡go hr grb~§X H$a {X`m O¡go {H$ »dmOm Abr Zo {H$`m Wm&
Hw$N> {XZm| Ho$ ~mX Abr »dmOm _ŠH$m H$s `mÌm go dmng Am`m& Ka _| AnZm gm_mZ aIH$a dh grYm dm[µOX Ho$ Ka J`m Am¡a AnZr `mÌm H$s gmar ~mV| ~VmB©& {\$a Vob H$m K‹S>m boH$a dh Ka Am J`m& O~ CgZo K‹S>o H$m Vob {ZH$mbH$a XoIm Vmo CgHo$ n¡am| Vbo µO_rZ hr {IgH$ JB©& dh {ga nH$‹S>H$a ~¡R> J`m, Š`m|{H$ K‹S>o _| EH$ ^r gmoZo H$s _moha Zht Wr& dh gmoMZo bJm, A~ Š`m {H$`m OmE&
dh CbQ>o nm±d dm[µOX Ho$ Ka J`m Am¡a AnZr _moha| _m±JZo bJm& dm[µOX Zo H$hm {H$, ""grb~§X Vob H$m K‹S>m AmnH$mo Cgr ñWmZ go {_bm Ohm± Amn aIH$a JE Wo& _¡¢Zo Vmo Cgo hmW ^r Zht bJm`m& _¢ H¡$go _mZ by± {H$ Cg_o| gmoZo H$s _moha| Wt''& XmoZm| {_Ìm| _| H$hm-gwZr hmoZo bJr& XmoZm| H$m PJ‹S>m gwZH$a Amg-nmg Ho$ bmoJ BH$Q²>R>o hmo JE&
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32
CÝhm|Zo O~ PJ‹S>o H$mo ~‹T>Vo hþE XoIm Vmo »dmOm go H$hm {H$, ""Amn H$mµOs H$s AXmbV _| OmBE& dh hr AmnHo$ PJ‹S>o H$mo {_Q>m gH$Vm h¡&''
»dmOm Zo H$mµOs H$s AXmbV _| AnZr ~mV aIr na§Vw nŠHo$ g~yVm| Ho$ A^md _| Cgo dhm± go {Zame bm¡Q>Zm n‹S>m& V~ CgZo Ibrµ\$m Ho$ `hm± Anrb H$s Am¡a Ý`m` _m±Jm& Ibrµ\$m Zo CgH$s Anrb ñdrH$ma H$a br& Ibrµ\$m Zo gmao _m_bo na {dMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> g_` Mmhm& EH$ gßVmh ~mX H$m g_` gwZdmB© Ho$ {bE {X`m J`m& »dmOm Am¡a dm[µOX H$m {H$ñgm A~ à»`mV hmo J`m Wm&
Ibrµ\$m EH$ {XZ AnZm ^of ~XbH$a eha _| Ky_ aho Wo& V^r CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> b‹S>H$m| H$mo Ý`m`mb` H$m Iob IobVo hþE XoIm& dh {N>n-H$a CZH$m Iob XoIZo bJo& CÝh| bJm {H$ Omo b‹S>H$m Ý`m`mYre ~Zm h¡, ~‹S>m g_PXma h¡& dh {Og Vah Ý`m` H$a ahm h¡, {~b²Hw$b R>rH$ h¡& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo Cg b‹S>Ho$ H$mo AnZo nmg ~wbm`m Am¡a CgH$m Zm_ nyN>m& b‹S>Ho$ Zo H$hm - ""_oam Zm_ hgZ h¡&'' Ibrµ\$m Zo H$hm -""_¢Zo Vwåhmam Iob XoIm& Vw_ ~hþV g_PXma hmo& H$b h_mao Xa~ma _| AmZm&''
AJbo {XZ Ibrµ\$m Ho$ Xa~ma _| Abr »dmOm, dm[µOX Am¡a hgZ CnpñWV hþE& Ibrµ\$m Zo hgZ go H$hm {H$, ""Vw_ BZ XmoZm| Ho$ PJ‹S>o H$m {H$ñgm gwZmo Am¡a ~VmAmo {H$ BZ_| go H$m¡Z gM ~mob ahm h¡&''
hgZ Zo XmoZm| H$s ~mV| Ü`mZ go gwwZr§& {\$a CgZo Xmo Vo{b`m| H$mo ~wbdm`m& Wmo‹S>r Xoa _| Xmo Vobr Am JE& hgZ Zo CZgo H$hm -""Amn Bg K‹S>o Ho$ Vob H$s Om±M H$s{OE Am¡a ~VmBE Bg K‹S>o _| Vob {H$VZm
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33
nwamZm h¡&'' XmoZm| Vo{b`m| Zo ~mar-~mar go Vob H$mo XoIm, gy±Km Am¡a MIm& {\$a AnZm {ZU©` {X`m& ""K‹S>o H$m Vob Xmo _hrZo nwamZm bJVm h¡, Bggo Á`mXm Zht'', do ~mobo&
Vo{b`m| H$s ~mV gwZH$a dm[µOX Vmo K~am J`m& Abr »dmOm Iwe hmoH$a ~mob n‹S>m, ""hÿOya, _¢ Vmo N>h _hrZo nhbo _ŠH$m H$s `mÌm H$aZo J`m Wm& V^r _¢Zo Vob IarXm Wm&'' Vo{b`m| Am¡a Abr »dmOm H$s ~mV gwZH$a g~H$mo dmñV{dH$Vm H$m kmZ hmo J`m& Ibrµ\$m H$mo Ý`m` Ho$ {bE g~yV {_b J`m Wm& Ibrµ\$m Zo hgZ H$mo YÝ`dmX {X`m Am¡a dm[µOX go H$hm {H$, ""AmnZo Abr »dmOm Ho$ K‹S>o go Vob Am¡a _moha| {ZH$mbr h¢& Amn CÝh| dm{ng H$s{OE Am¡a Mmoar Am¡a {dídmgKmV Ho$ AnamY H$s gµOm ^mo{JE&'' Ibrµ\$m Zo hgZ H$mo ~hþV gmam nwañH$ma {X`m&
Ibrµ\$m Ho$ Xa~ma _| CnpñWV g^r bmoJm| Zo hgZ H$s gyP-~yP Am¡a Ý`m` H$s ^y[a-^y[a àe§gm H$s&
*****
eãXmW© :
O_mZm - g_`, _moha - {gŠH$m, VhImZm - µO_rZ Ho$ ZrMo ~Zm H$_am, XmdV - moO H$m {Z_§ÌU, ~rdr - nËZr, AXmbV-Ý`m`mb`, g~yV - gmjr, {H$gr ~mV H$mo {gÕ H$aZo H$m à_mU, Anrb - àmW©Zm, {H$ñgm - H$hmZr, ^of - dof, Vobr - Vob {ZH$mbZodmbm, Om±M - narjm, {dídmgKmV - YmoIm XoZm, gyP-~yP - g_PXmar, ^yar-^yar - Iy~, AË`§V&
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34
_whmdao :
{ga IwObmZm - gmoMZmn¡am| Vbo µO_rZ {IgH$Zm - K~am OmZm, AmKmV hmoZm{ga nH$‹S>H$a ~¡R>Zm - qMVm H$aZmH$hm-gwZr hmoZm - ~mVm| H$s b‹S>mB© hmoZm
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ àíZ -
1) Abr »dmOm Zo H$hm± OmZo H$m {ZíM` {H$`m ?
2) dm[µOX Zo VhImZo H$s Mm~r XoVo hþE Š`m H$hm?
3) dm[µOX Zo _moham| H$mo H$hm± [N>nmH$a aIm?
4) Omo b‹S>H$m Ý`m`mYre ~Zm Wm, CgH$m Zm_ Š`m Wm?
5) hgZ Zo Vo{b`m| go Š`m H$hm?
{b{IV àíZ -
II. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) Abr »dmOm Zo AnZr O_m ny±Or H$hm± aIZo H$m
{ZíM` {H$`m?
2) AnZo Vob H$m K‹S>m aIVo hþE Abr »dmOm Zo Š`m H$hm?
3) Vob Ho$ K‹S>o _| {H$VZo gmoZo H$s _moha§o Wr§?
4) PJ‹S>o H$mo ~‹T>Vo XoIH$a bmoJm| Zo Š`m H$hm?
5) Xa~ma _| Ibrµ\$m Zo b‹S>Ho$ go Š`m H$hm?
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35
III. Xmo - VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) Abr »dmOm Zo _moham| H$mo dm[µOX Ho$ `hm± aIZo H$m {ZíM`
Š`m| {H$`m?
2) dm[µOX H$s nËZr Zo Cgo Š`m gwPmd {X`m?
3) _moha| nyN>Zo na dm[µOX Zo Š`m H$hm?
4) Abr »dmOm Zo Ibrµ\$m go Š`m| Anrb H$s?
5) hgZ H$s g_PXmar H¡$gr Wr?
IV. Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) dm[µOX Zo AnZo {_Ì Ho$ gmW H¡$go {dídmgKmV {H$`m?
2) dm[µOX H$mo Am{Ia Ý`m` H¡$go {_bm?
V. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE :
H$aZm H$amZm H$admZm
~ZZm ------ --------
{bIZm ------ --------
H$mQ>Zm H$Q>mZm H$Q>dmZm
H$m±nZm ------ --------
OmJZm ------ --------
R>haZm R>hamZm R>hadmZm
nH$‹S>Zm ----- ------
g_PZm ----- -----
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36
VI. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma ~hþdMZ-ê$n {b{IE :
Kmo‹S>m - Kmo‹S>o Ka - Ka
K‹S>m - --------- ì`mnmar - -------
PJ‹S>m - --------- Vob - --------- `mX - `mX| `mÌm - `mÌmE± amV - --------- gw{dYm - ---------- MrµO - --------- bVm - ----------
VII. [aŠV ñWmZm| _| ghr nagJ© ^[aE :
nwamZo µO_mZo ............. EH$ ì`mnmar ahVm Wm, Zm_ Wm
CgH$m Abr »dmOm& ì`mnma H$aVo-H$aVo O~ CgHo nmg EH$ hµOma
gmoZo .................._moha| BH$Q²>R>r hmo JBª Vmo CgZo _ŠH$m earµ\$
.............. `mÌm ............ {ZíM` {H$`m&
VIII. ZrMo {bIo {deofU-{deoî`m| H$m {_bmZ H$s{OE :
nwamZm - Vob
~hþV gmao - àe§gm
Wmo‹S>m - µO_mZm
nŠHo$ - _oh_mZ
^y[a-^y[a - g~yV
IX. AW©nyU© dmŠ` ~ZmBE :
1) bo bm¡Q>H$a go _ŠH$m by±Jm&
2) XmdV Ho$ {XZ dm[µOX EH$ Ka Wr _|&
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37
3) CbQ>o Ka Ho$ dm[µOX nm±d J`m dh&
4) OmE {H$`m Š`m A~ bJm gmoMZo dh?
X. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma dmŠ`m| H$mo ~X{bE :
1) CgZo AnZm {ga IwObm`m
2) CgZo gmoMm
3) b‹S>Ho$ Zo ~Vm`m
4) Ibrµ\$m Zo hgZ H$s àe§gm H$s
5) hgZ Zo XmoZmo§ H$s ~mV| gwZt
dh AnZm {ga-IwObmZo bJm&
..............................&
..............................&
..............................&
..............................&
XI. AnZo dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
1) BH$Q²>R>m H$aZm 2) `mX AmZm
3) {N>nmH$a aIZm 4) dmng H$aZm
5) ^y[a-^y[a
`mo½`Vm {dñVma :
* Aao{~`Z ZmBQ²>g H$s AÝ` Xmo H$hm{Z`m± n{‹T>E Am¡a H$jm _|
gwZmBE &
* Bg H$hmZr H$m EH$m§H$s Ho$ ê$n _| _§MZ H$s{OE &
*****
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38
nmR> - 6
amIr ~m±YH$a no‹S>m| go [aíVm
- àkm
Ame` : `h nmR> bo{IH$m H$s nwñVH$ "Vmam H$s Abda `mÌm' go {b`m J`m h¡Ÿ& Abda _| bmoJm| Zo nmZr, O§Jb VWm new-n{j`m| H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE H$X_ CR>mH$a AnZr ~Xhmbr H$mo Iwehmbr _| ~Xb {X`m h¡Ÿ& N>mÌm| H$mo Bggo n`m©daU gwajm Ho$ gmW-gmW _mZd Ho$ l_ VWm hm¡gbo H$m _hËd ^r kmV hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Abdma Ho$ bmoJ nmZr H$s OrdZX{`Zr e{³V nmH$a O¡go Ob,
O§Jb Am¡a µO_rZ Ho$ à{V g_n©U H$s ^mdZm aIZo bJo, Bgo ~‹S>o hr
amoMH$ VarHo$ go MmMmOr Zo ~Vm`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo h_go EH$ gdmb {H$`m,
""Š`m Vw_ Yam‹S>r H$m AW© ~Vm gH$Vo hmo?'' h_ MwnŸ& ""Aao ^B©, eãX
na Ü`mZ Xmo-Yamoha, YmaUm, YmaU H$aZm Am¡a Š`m!'' h_| A~ ^r
g_P Zht Am`mŸ& A~ MmMm Or Zo ~mV ImobH$a g_PmB©, ""amOñWmZ
_| Yam‹S>r eãX H$m {ZpíMV AW© h¡Ÿ& `hm± EH$ na§nam h¡ {H$ ha n[adma,
Hw$b H$s EH$-EH$ Yam‹S>r h¡Ÿ& `h Yam‹S>r _yb ê$n go d¥jm| H$s,
Ord-O§VwAm| H$s ajm H$m ^md h¡Ÿ& Bg na§nam Ho$ gmW H$B© H$WmE± ^r
Mbr Am ahr h¢, O¡go-{H$gr H$ï> Ho$ _m¡Ho$ na n[adma H$mo AemoH$, H$X§~,
~aJX Am{X d¥jm| Zo ghm`Vm nhþ±MmB© Vmo bmoJm| Zo AmOrdZ Cg d¥j Ho$
gå_mZ _| Cgo Z H$mQ>Zo H$m {ZU©` {b`mŸ& BZ bmoH$ H$WmAm| H$mo AmO Ho$
bmoJ Z ^r _mZ|, na§Vw Yam‹S>r H$m AW© d¥j H$s ajm H$m Omo ^md XoVm h¡,
dh {ZpíMV hr _Zwî` H$mo n`m©daU go Omo‹S>Zo dmbm h¡Ÿ& Yam‹S>r H$s `h
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39
na§nam BZgmZr OrdZ _| d¥j na h_mar {Z^©aVm, h_mao OrdZ _| d¥j H$s
A{Zdm ©Vm Am¡a CgHo$ g§ajU go Ow‹S>r hþB© h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ AZw{MV XmohZ H$m
H$m`© Bggo EH$ hX VH$ amoH$m `m gr{_V {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Bgr Vah
Vw_ Ord-O§VwAm| Ho$ g§X^© _| ^r XoImo {H$ amOñWmZ H$m {~íZmoB© g_mO
H$mbo {haU H$mo AnZr Yam‹S>r _mZVm h¡Ÿ&'' {H$VZr gw§Xa Am¡a amo_m§MH$ h¢
`o bmoH$H$WmE± Omo BZgmZ Ho$ no‹S>-nm¡Ym| Am¡a new-n{j`m| go _Ywa g§~§Ym|
H$s JmWm H$hVr h¢Ÿ& BÝh| gwZH$a T>oam| {OkmgmE± {ga CR>mVr h¢Ÿ& _oam _Z
H$ht ^Q>H$-gm J`m {Ogo A§VV… MmMmOr H$s AmdmµO Zo {Xem {XImB©Ÿ&
MmMmOr ~Vm aho Wo {H$ Abda Ho$ bmoJ d¥jm| Ho$ _hÎd H$mo OmZ
JE h¢ Am¡a AnZr Yam‹S>r H$s hr Zht, Xygam| H$s Yam‹S>r H$s ^r ajm H$a
aho h¢Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht, do àH¥${V go Ho$db µOê$aV ^a gm_J«r bo aho h¢,
CgH$m AZmdí`H$ XmohZ Zht H$a ahoŸ& d¥j amonZo H$m H$m_ Vmo bmoJm| Zo
~‹S>o n¡_mZo na {H$`m hr h¡, gmW hr no‹S>m| H$mo amIr ~m±YH$a CZgo EH$
Or{dV [aíVm ^r ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ& Ob Am¡a O§Jb ~MmZo _| Jm±ddmgr g{H«$`
^y{_H$m {Z^m aho h¢Ÿ& AnZo n[al_ Am¡a g§J{R>V e{ŠV Ho$ AmYma na
BÝhm|Zo gÀMo n`m©daU ào_ H$m CXmhaU Xoe Ho$ g_j aIm h¡Ÿ& {dH$mg
H$s Bg amh na MbH$a BÝhm|Zo AnZr gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ pñW{V H$mo ^r
gwYmam h¡Ÿ& Ob Zo OrdZ {X`m Am¡a OrdZ Zo J«hU {H$`m Z`m AmH$maŸ&
OZ OmJ¥{V Zo {ejm Ho$ _hÎd H$mo OmZmŸ& ~ÀMm| Am¡a _{hbmAm| H$s
{ejm H$mo Z`m Amg_mZ {_bmŸ& amoµOJma Ho$ ZE Adga àmá hþEŸ&
""MoVZm g§nÞ, g§gmYZ g§nÞ Abda Ho$ H$B© Jm±d AmO Xoe Ho$
~Xhmb Jm±dm| Ho$ {bE EH$ ~ohVa CXmhaU Vmo h¢ hr, gmW hr `o Jm±d
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40
Abda H$s gr_m go {ZH$bH$a AÝ` Jm±dm| _| ~Xbmd bmZo H$s Ñ{ï> go
^r H$m`©aV h¢Ÿ&'' MmMmOr Ho$ ñda _| AmoO Wm, ""Z{X`m| Ed§ Jm±dm| H$mo
{_bm `h ZdOrdZ {H$gr M_ËH$ma go H$_ Zht h¡, na§Vw Bg M_ËH$ma Ho$
nrN>o H$moB© OmXy-Q>moZm, O§Ì-_§Ì Zht, ~{ëH$ {N>nm h¡ BZgmZ H$m hm¡gbm,
CgH$s {hå_V Am¡a AnZo l_ _| CgH$s AQy>Q> AmñWmŸ&''
H$hmZr `hm± AmH$a éH$s hr Wr {H$ MmMrOr, _m± Am¡a {nVmOr Ho$
g~« H$m ~m±Y Qy>Q> J`mŸ& `y± ^r MmMm Or AnZr ~o{_gmb H$hmZr gwZm hr
MwHo$ WoŸ& MmMrOr Zo _m±-{nVmOr H$s _XX go ImZm _oµO na gOm {X`m
WmŸ& gbmX H$s Wmbr XoIVo hr _¢ g_P JB© {H$ Q>_mQ>a H$mo H$mQ>H$a
\y$b H$m AmH$ma XoZo H$s H$bmH$mar {nVmOr H$s hr h¡Ÿ& gmar V¡`mar
XoIH$a Am¡a hdm _| \¡$br ñdm{Xï> ImZo H$s J§Y Zo h_mar yI H$mo M_H$m
{X`mŸ& BgHo$ gmW hr MmMrOr H$m g»V AmXoe ^r Wm - "A~ ~mV|
H$_, ImZm µµÁ`mXmŸ&' ImZo H$s _oµO na MmMrOr Zo ~Vm`m {H$ AmO H$m
ImZm nH$mZo _| _w»` ^y{_H$m Vw_ bmoJm| Ho$ H$WmdmMH$ MmMmOr H$s h¡,
{OÝhm|Zo amOñWmZr ^moOZ {deof ê$n go V¡`ma {H$`m h¡Ÿ& ImZo _| ~ogZ Ho$
JQ²>Q>o H$s agoXma gãµOr, Xmb~mQ>r-Mya_m, nmn‹S> H$s gãµOr, {_Mu d‹S>m
O¡go ñdm{Xï> ì`§OZ WoŸ& Abda H$s `h `mÌm A^r VH$ amOñWmZr ImZo
Ho$ {~Zm AYyar WrŸ& Bg AYyaonZ H$mo MmMmOr Am¡a MmMrOr Ho$ g§`wŠV
à`mg Zo nyam H$a {X`mŸ&
ImZm ImVo hþE h_ g~Zo AZw^d {H$`m {H$ MmMmOr d MmMrOr
XmoZm| hr nmH$-H$bm _| _m{ha h¢Ÿ& {OVZo ào_nyd©H$ CÝhm|Zo h_go ~mV| H$s¨
CVZo hr ào_ go ^moOZ namogm Am¡a AmJ«h H$a-H$aHo$ {Ibm`m ^rŸ& ImZo
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41
Ho$ ~mX {_ï>mÞ _| Abda H$s Img {_R>mB© H$bmH§$X h_mao gm_Zo WrŸ&
VmµOm Am¡a Iwe~yXma H$bmH§$X Ho$ gm_Zo AmZo na, noQ> ^am hþAm hmoZo Ho$
~mdOyX _w±h _| nmZr Am J`mŸ& h_ g~Zo _µOo bo-boH$a H$bmH§$X C‹S>m`mŸ&
ImZo Ho$ ~mX MmMmOr d {nVmOr Q>hbZo Ho$ {bE ~mha {ZH$b JEŸ& CZHo$
nrN>o go h_ g~Zo EH$ àñVmd nmg H$a S>mbm {H$ AmO amV h_ MmMmOr
Ho$ Ka hr éH|$JoŸ& Wmo‹S>r Xoa _| do bmoJ nmZ ImH$a bm¡Q> AmEŸ& {nVmOr
Zo J§^raVmnyd©H$ H$hm, ""XoImo ~ÀMmo, _¢ H$B© ~agm| Ho$ ~mX AnZo XmoñV
go {_bm Wm Am¡a AmVo hr Vw_Zo _oam g_` H$hmZr gwZZo Ho$ {bE bo
{b`mŸ& Bg{bE AmO amV h_ `ht éH|$JoŸ& A~ Vw_ bmoJ gmoZo OmAmoŸ&
h_ XmoñV AnZr ~mV| H$a|JoŸ&'' {nVmOr H$s Bg ~mV na h_Zo µOmoa H$m
R>hmH$m bJm`m, Š`m|{H$ h_ Vmo nhbo hr Eogm àñVmd nmg H$a MwHo$ WoŸ&
*****
bo{IH$m n[aM` - àkm
{Xëbr {díd{dX²`mb` Ho$ {H$amo‹S>r_b H$m°boO _| arS>a Ho$ nX na
H$m`©aV àkm Or H$m OÝ_ {Xëbr _| 28 Aà¡b 1971 H$mo hþAm WmŸ&
AmnZo {hÝXr gm{hË` _| nrEM.S>r. H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s h¡Ÿ& amï´>r`
ZmQ²>`-{dX²`mb` H$s Amoa go BZH$s nwñVH$ "ZwŠH$‹S> ZmQ>H$-aMZm Am¡a
àñVw{V' H$m àH$meZ hmb hr _| hþAm h¡Ÿ& {d{^Þ g_mMma nÌ VWm
gm{hpË`H$ n{ÌH$mAm| _| BZHo$ boI àH$m{eV hmoVo ahVo h¢Ÿ& AmH$medmUr
VWm XyaXe©Z Ho$ {bE ^r Amn aMZmE± H$aVr ahVr h¢Ÿ&
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42
eãXmW© :
Yam‹S>r - Yamoha, XmohZ - AË`{YH$ Cn`moJ, {Okmgm - OmZ-
Zo H$s BÀN>m, g_j - gm_Zo, ~o{_gmb - AZwn_ ({OgHo$ g_mZ
Xygam Z hmo), H$WmdmMH$ - H$hmZr n‹T>H$a gwZmZo dmbm, _m{ha - Hw$eb,
R>hmH$m bJmZm - Omoa go h±gZmŸ&
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) MmMmOr Zo Yam‹S>r eãX H$m AW© Š`m g_Pm`m ?
2) bmoJm| Zo d¥j Z H$mQ>Zo H$m {ZU©` Š`m| {b`m ?
3) {~íZmoB© g_mO H$s Yam‹S>r Š`m h¡ ?
4) MmMmOr Am¡a MmMrOr Zo H¡$gm ^moOZ ~Zm`m Wm?
5) MmMmOr Am¡a {nVmOr ImZm ImZo Ho$ ~mX H$hm± JE ?
6) {nVmOr H$s ~mV gwZH$a ~ÀMm| Zo Š`m {H$`m ?
II. {b{IV -
A) EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) Abda Ho$ bmoJ {H$gHo$ à{V g_n©U H$s ^mdZm aIVo Wo ?
2) Yam‹S>r H$s na§nam go {H$go gr{_V {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ ?
3) Abda Ho$ bmoJm| Zo no‹S>m| go H¡$gm [aíVm ~Zm`m h¡ ?
4) Abda Ho$ bmoJ {H$gH$m XmohZ Zht H$aVo ?
5) {dH$mg H$s amh na MbH$a Š`m gwYmam J`m ?
6) {nVmOr Zo Š`m H$bmH$mar {XImB© ?
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43
7) MmMrOr Zo Š`m AmXoe {X`m ? 8) ^moOZ {H$g àH$ma V¡`ma {H$`m J`m Wm ? 9) MmMmOr d MmMrOr {H$g_| _m{ha Wo ? 10) Abda H$s Img {_R>mB© H$m¡Z-gr h¡ ?
Am) Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma Xr{OE :
1) MmMmOr Zo amOñWmZ _| Yam‹S>r na§nam Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m ~Vm`m? 2) Abda Ho$ bmoJm| Zo àH¥${V Am¡a no‹S>m| H$s ghm`Vm go {H$g àH$ma {dH$mg H$s amh àmá H$s ? 3) amOñWmZr ImZo _| {deof ê$n go Š`m-Š`m ~Zm`m J`m Wm? 4) `{X Abda Ho$ bmoJm| Zo àH¥${V-g§ajU H$m H$X_ Z CR>m`m hmoVm Vmo CZHo$ Jm±d H$s Š`m Xem hmo gH$Vr Wr, AnZr H$ënZm go {b{IEŸ&
B) {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ` {H$gZo, {H$ggo H$hm :
1) ""Š`m Vw_ Yam‹S>r H$m AW© ~Vm gH$Vo hmo ?'' 2) ""A~ ~mV| H$_, ImZm µµÁ`mXmŸ&'' 3) ""A~ Vw_ bmoJ gmoZo OmAmo, h_ XmoñV bmoJ AnZr ~mV| H$a|JoŸ&''
B©) Ame` ñnï> H$s{OE : 1) h Yam‹S>r _yb ê$n _| d¥jm| H$s, Ord-OÝVwAm| H$s ajm H$m md h¡& 2) Bg M_ËH$ma Ho$ nrN>o H$moB© OmXy-Q>moZm, O§Ì-_§Ì Zht, ~pëH$ {N>nm h¡ BZgmZ H$m hm¡gbm, CgH$s {hå_V Am¡a AnZo l_ _|
CgH$s AQy>Q> AmñWmŸ&
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44
^mfm - ~moYH$) nmR> _| AmE BZ eãXm| na Ü`mZ X| :
1) {Z^©aVm = {Z^©a + Vm, 2) A{Zdm`©Vm = A{Zdm`© + Vm
BZ eãXm| _| "Vm' àË`` Omo‹S>H$a ^mddmMH$ g§kmAm| H$m {Z_m©U
{H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma nm±M AÝ` eãXm| H$m {Z_m©U H$s{OEŸ&
3) AZmdí`H$ = AZ²> + Amdí`H$
~o{_gmb = ~o + {_gmb
AQy>Q> = A + Qy>Q>
Anì`` = An + ì``
"AZ²>', "~o', "A', "An' Am{X Omo‹S>H$a {dbmo_ eãXm| H$m {Z_m©U
{H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& ZrMo {XE eãXm| Ho$ {dbmo_ eãX nmR> _| go Ty>±T>H$a
{b{IE :
1) {ZpîH«$` 2) Iwehmb 3) A{ZpíMV
4) An_mZ 5) C{MV 6) AZmdí`H$
7) {ZOud 8) ~oñdmX 9) ~mgr 10) ~X~yXma
I) VmµOm, Iwe~yXma, ñdm{Xï> Am{X eãX {H$gr ImX²>` nXmW© H$s
{deofVm `m JwU ~VmVo h¢Ÿ& `o JwUdmMH$ {deofU H$hbmVo h¢ &
JwUdmMH$ {deofU dñVw H$m ê$n, a§J, AmH$ma, H$mb, ñne©,
ñdmX Am{X H$m ~moY H$amVo h¢Ÿ& {ZåZ{b{IV CXmhaUm| Ho$ AmJo
Xmo-Xmo AÝ` CXmhaU {b{IE :
1) ~‹S>m 2) àmMrZ 3) _wbm`_ 4) _rR>m 5) Jmob
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45
J) {ZX}emZwgma [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :
1) MmMmOr ........... AmdmµO ........... {Xem {XImB©Ÿ&
(H$maH$ {Mh²Zm| go nyU© H$s{OE)
2) {~íZmoB© g_mO H$mbo {haZ H$mo AnZr Yam‹S>r _mZVm ........&
("Wm' H$m dV©_mZ H$mb ê$n {b{IE)
3) ............. ImZo H$s J§Y Zo h_mar ^yI H$mo M_H$m {X`mŸ&
({deofU eãX {b{IE)
4) Wmo‹S>r Xoa _| do bmoJ nmZ ImH$a ...........Ÿ&
(C{MV {H«$`m nX {b{IE)
5) CÝhm|Zo h_go ~hþV ........... ~mV| H$sŸ&
({H«$`m-{deofU eãX {b{IE)
IV. {ZåZ{b{IV AZwÀNo>X _| C{MV {dam_m{X {Mh²Z> bJmBE :
CÝhm|Zo h_go EH$ gdmb {H$`m Š`m Vw_ Yam‹S>r H$m AW© ~Vm gH$Vo
hmo h_ Mwn Aao ^B© eãX na Ü`mZ Xmo Yamoha YmaUm YmaU H$aZm Am¡a
Š`m h_| A~ r g_P Zht Am`m A~ MmMmOr Zo ~mV ImobH$a g_PmB©
amOñWmZ _| Yam‹S>r eãX H$m {ZpíMV AW© h¡ `hm± EH$ na§nam h¡ {H$ ha
n[adma Hw$b H$s EH$-EH$ Yam‹S>r h¡
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46
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma :
* amOñWmZ Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$ OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE Am¡a Cggo
gå~§{YV {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$aHo$ AnZo {dX²`mb` Ho$ gyMZm -
nQ²>Q> na àX{e©V H$s{OEŸ&
* n`m©daU-g§ajU _| N>mÌm| H$s Š`m ^y{_H$m hmo gH$Vr h¡? H$jm
_| MMm© H$s{OEŸ&
* amOñWmZr ì`§OZm| H$s Vah H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ AmnHo$ BbmHo$ Ho$ {d{eï>
^moOZ H$s H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OEŸ&
*****
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47
nmR>-7
H$a Mbo h_ {µ\$Xm
- H¡$µ\$s AmµO_r
Ame` : qOXJr g~H$mo ß`mar hmoVr h¡& _Ja Xoe H$s ajm H$aZodmbo g¡{ZH$m| H$m OrdZ Bggo {dnarV hmoVm h¡& do h_oem Xþí_Zm| go b‹S>Zo hoVw AnZm grZm VmZH$a I‹S>o ahVo h¢& Bg{bE H${d AnZo dVZ H$mo CZHo$ hdmbo H$a aho h¢&
H$a Mbo h_ {µ\$Xm OmZmo-VZ gm{W`mo,
A~ Vwåhmao hdmbo dVZ gm{W`mo &&
gm±g W_Vr JB©, ZãµO O_Vr JB©,
{\$a ^r ~‹T>Vo H$X_ H$mo Z éH$Zo {X`m&
H$Q> JE ga h_mao Vmo Hw$N> µJ_ Zht,
ga {h_mb` H$m h_Zo Z PwH$Zo {X`m&
qOXm ahZo Ho$ _m¡g_ ~hþV h¢, _Ja
OmZ XoZo H$s éV amoµO AmVr Zht&
amh Hw$~m©{Z`m| H$s Z dramZ hmo,
Vw_ gOmVo hr ahZm ZE H$m{µ\$bo&
µ\$Vh H$m OíZ Bg OíZ Ho$ ~mX h¡,
qOXJr _m¡V go {_b ahr h¡ Jbo&
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48
ItM Xmo AnZo Iy± go O_t na bH$sa,
Bg Vaµ\$ AmZo nmE Z Xþí_Z H$moB©&
Vmo‹S> Xmo hmW AJa hmW CR>Zo bJo,
Ny> Z nmE µO_rZ H$m Xm_Z H$moB©&
~m±Y bmo AnZo ga go H$µ\$Z gm{W`mo,
A~ Vwåhmao hdmbo dVZ gm{W`mo&&
*****
H${d n[aM` : H¡$µ\$r AmµO_r
AVha hþg¡Z [aµOdr H$m OÝ_ 19 OZdar 1919 H$mo CÎma àXoe
Ho$ AmµO_J‹T> [µObo _| _O_m§ Jm±d _| hþAm& AX~ H$s Xþ{Z`m _| AmJo
MbH$a do H¡$µ\$r AmµO_r Zm_ go _ehÿa hþE& H¡$µ\$r AmµO_r Or H$s
JUZm àJ{Verb CX©ÿ H${d`m| H$s nhbr n§{ŠV _| H$s OmVr h¡&
H¡$µ\$r Or H$s H${dVmAm| _| EH$ Amoa gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$
OmJê$H$Vm H$m g_mdoe h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa öX` H$s H$mo_bVm ^r h¡&
AnZr `wdmdñWm _| _wem`am| _| dmh-dmhr nmZo dmbo AmµO_r Zo [µ\$ë_m|
Ho$ {bE g¡H$‹S>m§o ~ohVarZ JrV ^r {bIo h¢&
10 _B© 2002 H$mo Bg Xþ{Z`m go éIgV hþE H¡$µ\$r Or Ho$
nm±M H${dVm-g§J«h P§H$ma, Am{Ia-E-e~, Amdmam gµO§Xo, ga_m`m
Am¡a [µ\$ë_r JrVm| H$m g§J«h _oar AmdmµO gwZmo àH$m{eV hþE& AnZo
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49
aMZmH$_© Ho$ {bE H¡$µ\$r Or H$mo gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma g{hV H$B©
nwañH$mam| go ZdmµOm J`m& H¡$µ\$r Or H$bmH$mam| Ho$ n[adma go Wo& nËZr
em¡H$V AmµO_r, ~oQ>r e~mZm AmµO_r _ehÿa A{^Zo{Ì`m± h¢&
eãXmW© :
[µ\$Xm - Ý`moN>mda, VZ - eara, hdmbo - de _|, hdmbo H$aZm -
gm¢nZm, W_Zm - éH$Zm, ZãµO - Zm‹S>r, J_ - Xþ…I, ga - {ga, éV -
_m¡g_, G$¥Vw; Hw$~m©Zr - ~{bXmZ, dramZ - O§Jb, CO‹S>m hþAm, {ZO©Z,
emo^ma{hV; H$m{\$bm - m{Ì`m| H$m g_yh, µ\$Vh - OrV, OíZ - CËgd,
g_mamoh; Iy± - IyZ, bH$sa - aoIm, Vmo‹S> - H$mQ>, Xm_Z - Am±Mb,
nëby; H$µ\$Z - ed na Amo‹T>mZo H$m Z`m dñÌ&
{Q>ßnUr :
AmµO_r Or CXÿ© H${d hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo H${dVm _| µÁ`mXm go µÁ`mXm
CXÿ©-\$magr eãXm| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡&
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. H${d AnZo dVZ H$mo {H$gHo$ hdmbo H$a aho h¢?
2. H${dVm _| H${d {H$ZH$mo "gm{W`mo' H$h aho h¢?
3. h_| {H$g ~mV H$m µJ_ Zht h¡?
4. H$m¡Z-gr G$¥Vw amoµO Zht AmVr?
5. H$m¡Z Jbo {_b ahm h¡?
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50
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. "ga {h_mb` H$m h_Zo Z PwH$Zo {X`m'-Bg n§{ŠV H$m ^md
Š`m h¡? `hm± {h_mb` {H$gH$m àVrH$ h¡?
2. H${d Zo EH$ OíZ Ho$ ~mX Xÿgao OíZ H$s ~mV H$hr h¡& `o
H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go OíZ h¢?
3. "IyZ go bH$sa ItMZm'-Bg n§{º$ H$m ^md Š`m h¡? Am¡a
`h bH$sa ItMZo H$s Š`m Amdí`H$Vm h¡?
III. ^md ñnï> H$s{OE :
1. gm±g W_Vr JB©, ZãµO O_Vr JB©,
{\$a ^r ~‹T>Vo H$X_ H$mo Z éH$Zo {X`m&
2. ~m±Y bmo AnZo ga go H$µ\$Z gm{W`mo,
A~ Vwåhmao hdmbo dVZ gm{W`mo&&
IV. H${dVm _| Hw$N> {d{eï> dmŠ`m§em| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡&
BZH$m ^mdmW© AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IE :
O¡go: 1. gm±g W_ OmZm - WH$mdQ> Ho$ H$maU gm±g éH$ OmZm
2. ga H$Q> OmZm -
3. ga PwH$Zo Z XoZm -
4. _m¡V go Jbo {_bZm -
5. µO_rZ H$m Xm_Z Ny>Zm -
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51
V. Ü`mZ a{IE - g§~moYZ _| ~hþdMZ ê$n na AZwñdma H$m à`moJ
Zht hmoVm& Amn H$moB© Eogo nm±M ~hþdMZ g§~moYZ eãX {b{IE :
O¡goo : gm{W`mo (gm{W`mo§ Zht)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
VI. H${dVm go n`m©`dmMr CXÿ© eãX Ty>±‹T>H$a {b{IE :
1. Ý`moNm>da -
2. Zm‹S>r -
3. àmU -
4. à{V{XZ -
5. ~{bXmZ -
6. OrV -
7. CËgd -
8. aŠV -
VII. dVZ Ho$ {bE OmZ XoZo na ^r h_| µJ_ Zht hmoVm& Amn H$moB©
Eogo Mma {df` {b{IE {OÝh| H$aZo na AmnH$mo µJ_ Zht hmoVm :
1. ...................................
2. ...................................
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52
3. ...................................
4. ...................................
`mo½`Vm {dñVma :
* {Z_m©Vm MoVZ AmZ§X H$s {\$ë_ "hH$sH$V' Ho$ {bE H${d H¡$µ\$r
AmµO_r Or Zo h JrV {bIm h¡& h JrV gw{ZE& AnZo ñHy$b
Ho$ {H$gr g_mamoh _| Bgo gm_y{hH$ ê$n go JmBE&
* AmµOmX hmoZo Ho$ ~mX g~go _w{íH$b H$m_ h¡ "AmµOmXr H$mo
~ZmE aIZm&' - Bg {df` na H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OE&‹
*****
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53
nyaH$ dmMZê$n§ Xo{h
- gw{_ÌmZ§XZ n§V
`o ^maV Ho$ J«m_ {Zdmgr,jw{YV Xoh _Z, Am±Io§ ß`mgr,OrdZ d¡^d go hm| n[a{MV !BÝh| ê$n Xmo !
Ka Ka JrV dg§V Jw±OmAmo,BÝÐYZwf G$Vw KZ \$hamAmo,a§J J§Y _Yw _| ZhbmAmo,bmoJ ah| Z A^md A{h J«{gV !BÝh| ê$n Xmo !
~mh²`> ê$n hmo n{hbo gw§Xa,OmZ| OZ, OrdZ à^w H$m da,XoI| B©ída H$m _wI ~mha,N>±Q>o Ñ{ï> V_ Á`mo{V_ª{S>V !BÝh| ê$n Xmo !
Ywbo Agw§XaVm VZ-_Z H$s,^` g§e` Hw§$R>m jU-jU H$s,{_Q>o X{_V V¥îUm OrdZ H$s,nrE± A§Vg²> g[aV H$m A_¥V !
BÝh| ê$n Xmo !
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54
ZJa ZaH$, - OZ H$sU© AàmH¥$V,
J«m_ ñdJ© hm|, g§K {dHo$pÝÐV,
gab gm¡å` gmpËdH$ OrdZ {_V,
{e{jV Z hm|, bmoJ hm| g§ñH¥$V !
BÝh| ê$n Xmo !
^maV Ho$ OZ J«m_ {Zdmgr,
_Zwî`Ëd Ho$ hm| A{^bmfr,
^y g§nX OZ l_ H$s Xmgr,
OrdZ aMZm hmo {XH$²> Hw$gw{_VŸ!
BÝh| ê$n Xmo !
- "`wJdmUr' go
A) EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) H${d {H$go ê$n XoZm MmhVo h¢ ?
2) VZ-_Z go Š`m Ywb OmE ?
3) H${d H$mo ZJa H¡$gm bJVm h¡ ?
4) J«m_ {Zdmgr {H$gHo$ A{^bmfr hm| ?
5) ^y g§nX {H$gH$s Xmgr h¡ ?
6) ^maV Ho$ J«m_ {Zdmgr H¡$go h¢ ?
7) ^maV Ho$ J«m_ {Zdmgr H¡$go ~Z| ?
*****
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55
nmR>-8
XamoOr A^`maÊ` _| ^mby
- g§H${bV
Ame` : new-njr ^r _Zwî` Ho$ ß`ma H$mo Iy~ g_PVo h¢& `{X h_ CÝh| ß`ma H$aVo h¢, Vmo do T>oa-gmam ß`ma h_ na bwQ>mVo h¢& Bg{bE h_| CZHo$ à{V göX` hmoZm Mm{hE& gwëVmZm Zm_H$ ^mby H$s AmË_H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| aMo J`o àñVwV boI _| Bg ^md H$mo Xem©`m J`m h¡&
dh gw~h ~‹S>r gwhmZr Wr& gwZhar Yyn _| Kmg na Amog H$s ~y±X| M_H$ ahr Wt& _¢ ~‹S>o _µOo go no‹S> na M‹T> ahr Wr& D$na EH$ _Yw_ŠIr H$m N>Îmm Wm& ehX H$s {_R>mg _wPo CgH$s Amoa ItM ahr Wr& _rR>o ehX Ho$ »`mb go hr _oao _w±h go bma Q>nH$ ahr Wr& _oam hmW N>Îmo VH$ nhþ±MZo hr dmbm Wm {H$ _oar nrR> na Omoa H$s bmR>r n‹S>r& _¢ Mm¢H$ H$a XoIZo bJr& _wPo ~hþV ~wam bJ ahm Wm {H$ _oam gnZm Qy>Q> J`m& _m{bH$ Am±I| bmb H$aHo$ _oao gm_Zo I‹S>m Wm& CgZo JaOH$a H$hm - ""gwëVmZm& CR> ! H$m_ na Mb&''
gwëVmZm! `h Zm_ _oao _mVm-{nVm H$m {X`m hþAm Zht h¡& _oam _m{bH$ _wPo Bg Zm_ go nwH$maVm h¡& Zht ! A~ _¢ ~aXmíV Zht H$a gH$Vr& H$~ VH$ _¢ {H$gr H$s Iwer H$s gwëVmZm ~Zr ahÿ±? ‹
_wPo AmO ^r `mX h¡ O~ _¢ Ho$db N>: _hrZo H$r Wr, AnZo _mVm-{nVm, g§Jr-gm{W`m| Ho$ gmW Iy~ IobVr, \$b ImVr, no‹S> na M‹T>Vr, ehX MmQ>Vr& amoO H$s Vah Cg {XZ ^r _¢ AmJo ~‹T> ahr Wr, AMmZH$ _oao _w±h na EH$ ~moar n‹S>r& Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo Kwßn A±Yoam N>m
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56
J`m& O~ Am±I| Iwbt Vmo AnZo-Amn H$mo EH$ A±Yoar H$moR>ar _| nm`m& _oam {Xb K~am ahm Wm, ^yI ^r ~hþV bJ ahr Wr& _¢ {~bIVo hþE _m± H$mo ~wbm ahr Wr& V^r EH$ S>amdZm AmX_r Am`m& CgHo$ hmW _| bmR>r Wr& CgHo$ gmW Am¡a EH$ AmX_r ^r Am`m Wm& {OgHo$ hmWm| _o§ Hw$N> \$b Wo& CgZo do \$b _oao gm_Zo \|$Ho$& _¢ ~hþV ^yIr Wr, nb ^a _| \$b IË_! na ^yI Zht {_Q>r&
CgHo$ ~mX Vmo AmYo noQ> ImH$a gmo OmZm amoO H$s ~mV Jmo JB© h¡& _ma ImZr n‹S>Vr h¡ gmo AbJ& O§Jb _| ñdÀN>§X hmoH$a Ky_Zm, Jw\$mAm| _| ahZm Vmo gnZo _| ^r g§^d Zht h¡& H$‹S>r Yyn hmo `m _ygbmYma dfm©, _wPo _m{bH$ Ho$ gmW g‹S>H$m| na ZmMZm n‹S>Vm h¢& {Og Am¡a _m{bH$ Is¨Mo, Cgr Amoa ~‹T>Zm n‹S>Vm h¡&
_oam ZmM XoIH$a bmoJ Vmbr ~OmVo h¢, Am¡a n¡go \|$H$Vo h¢& Hw$N> ^bo _mZwg _wPo \$b {IbmVo h¢& _wPo g~go AÀN>m V~ bJVm h¡ O~ N>moQ>o ~ÀMo _wPo XoIH$a Iwe hmoVo h¢ Am¡a AnZo ZÝh| hmWm| go _wPo ghbmVo h¢& AmOH$b _wPo ~hþV H$_ {XImB© XoVm h¡, Am±I| H$_Omoa hmo JB© h¢& A^r Vmo {g\©$ 15 gmb H$s h±ÿ& OmZo AmJo Š`m hmoJm?
_¢ ha amoµO B©ída go àmW©Zm H$aZo bJr h±ÿ {H$ dh _wPo Bg H$ï> go _w{º$ {Xbm Xo&
Am{Ia dh {XZ ^r Am J`m& "àm{UX`m g{_{V' Ho$ Hw$N> gXñ`m| Zo _wPo _m{bH$ Ho$ M§Jwb go Nw>‹S>m {b`m& Omo O§Jb, Jw\$mE±, \$b Am{X _¢ Ho$db gnZo _| XoIm H$aVr Wr, AmO CÝh| AnZo gm_Zo XoI ahr h±ÿ& `h XamoOr ^mby-Ym_ h¡& Bg A^`maÊ` H$mo h_ O¡go ^mbwAm| H$s ajm Ho$ {bE hr ~Zm`m J`m h¡&
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57
XamoOr A^`maÊ` ~ëbmar {Obo Ho$ hmognoQ> go bJ^J 25 {H$._r.H$s Xÿar na h¡& 587.30 hoŠQ>oa VH$ \¡$bo dZ àXoe H$mo AŠVy~a 1994 _| gaH$ma Zo XamoOr A^`maÊ` Ho$ Zm_ go Kmo{fV {H$`m& `h dÝ`Ym_ gmao E{e`m _| ^mbwAm| Ho$ {bE Kmo{fV {H$`m J`m gd©àW_ A^`maÊ` h¡&
nWarbr Jw\$mAm| go ^ao Bg dZ àXoe _| Pm‹S>Xma dZ h¢, {Og_| grVm\$b, _hþAm, Om_yZ, ~oa Am{X \$bm| Ho$ no‹S> h¢ Omo ^mbwAm| Ho$ ng§XrXm Amhma h¡& _Yw_ŠIr Ho$ N>Îmo d Mt{Q>`m| H$s ~m±{~`m± ^r A{YH$ _mÌm _| nmB© OmVr h¢, Omo ^mbwAm| H$mo AÀN>r bJVr h¢&
nwamUm| _| VWm am_m`U d _hm^maV _o§ {H$pîH¨$Ym ZJa Ho$ ê$n _| Bg àXoe H$m CëboI h¡& `h àXoe hZw_mZ Am¡a Om§~d§V H$m _mZm OmVm h¡& `h A^`maÊ` ^mbwAm| Ho$ gmW V|XþAm, VrVa, goh, H$m±Q>m|dmbm gyAa, {haZ, H$Nw>>E, O§Jbr gyAa, _moa, h¡Zm, bmo_‹S>r Am{X H$m r Amdmg ñWb h¡& `hm± bJ^J n{j`m| H$s 90 àH$ma H$s àOm{V`m± nmB© OmVr h¢&
AmO _¢ ~hþV Iwe h±ÿ& Amem H$aVr h±§ÿ {H$ Eogo A^`maÊ` Am¡a ^r ~Z| Am¡a _wP O¡go AÝ` OmZdam| H$mo ^r gwHy$Z {_bo&
g§Xoe : new-njr h_mao g~go AÀN>o {_Ì h¢ Am¡a ß`ma Xþ{Z`m H$m g~go ~‹S>m IµOmZm h¡&
eãXmW© :
gwZhar - gmoZo H$m a§J, H$moR>ar - H$_am, {~bIZm - amoZm, bma Q>nH$Zm - bbMmZm, _ygbmYma dfm© - OmoaXma ~m[ae, Am±Io bmb H$aZm - Jwñgm H$aZm, `mVZm - H$ï>, ñdÀN>§X - AmµOmX&
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58
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. gwëVmZm H$mo H$m¡Z nH$‹S>H$a bm`m?
2. gwëVmZm H$mo Š`m-Š`m ImZm ng§X Wm?
3. gwëVmZm Zo B©ída go Š`m àmW©Zm H$s?
4. gwëVmZm H$mo H¡$gr H$moR>ar _| S>mbm J`m Wm?
5. gwëVmZm {H$g Am`w _| AnZo _m± -~mn go {~Nw>‹S> JB© Wr?
II. VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. _m{bH$ Ho$ M§Jwb _| ahVo gwëVmZm H$m Š`m gmoMZm g§ d Zhr h¢?
2. _mVm-{nVm, g§Jr-gm{W`m| Ho$ gmW gwëVmZm Š`m H$aVr Wr?
3. gwëVmZm H$m¡Z-gm gnZm XoI ahr Wr?
4. gwëVmZm H$mo _m{bH$ Ho$ M§Jwb go {H$gZo Nw>‹S>m`m?
III. Mma dmŠ`m| _o CÎma {b{IE :
1. XamoOr A^`maÊ` na {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&
2. XamoOr A^`maÊ` _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go àmUr ahVo h¢?
IV. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:
1. gwëVmZm H$m ZmM XoIH$a bmoJ............................
~OmVo h¢ Am¡a ............................\|$H$Vo h¢&
2. ^bo _mZg gwëVmZm H$mo......................{IbmVo h¢&
3. gwëVmZm Ho$ _w±h na EH$ ...................n‹S>r&
4. N>moQ>o ~ÀMo gwëVmZm H$mo XoIH$a .............hmoVo h¢&
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59
V. ghr `m JbV {b{IE :
1. "gwëVmZm' `h Zm_ _oao _mVm-{nVm Zo aIm h¢& 2. no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo EH$ _Yw_ŠIr H$m N>Îmm Wm& 3. _m{bH$ Zo H$hm-"" gwëVmZm CR>! H$m_ na Mb&'' 4. nb^a _| \$b IË_ hþAm& 5. ""A^r Vmo {g\©$ n§Ðh gmb H$s h±ÿ& '' 6. XamoOr ^mby A^`maÊ` ~rXa {Obo _| h¡&
VI. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ AÝ` qbJ én {b{IE : 1. eoa................ 2. _moa.................... 3. hmWr............... 4. D±$Q>.................... 5. qgh................ 6. {haZ..................
VII. {H$gZo, {H$ggo H$hm :
1. gwëVmZm& CR>! H$m_ na Mb&
VIII. dmŠ` _§o à`moJ H$s{OE :
1. Am±Io bmb H$aZm : ............................. 2. _wgbmYma dfm© : ............................. 3. bma Q>nH$Zm : ............................. 4. M§Jwb go Nw>‹S>mZm : .............................
g_{PE : "^mby' eãX H$m à`moJ nw{ëb§J ê$n _| {H$`m OmVm h¡& BgH$m órqbJ én "_mXm mby'' h¡& Bgr àH$ma AÝ` H$B© àm{U`m| Ho$ Zm_ órqbJ Ho$ ê$n _| à`wº$ JmVo h¢ Am¡a CZHo$ nwq„J ê$n _| "Za' eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡&
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60
IX. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ {H$Ýht Mma A^`maÊ` `m njsYm_m| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE:
X. gmoM AnZr-AnZr :
H$hmZr H$m nhbm Am¡a Xÿgam AZwÀN>oX n‹T>Vo g_` AmnH$mo gwëVmZm
H$s H$hmZr {H$gH$r H$hmZr bJ ahr Wr? CgH$s MMm© H$jm _| H$s{OE&
`mo½`Vm {dñVma
* dÝ` newAmo§ Ho$ {MÌm| H$mo BH$Q²R>m H$s{OE&
* _mZd AnZo ñdmW© Ho$ {bE new-n{j`m| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVm Am`m
h¡, bo{H$Z new-n{j`m| H$mo {H$VZr `mVZm hmoVr h¡, BgH$s MMm©
H$jm _| H$s{OE&
* gwëVmZm H$s Vah H$B© ~§Xa ^r AnZo _m{bH$mo§ Ho$ M§Jwb go Nw>‹S>m
boZo Ho$ {bE V‹S>n aho h¡§& Amn CZ ~§Xam| H$s _XX H¡$go H$a|Jo? {dMma H$s{OE&
*****
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61
nyaH$ dmMZ
hmWr Ho$ gmWr
`h EH$ gÀMr KQ>Zm h¡& PmaI§S> Ho$ am±Mr eha Ho$ nmg KZo O§Jb Wo& `hm± hm{W`m| H$m EH$ Pw§S> ~gm Wm& _Z_m¡Or _ñV hmWr O§Jbr no‹S>-nm¡Yo ImVo& O§Jb H$s R>§S>H$ _| Amam_ H$aVo& bo{H$Z, CZH$s Iwer Á`mXm {XZ VH$ {Q>H$s Zht& bmoJm| Zo O§Jb H$mQ>Zm ewê$ {H$`m& µO_rZ Am¡a bH$‹S>r BZgmZ H$mo {_br, bo{H$Z hmWr ~oKa hmo JE&
^yI Am¡a J_u go hmWr naoemZ Wo& do OmVo ^r Vmo H$hm±? Ka Am¡a ImZm CZH$mo ^r Vmo Mm{hE& hma ImH$a do ZµOXrH$ Ho$ Jm±dm| VH$ OmZo bJo& do dhm± Ho$ IoV Am¡a Ka ~a~mX H$a S>mbVo&
EH$ {XZ Bgr Pw§S> H$m EH$ hmWr Vmoanm ãbm°H$ nhw±Mm& CgZo H$B© Kam| Am¡a BZgmZm| H$mo am¢X S>mbm& b§~m-Mm¡‹S>m hmWr Am¡a CgHo$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Xm±V& bmoJ Cgo _ma ^r Zht gH$Vo Wo& hmWr _maZm H$mZyZr µOw_© Omo h¡&
V^r EH$ KQ>Zm KQ>r& Vmoanm O§Jb Ho$ ~rM EH$ g‹S>H$ h¡& BgHo$ {H$Zmao {~Obr Ho$ I§^o h¢& Hw$N> Vma µO_rZ na {Jao Wo& dhm± go JwµOaVo hmWr H$m nm±d Vmam| na n‹S>m& µOmoa go {~Obr H$m PQ>H$m bJm Am¡a dh _a J`m&
˜~a {_bVo hr Jm±ddmbo dhm± Am nhw±Mo& bmoJm| H$mo Jwñgm CVmaZo H$m _m¡H$m {_b J`m& _ao hþE hmWr H$mo H$moB© R>moH$a _maVm, H$moB© bmR>r, Hw$ëhm‹S>r Am¡a MmHy$ go _maVm& Hw$N> bmoJ Vmo CgHo$ Xm±V hr Vmo‹S>Zo bJo& hmWr-Xm±V ~hþV _h±Jm hmoVm h¡& Bggo µOoda Am¡a gOmdQ> H$m gm_mZ ~ZVm h¡& na hmWr-Xm±V {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE gaH$mar BOmµOV µOê$ar h¡& Mmoar go {ZH$mbmo, Vmo nw{bg Ho$g ~Z OmVm h¡& Xÿgar Va\$ do hmWr-Xm±V
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62
Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o MwnMmn {ZH$bdmVo aho& nm±M Xg {H$bmo Xm±V H$m EH$ Qw>H$‹S>m hr H$mµ\$r Wm&
EH$ _hrZo VH$ hmWr H$s bme dht n‹S>r ahr& {\$a hm{W`m| H$m P§wS> dhm°± nhþ±Mm& CÝhm|Zo bme H$mo Mmam| Vaµ\$ go Koa {b`m& {XZ-amV CgH$s aIdmbr H$aVo aho& {H$gr H$mo CgHo$ nmg \$Q>H$Zo Z {X`m& O§Jb _| EH$ Jham, ~‹S>m JS²>‹T>>m Ty>±‹T>m& {\$a AnZo gmWr H$s bme KgrQ>H$a dhm± bmE& Cgo JS²>‹T>o _| S>mb {X`m& bH$‹S>r Am¡a n{Îm`m| go JS²>‹T>o H$mo T>H$ {X`m&
hm{W`m| Zo Cgo X\$ZmH$a AnZm µ\$µO© {Z^m`m& _Ja BZgmZm| Zo {H$gr MrµO H$s nadmh Z H$s& nhbo O§Jb H$mQ>H$a hmWr H$m Ka N>rZm, {\$a CgHo$ _aZo na ^r Cgo gVmZm Zht N>mo‹S>m&
àíZm| H$m CÎma {b{IE :
1. hm{W`m| H$m Pw§S> H$hm± ~gm Wm?
2. hmWr Š`m| ~oKa hmo J`o?
3. Vmoanm ãbm°H$ nhþ±MH$a EH$ hmWr Zo Š`m {H$`m?
4. Vmoanm O§Jb _| K{Q>V KQ>Zm H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&
5. Jm±ddmbm| Zo Jwñgo _| AmH$a Š`m {H$`m?
6. hm{W`m| Zo AnZm µ\$µO© H¡$go {Z^m`m?
*****
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63
nmR> - 9
^mobmam_ H$m Ord
- h[ae§H$a nagmB©
Ame` : Bg nmR> _| dV©_mZ ^maVr` emgZ-ì`dñWm na VrIm ì`§½` {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& gaH$mar XâVam| _| Mb aho ^«ï>mMma, KygImoar Am¡a Cggo hmoZodmbo à^md na H$amam ì`§½` h¡Ÿ&
Eogm H$^r Zht hþAm WmŸ&
Y_©amO bmIm| dfm] go Ag§»` AmX{_`m| H$mo H$_© Am¡a {gµ\$m[ae Ho$
AmYma na ñdJ© `m ZaH$ _| {Zdmg-ñWmZ "Abm°Q>' H$aVo Am aho WoŸ& na
Eogm H$^r Zht hþAm WmŸ&
gm_Zo ~¡R>o {MÌJwá ~ma-~ma Mí_m nm|N>, ~ma-~ma WyH$ go n¥ï> nbQ>,
a{OñQ>a na a{OñQ>a XoI aho WoŸ& JbVr nH$‹S> _| Am hr Zht ahr WrŸ&
Am{Ia CÝhm|Zo IrPH$a a{OñQ>a BVZo µOmoa go ~§X {H$`m {H$ _ŠIr MnoQ>
_| Am JB©Ÿ& Cgo {ZH$mbVo hþE do ~mobo - ""_hmamO ! [aH$mS>© g~ R>rH$
h¡Ÿ& ^mobmam_ Ho$ Ord Zo nm±M {XZ nhbo Xoh Ë`mJr Am¡a `_XyV Ho$ gmW
Bg bmoH$ Ho$ {bE admZm ^r hþAm, na `hm± A^r VH$ Zht nhþ±MmŸ&''
Y_©amO Zo nyN>m - ""Am¡a dh XyV H$hm± h¡ ?''
""_hmamO, g~ AnZo-AnZo H$m_m| go bm¡Q> AmE na dh bmnVm
h¡Ÿ&'' - {MÌJwá h¡amZ-naoemZ-go ~moboŸ&
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64
Bgr g_` X²>dma Iwbo Am¡a EH$ `_XyV ~‹S>m ~Xhdmg dhm± Am`mŸ&
Cgo XoIVo hr {MÌJwá {Mëbm CR>o - ""Aao, Vy H$hm± ahm BVZo {XZ?
^mobmam_ H$m Ord H$hm± h¡ ?''
`_XyV hmW Omo‹S>H$a ~mobm - ""X`m{ZYmZ, _¢ H¡$go ~VbmD±$ {H$ Š`m
hmo J`mŸ& AmO VH$ _¢Zo YmoIm Zht Im`m Wm, na mobmam_ H$m Ord _wPo
MH$_m Xo J`mŸ& nm±M {XZ nhbo O~ Ord Zo ^mobmam_ H$s Xoh H$mo Ë`mJm,
V~ _¢Zo Cgo nH$‹S>m Am¡a Bg bmoH$ H$s `mÌm Ama§^ H$sŸ& ZJa Ho$ ~mha
Á`m| hr _¢ Cgo boH$a EH$ Vrd« dm`w-Va§J na gdma hþAm, Ë`mo§ hr dh _oao
M§Jwb go Ny>Q>H$a Z OmZo H$hm± Jm`~ hmo J`mŸ& BZ nm±M {XZm| _| _¢Zo gmam
~«h²>_m§S> N>mZ S>mbm, na CgH$m H$ht nVm Zht MbmŸ&''
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65
Y_©amO H«$moY go ~mobo - ""_yI© ! Ordm| H$mo bmVo-bmVo ~y‹T>m hmo
J`m, {\$a ^r EH$ _m_ybr ~y‹T>o AmX_r Ho$ Ord Zo VwPo MH$_m Xo {X`mŸ&''
XyV Zo {ga PwH$mH$a H$hm - ""_hmamO, _oar gmdYmZr _| {~bHw$b
H$ga Zht WrŸ& _oao BZ Aä`ñV hmWm| go, AÀN>o-AÀN>o dH$sb ^r Zht
Ny>Q> gHo$Ÿ& na Bg ~ma Vmo H$moB© B§ÐOmb hr hmo J`mŸ&''
{MÌJwá Zo H$hm - ""_hmamO! AmOH$b n¥Ïdr na Bg àH$ma H$m
ì`mnma ~hþV Mbm h¡Ÿ& bmoJ XmoñVm| H$mo Hw$N> MrµO oOVo h¢ Am¡a Cgo amñVo
_| hr aobdodmbo C‹S>m boVo h¢Ÿ& hmoµOar Ho$ nmg©bm| Ho$ _moµOo aobdo Aµ\$ga
nhZVo h¢Ÿ& _mbJm‹S>r Ho$ {S>ã~o-Ho$-{S>ã~o amñVo _| H$Q> OmVo h¢Ÿ& EH$ ~mV
Am¡a hmo ahr h¡Ÿ& amOZ¡{VH$ Xbm| Ho$ ZoVm {damoYr ZoVm H$mo C‹S>m H$a ~§X
H$a XoVo h¢Ÿ& H$ht ^mobmam_ Ho$ Ord H$mo ^r Vmo {H$gr {damoYr Zo _aZo Ho$
~mX Iam~r H$aZo Ho$ {bE Zht C‹S>m {X`mŸ&''
Y_©amO Zo ì`§½` go {MÌJwá H$s Amoa XoIVo hþE H$hm - ""Vwåhmar ^r
[aQ>m`a hmoZo H$s C_« Am JB©Ÿ& ^bm ^mobmam_ O¡go ZJÊ`, XrZ AmX_r go
{H$gr H$mo Š`m boZm-XoZm ?''
Bgr g_` H$ht go Ky_Vo-Km_Vo ZmaX _w{Z dhm± Am JEŸ& Y_©amO H$mo
Jw_gw_ ~¡R>o XoI ~mobo-""Š`m| Y_©amO, H¡$go qM{VV ~¡R>o h¢?''
Y_©amO Zo H$hm - ""^mobmam_ Zm_ Ho$ EH$ AmX_r H$s nm±M {XZ
nhbo _¥Ë`w hþB©Ÿ& CgHo$ Ord H$mo `h XyV `hm± bm ahm Wm, {H$ Ord Bgo
amñVo _| MH$_m XoH$a ^mJ J`mŸ& BgZo gmam ~«h²>_m§S> N>mZ S>mbm, na dh
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66
H$ht Zht {_bmŸ& AJa Eogm hmoZo bJm, Vmo nmn-nwÊ` H$m ^oX hr {_Q>
OmEJmŸ&''
ZmaX Zo nyN>m - ""Cgna BÝH$_Q>¡Šg Vmo ~H$m`m Zht Wm ? hmo gH$Vm
h¡, CZ bmoJm| Zo amoH$ {b`m hmo!''
{MÌJwá Zo H$hm - ""BÝH$_ hmoVr Vmo Q>¡Šg hmoVmŸ& ^wI_am WmŸ&''
ZmaX ~mobo - ""_m_bm ~‹S>m {XbMñn h¡Ÿ& AÀN>m, _wPo CgH$m
Zm_-nVm Vmo ~VmAmoŸ& _¢ n¥Ïdr na OmVm hÿ±Ÿ&''
{MÌJwá Zo a{OñQ>a XoIH$a ~Vm`m - ""^mobmam_ Zm_ Wm CgH$mŸ&
O~bnwa eha Ho$ K_mnwa _whëbo _| Zmbo Ho$ {H$Zmao EH$ S>o‹T> H$_ao Ho$
Qy>Q>o-\y$Q>o _H$mZ _| dh n[adma g_oV ahVm WmŸ& CgH$s EH$ ñÌr Wr, Xmo
b‹S>Ho$ Am¡a EH$ b‹S>H$sŸ& C_« bJ^J gmR> gmbŸ& gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar go nm±M
gmb nhbo [aQ>m`a hmo J`m WmŸ& _H$mZ H$m {H$am`m Z XoZo Ho$ H$maU A~
VH$ CgH$m n[adma {ZH$mbm Om MwH$m hmoJmŸ& CgHo$ n[adma H$s Vbme
_| ^r AmnH$mo ^Q>H$Zm hmoJmŸ&''
_m±-~oQ>r Ho$ gpå_{bV H«§$XZ go hr ZmaX mobmam_ H$m _H$mZ nhMmZ
JEŸ&
X²>dma na OmH$a CÝhmo§Zo AmdmµO bJmB© - ""Zmam`U ! Zmam`U!''
b‹S>H$s Zo XoIH$a H$hm - ""AmJo OmAmo _hmamO !''
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67
ZmaX Zo H$hm - ""_wPo {^jm Zht Mm{hE; _wPo ^mobmam_ Ho$ ~mao _|
Hw$N> nyN>VmN> H$aZr h¡Ÿ& AnZr _m± H$mo µOam ~mha ^oOmo, ~oQ>r!''
^mobmam_ H$s nËZr ~mha AmB©Ÿ& ZmaX Zo H$hm - ""_mVm, ^mobmam_
H$mo Š`m ~r_mar Wr?''
""Š`m ~VmD±$, Jar~r H$s ~r_mar Wr! nm±M gmb hmo JE, n|eZ
na ~¡R>oŸ& na n|eZ A^r VH$ Zht {_brŸ& BZ nm±M gmbm| _| g~ JhZo
~oMH$a h_ bmoJ Im JEŸ& {\$a ~aVZ {~Ho$Ÿ& A~ Hw$N> Zht ~Mm WmŸ&
µ\$mHo$ hmoZo bJo WoŸ& qMVm _| KwbVo-KwbVo Am¡a ^yIo _aVo-_aVo CÝhm|Zo
X_ Vmo‹S> {X`mŸ&''
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68
XwI H$s H$Wm gwZZo H$s \w$agV ZmaX H$mo Wr ZhtŸ& do AnZo _wX²>Xo
na AmE - ""_m±, `h Vmo ~VmAmo {H$ `hm± {H$grgo CZH$m {deof ào_ Wm,
{Og_| CZH$m Or bJm hmo?''
nËZr ~mobr - ""bJmd Vmo _hmamO, ~mb-~ÀMm| go hr hmoVm h¡Ÿ&''
""Zht, n[adma Ho$ ~mha ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& _oam _Vb~ h¡, H$moB© ñÌr
........''
ñÌr Zo Jwam©H$a ZmaX H$s Amoa XoImŸ& ~mobr - ""ha Hw$N> _V ~H$mo
_hmamO! Vw_ gmYw hmo, CMŠHo$ Zht hmoŸ& qµOXJr ^a CÝhm|Zo {H$gr Xygar
ñÌr H$mo Am±I CR>mH$a Zht XoImŸ&''
ZmaX h±gH$a ~mobo - ""hm±, Vwåhmam `h gmoMZm R>rH$ hr h¡Ÿ& `hr ha
AÀN>r J¥hñWr H$m AmYma h¡Ÿ& AÀN>m, _mVm _¢ MbmŸ&''
Bggo nhbo {H$ ZmaX Or MbVo ñÌr ~mobr - ""_hmamO, Amn Vmo
gmYw h¢, {gX²>Y nwéf h¢Ÿ& Hw$N> Eogm Zht H$a gH$Vo {H$ CZH$s éH$s hþB©
n|eZ {_b OmEŸ&''
ZmaX H$mo X`m Am JB©, ~mobo - ""_¢ gaH$mar XµµâVa _| OmD±$Jm Am¡a
H$mo{ee H$ê±$JmŸ&''
dhm± go MbH$a ZmaX gaH$mar XµµâVa _| nhþ±MoŸ& dhm± nhbo hr H$_ao
_| ~¡R>o ~m~y go CÝhm|Zo ^mobmam_ Ho$ Ho$g Ho$ ~mao _| ~mV| H$s¨Ÿ& Cg ~m~y Zo CÝh| Ü`mZnyd©H$ XoIm Am¡a ~mobm - ""^mobmam_ Zo Xa»dmñV| Vmo oOr Wt,
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69
na CZna dµOZ Zht aIm Wm, Bg{bE H$ht C‹S> JB© hm|JrŸ&''
ZmaX Zo H$hm - ""^B©, `o ~hþV-go "nona-doQ>' Vmo aIo h¢Ÿ& BÝh| Š`m|
Zht aI {X`m?''
~m~y h±gm - ""Amn gmYw h¢, AmnH$mo Xw{Z`mXmar g_P _| Zht AmVrŸ&
Xa»dmñV| "nona-doQ>' go Zht X~VtŸ& I¡a, Amn {H$Zmao - {H$Zmao OmBE
Am¡a Cg H$_ao _| ~¡R>o ~m~y go {_{bEŸ&''
ZmaX Cg ~m~y Ho$ nmg JEŸ& CgZo Vrgao Ho$ nmg oOm, Vrgao Zo Mm¡Wo
Ho$ nmg, Mm¡Wo Zo nm±Md| Ho$ nmgŸ& O~ ZmaX nÀMrg-Vrg ~m~wAm| Am¡a
Aµ\$gam| Ho$ nmg Ky_ AmE, V~ EH$ Mnamgr Zo H$hm-""_hmamO, Amn
Š`m| Bg P§PQ> _| n‹S> JEŸ& Amn AJa gmb ^a ^r `hm± MŠH$a bJmVo
ah|, Vmo ^r H$m_ Zht hmoJmŸ& Amn Vmo grYo ~‹S>o gmh~ go {_{bEŸ& CÝh|
Iwe H$a {b`m, Vmo A^r H$m_ hmo OmEJmŸ&''
ZmaX ~‹S>o gmh~ Ho$ H$_ao _| nh±wMoŸ& ~mha Mnamgr D±$K ahm Wm,
Bg{bE CÝh| {H$gr Zo N>o‹S>m ZhtŸ& {~Zm "{d{OqQ>J H$mS>©' Ho$ Am`m XoI,
gmh~ ~‹S>o ZmamµO hþEŸ& ~mobo - ""Bgo H$moB© _§{Xa-d§{Xa g_P {b`m h¡
Š`m? Y‹S>Y‹S>mVo Mbo AmEŸ& {MQ> Š`m| Zht ^oOr?''
ZmaX Zo H$hm - ""H¡$go ^oOVm? Mnamgr gmo ahm h¡Ÿ&''
""Š`m H$m_ h¡?'' - gmh~ Zo am¡~ go nyN>mŸ&
ZmaX Zo ^mobmam_ H$m n|eZ Ho$g ~Vbm`mŸ&
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70
gmh~ ~mobo - ""Amn h¢ d¡amJrŸ& XµµâVam| Ho$ ar{V-[admµO Zht OmZVoŸ&
Agb _| ^mobmam_ Zo JbVr H$sŸ& ^B©, `h ^r EH$ _§{Xa h¡& `hm± ^r
XmZ-nwÊ` H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& ^mobmam_ H$s Xa»dmñV| C‹S> ahr h¢, CZna
Amn dµOZ a{IEŸ& Amn g_Po ZhtŸ& O¡go AmnH$s `h gw§Xa drUm h¡,
BgH$m ^r dµOZ ^mobmam_ H$s Xa»dmñV na aIm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& _oar
b‹S>H$s JmZm-~OmZm grIVr h¡Ÿ& `h _¢ Cgo Xo Xy±JmŸ&''
ZmaX AnZr drUm {N>ZVo XoI µOam K~amE, na {\$a g±^bH$a CÝhm|Zo
drUm Q>o{~b na aIH$a H$hm - ""`h br{OEŸ& A~ µOam OëXr CgH$s
n|eZ H$m Am°S>©a {ZH$mb Xr{OEŸ&''
gmh~ Zo àgÞVm go CÝh| Hw$gm© Xr, drUm H$mo EH$ H$moZo _| aIm Am¡a
K§Q>r ~OmB©Ÿ& Mnamgr hm{µOa hþAmŸ& gmh~ Zo hþŠ_ {X`m - ""~‹S>o ~m~y go
^mobmam_ Ho$ Ho$g H$s µ\$mBb bmAmoŸ&''
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71
Wmo‹S>r Xoa ~mX Mnamgr ^mobmam_ H$s gm¡-S>o‹T> gm¡ Xa»dmñVm| go ^ar
µ\$mBb boH$a Am`mŸ& Cg_| n|eZ Ho$ H$mJµOmV ^r WoŸ& gmh~ Zo µ\$mBb
na Zm_ XoIm Am¡a {ZpíMV H$aZo Ho$ {bE nyN>mŸ& ""Š`m Zm_ ~Vm`m gmYw
Or AmnZo?''
ZmaX g_Po {H$ gmh~ Hw$N> D±$Mm gwZVm h¡, Bg{bE µOmoa go
~mobo - ""^mobmam_!''
ghgm µ\$mBb _| go AmdmµO AmB© - ""H$m¡Z nwH$ma ahm h¡ _wPo?
nmoñQ>_¡Z h¡? Š`m n|eZ H$m Am°S>©a Am J`m?''
ZmaX Mm¢Ho$Ÿ& na Xygao hr jU ~mV g_P JEŸ& ~mobo - ""^mobmam_!
Vw_ Š`m ^mobmam_ Ho$ Ord hmo ?''
""hm± !'' - AmdmµO AmB©Ÿ&
ZmaX Zo H$hm - ""_¢ ZmaX hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ Vwåh| boZo Am`m hÿ±Ÿ& Mbmo, ñdJ© _|
Vwåhmam B§VµOma hmo ahm h¡Ÿ&''
AmdmµO AmB© - ""_wPo Zht OmZmŸ& _¢ Vmo n|eZ H$s Xa»dmñVm| _|
AQ>H$m hÿ±Ÿ& `ht _oam _Z bJm h¡Ÿ& _¢ AnZr Xa»dmñV| N>mo‹S>H$a Zht Om
gH$VmŸ&''
*****
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72
boIH$ n[aM` - h[ae§H$a nagmB©
AmYw{ZH$ hmñ` -ì`§½` boIH$m| _| gdm©{YH$ bmoH${à` h[ae§H$a
nagmB© H$m OÝ_ _Ü`àXoe Ho$ O_mZr Jm±d _| 22 AJñV, 1924 H$mo
hþAmŸ& AmnZo ZmJnwa {díd{dX²>`mb` go CÀM Cnm{Y àmá H$s Am¡a
{d{^Þ {dX²>`mb`m| _| AÜ`mnZ H$m`© {H$`m WmŸ& AmnH$s aMZmE± hmñ`
Am¡a {dZmoX go ^anya hmoVo hþE ^r AmO H$s {df_VmAm|, gm_m{OH$ Am¡a
amOZ¡{VH$ {dH¥${V`m| na gmW©H$ MmoQ> H$aVr h¢Ÿ& V~ H$s ~mV Am¡a Wr,
O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {\$ao, h±gVo h¢ amoVo h¢, amZr ZmJ\$Zr H$s H$hmZr, VQ> H$s
ImoO, ^yV Ho$ nm±d nrN>o, ~oB©_mZr H$s naV, gXmMma H$m VmdrO Am{X
AmnH$s bmoH${à` aMZmE± h¢Ÿ&
eãXmW© :
~Xhdmg - K~am`m hþAm, naoemZ; {dH¥$V - {dH$ma`wŠV, MH$_m
XoZm - YmoIm XoZm, M§Jwb - \§$Xm, ~«h²>_m§S> - gånyU© g§gma, hmoµOar
Hosairy, ZJÊ` - ~hþV hr H$_, VwÀN>; Jw_gw_ - MwnMmn, {XbMñn -
amoMH$, H«$§XZ - amoZm, Xa»dmñV - àmW©Zm nÌ, X_ Vmo‹S>Zm - _a OmZm,
CMŠH$m - bwQ>oam, Xw{Z`mXmar - bmoH$mMma, D±$KZm - gmoZm (ZtX boZm),
am¡~ - YmH$, X~X~m; Hw${Q>b - H$nQ>r, N>brŸ&
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73
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) {MÌJwá Š`m| naoemZ Wm ?
2) ^mobmam_ H$m¡Z Wm ?
3) gmh~ Zo n|eZ Z {_bZo H$m Š`m H$maU ~Vm`m ?
4) ^mobmam_ H$m Ord H$hm± na {_bm ?
II. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :
1) ^mobmam_ Ho$ Ord Zo Xoh H$~ Ë`mJr ?
2) Y_©amO Zo H«$moY _| Š`m H$hm ?
3) ^mobmam_ H$s nËZr go ZmaX Zo Š`m nyN>m ?
4) ñÌr Zo ZmaX go Š`m H$hm ?
5) Mnamgr Zo ZmaX go Š`m H$hm ?
6) "^mobmam_ H$s Xa»dmñV| C‹S> ahr h¢Ÿ& CZ na Amn dµOZ
a{IEŸ&'' Bg H$WZ go {H$g Hw$ar{V H$m nVm MbVm h¡ ?
III. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ` {H$gZo {H$ggo H$hm ?
1) ""Aao Vy H$hm± ahm BVZo {XZ ? ^mobmam_ H$m Ord H$hm± h¡?''
2) ""Š`m| Y_©amO, H¡$go {MpÝVV ~¡R>o h¢ ?''
3) ""BZH$_ hmoVr Vmo Q>¡Šg hmoVmŸ& ^wI_am WmŸ&''
4) ""Š`m Zm_ ~Vm`m gmYw Or AmnZo?''
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74
IV. H$moð>H$ go Cn`wŠV eãX MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZ _| {b{IEŸ:
1) `_XyV hmW .......... (Omo‹S>H$a/Vmo‹S>H$a) ~mobmŸ&
2) ^mobmam_ Zm_ Ho$ EH$ AmX_r H$s nm±M {XZ nhbo ..........
(_aU/_¥Ë`w) hþB©Ÿ&
3) ""_mVm, ^mobmam_ H$mo Š`m ........... (~r_ma/~r_mar) Wr?''
4) ""Š`m n|eZ H$m AmS>©a ............ (Am J`m?/Am JB©?)''
V. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ qbJ nhMm{ZE :
1) AmX_r 2) Ord 3) XyV 4) _¥Ë`w
5) Xoh 6) `mÌm 7) Zm¡H$a 8) _H$mZ
VI. {dbmo_ eãXm| Ho$ Omo‹S>o ~ZmBE :
(A) (~)
1) AmYma amV
2) nmn {Z^©`
3) {ZY©Z nwÊ`
4) ~‹S>m YZdmZ
5) ^` {ZamYma
6) {XZ N>moQ>m
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75
VII. nmR> Ho$ AmYma na "Á`m|hr ........... Ë`m|hr' H$m à`moJ
H$aVo hþE VrZ dmŠ` {b{IE :
O¡go : ""Á`m|hr ~mXb JaOZo bJo, Ë`m|hr dfm© hmoZo bJrŸ&''
^mfm - ~moY
1) Hw$N> eãXm| H$s aMZm "CngJ©' Am¡a "àË``' XmoZm| Ho$ _ob go hmoVr
h¡Ÿ& O¡go - A + ñd^md + BH$ = Añdm^m{dH$Ÿ& "Añdm^m{dH$' eãX
_| "A' CngJ© VWm "BH$' àË`` Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡Ÿ& {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| _|
C{MV CngJ© VWm àË``m| H$m à`moJ H$aHo$ eãX aMZm H$s{OE :
eãX - 1) g\$b 2) H$aU 3) g_P
4) BµµÁOV 5) J§Y
CngJ© - A AZw Zm ~o gw
àË`` - Vm B©` B© B© BV
2) {H«$`m eãX N>m±Q>H$a {b{IE :
H$m Q> Im nZ hm Zm ‹T> >Xm¡ ‹S> M Zm{b I bm `m
3) g§kmAm| H$m {H«$`mAm| go gå~ÝY aIZo Ho$ {bE - Zo, H$mo, go, Ho$
{bE, H$m, Ho$, H$s, _|, na, Am{X H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& BÝh| H$maH$
{Mh²Z `m nagJ© H$hVo h¢Ÿ& nmR> _| go Eogo Xmo dmŠ` MwZH$a {bI|, {OZ_|
Xmo go A{YH$ H$maH$ {Mh²>Zm| (nagJm]) H$m à`moJ hþAm hmoŸ&
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76
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma :
* h[ae§H$a nagmB© H$s AÝ` hmñ` - ì`§½` aMZmE± n{‹T>EŸ&
* "^«ï>mMma' gå~ÝYr AnZo AZw^d H$s Amng _| MMm©
H$s{OEŸ&
* "^«ï>mMma EH$ Ádb§V g_ñ`m h¡' {df` na EH$ bKw
{Z~ÝY {b{IEŸ&
* Bg H$hmZr H$mo ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ê$n _| {bIH$a, _§MZ H$s{OEŸ&
*****
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77
nmR>-10
ZXr Am¡a gm~wZ
- kmZ|Ðn{V
Ame` : Z{X`m| go h_| n`m©á _mÌm _| ñdÀN> nmZr {_bVm Wm& bo{H$Z AmO _mZd Ho$ A{Z`§{ÌV hñVjon Ho$ H$maU nmZr H$s ñdÀN>Vm VWm gwb^Vm _| Adí` g§H$Q> Am J`m h¡&
ZXr!
Vy BVZr Xþ~br Š`m| h¡¡
Am¡a _¡br-Hw$M¡br
Vwåhmao Xþ{X©Zmo§ Ho$ XþO©b _|
{H$gZo Vwåhmam Zra ham
H$bH$b _| H$bwf ^am,
~mYm| Ho$ OwR>maZo go Vmo
H$^r Xÿ{fV Zht hþAm Vwåhmam Ob,
Z H$Nw>Am| H$s Ñ‹T> nrR>m| go CbrMm OmH$a ^r H$_ hþAm,
hm{W`m| H$s Ob-H«$s‹S>mAm| H$mo ^r Vw_ ghVr ahr gmZ§X,
Amh! bo{H$Z
ñdmWu H$maImZm| H$m VoµOm~ PobVo
~¢JZr hmo JB© Vwåhmar ew^« ËdMm,
{h_mb` Ho$ hmoVo ^r Vwåhmao {gahmZo
hWobr-^a H$s EH$ gm~wZ H$s {Q>{H$`m go
hma JB© Vw_ `wX²Y&
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78
H${d narM` : kmZ|Ðn{V g_H$mbrZ qhXr H${dVm Ho$ AJ«Ur H${d h¢& AmnH$m OÝ_
1 OZdar 1950 H$mo PmaI§S> Ho$ nWaJm_m _| hþAm& AmnZo g_H$mbrZ qhXr H${dVm H$mo Z`m ê$n àXmZ {H$`m& àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| Ho$ g§ajU na AmnZo {deof ~b {X`m h¡&
J§JmVQ>, g§e`mË_m, {^Zgma, H${d Zo H$hm Am{X CZH$s ~hþM{M©V aMZmE± h¢& do "gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma' go gå_m{ZV h¢&
eãXmW© :Xþ~br - nVbr, _¡br - J§Xr, Xÿ{fV; _¡br - Hw$M¡br - AË`§V _¡br, Zra - Ob, ham - VamoVmµOm, H$bH$b - ZXr Ho$ ~hZo H$s AmdmµO, OwR>maZm - OyR>m H$aHo$ N>mo‹S>Zm, H$Nw>Am - H$ÀN>n, Hy$_©; CbrMZm - Ob ^ao nmÌ H$mo hmW go {H$gr nmÌ `m _erZ X²dmam Imbr H$aZm (O¡go Zmd go nmZr CbrMZm), VooµOm~-acid, {df&
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE : 1. ZXr H$m ñdê$n H¡$gm h¡? 2. AmO ZXr Ho$ Xþ{X©Z Š`m| h¢? 3. ZXr H$m nmZr {H$gHo$ ~mX ^r H$_ Zht hþAm? 4. ZXr {H$g ~mV H$mo gmZ§X ghVr ahr?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE : 1. ZXr {H$Z-{H$Z ~mVm| Ho$ H$maU Xÿ{fV Am¡a H$_ Zht hþB©? 2. ZXr Ho$ nmZr H$m a§J Š`m| ~¢JZr hmo J`m? 3. {gahmZo na {h_mb` Ho$ hmoVo hþE r ZXr {H$ggo wX²Y hma J`r?
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79
III. H${dVm _|-ZXr _| H$bwf ^aZo H$s Am¡a _¡br-Hw$M¡br hmoZo H$s ~mV ~Vm`r J`r h¡& Amn gmoMH$a Am¡a H$moB© VrZ Eogr ~mV| {b{IE {OZgo ZXr H$m nmZr H$bw{fV hmo OmVm h¡: O¡go: H$maImZm| Ho$ VoµOm~ go 1. ....................................... 2. ....................................... 3. .......................................
IV. ZXr go H${d nyN> aho h¢ {H$ Vy BVZr Xþ~br Š`m| h¡? A~ Amn ~VmBE {H$ {H$g _m¡g_ _| àm`… Z{X`m± Xþ~br hmoVr h¢ Am¡a Š`m|?
V. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE : 1. Zra ........... ............ 2. ew^« ........... ............ 3. `wX²Y ........... ............
VI. ^md g_PmBE : {h_mb` Ho$ hmoVo ^r {gahmZo hWobr-^a H$s EH$ gm~wZ H$s {Q>{H$`m go hma JB© Vw_ `wX²Y&
VII. J§XJr ê$nr wX²Y OrVZo Ho$ {bE ZXr H$mo {H$gH$m gh`moJ Mm{hE? - gmoMH$a VrZ dmŠ` {b{IE&
`mo½`Vm-{dñVma : * ^maV Xoe _| ~hZodmbr Z{X`m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE Am¡a CZH$s pñW{V`m| H$s MMm© H$jm _| H$s{OE&
*****
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80
nmR> - 11
^maVr` {gVmam - H$ënZm Mmdbm
-g§H${bV
Ame` : H$ënZm Mmdbm h[a`mUm Ho$ H$aZmb {Obo H$s à{V^membr b‹S>H$s Wr, {OgZo AnZr _ohZV Am¡a Ñ‹T>{ZíM` go AnZo gnZm| H$mo nyam {H$`mŸ& dh ^maV H$s _{hbm A§V[aj `mÌr ~ZrŸ& H$ënZm ^maVr` `wdmAm| Ho$ {bE gXm àoaUmñÌmoV ah|JrŸ&
H$ënZm AŠga AnZo ghnm{R>`m| go H$hVr Wt {H$ Hw$N> Xoa Ho$ {bE dmñV{dH$Vm H$mo ^ybH$a gnZm| H$s Xw{Z`m _| OmAmo Am¡a D±$MmB`m| H$s Amoa XoImoŸ& dh Eogm gmoMVr hr Zht, H$aVr ^r WtŸ& Bgr{bE CÝhm|Zo AnZo OrdZ H$s D±$MmB`m| H$mo nm`mŸ& _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX ^r EH$ {gVmao H$s Vah h_oem AmH$me _| M_H$ ahr h¡Ÿ& H$ënZm Mmdbm H$m _Z gX¡d H$ënZmAm| H$s Amoa Xm¡‹S>Vm ahVm WmŸ& ~MnZ _| CZH$m _Z Am¡a Ü`mZ H$aZmb _| pñWV C‹S>mZ Šb~ H$s Amoa bJm ahVm WmŸ& CZHo$ _Z _| CR>Zo dmbo àíZm| Zo CÝh| AÝV[aj C‹S>mZ Ho$ {bE gXm ào[aV {H$`mŸ&
H$ënZm Mmdbm H$m OÝ_ 1 OwbmB© gZ²> 1961 _| h[a`mUm àXoe Ho$ {Obm H$aZmb _| hþAm WmŸ& CZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ ~Zmagr bmb Mmdbm Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ g§`mo{JVm h¡Ÿ& H$ënZm H$s Xmo ~hZ| gwZrVm Am¡a Xrnm VWm EH$ ^mB© g§O` h¡Ÿ& H$ënZm àmaå^ go hr ~w{X²Y_mZ N>mÌm| _| {JZr OmVr Wt Am¡a AnZo AÜ`mnH$m| H$s {à` N>mÌm WtŸ& AnZr à{V^m Am¡a Ñ‹T>{ZíM`r àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU H$ënZm H$^r AnZo nW go Zht S>J_JmBª
Am¡a CÝhm|Zo AnZm gnZm nyam {H$`mŸ&
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81
H$aZmb Ho$ Q>¡Jmoa ~mb {ZHo$VZ go Xgdt H$jm CËVrU© H$aZo Ho$ ~mX
H$ënZm Zo H$aZmb Ho$ S>r.E.dr. VWm X`mbqgh H$m°boO go EAamoZm°{Q>H$
B§Or{Z`[a¨J H$s nXdr àmá H$s, VËníMmV²> CÝhm|Zo _mñQ>a {S>J«r àmá H$aZo
Ho$ {bE A_o[aH$m Ho$ {díd{dX²`mb` _| àdoe àmá {H$`mŸ& H$ënZm H$m
_mZZm Wm {H$ "O~ Amn AnZo CX²Xoí` H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE Om aho hm|, Vmo
`mÌm ew^H$mar hr hmoVr h¡Ÿ&'
Q>oŠgmg _| H$ënZm H$s {_ÌVm AnZo C‹S>mZ-à{ejH$ Om°Z {n`ao
h¡[agZ go hþB©Ÿ& Yrao-Yrao CZH$s K{Zð>Vm ~‹T>Vr JB© Am¡a 1983 Ho$
{Xgå~a _hrZo _| do {ddmh-gyÌ _| ~±Y JEŸ& gZ²> 1984 _| Q>oŠgmg
`y{Zd{g©Q>r go H$ënZm Zo EAamoñnog B§Or{Z`[a¨J _| ñZmVH$moÎma Cnm{Y àmá
H$sŸ& BgHo$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo H$mobmoaoS>mo `y{Zd{g©Q>r go A§V[aj B§{O{Z`[a¨J _|
nr.EM.S>r. H$s {S>J«r àmá H$s Am¡a H¡${b\$mo{Z©`m Ho$ Eåg g|Q>a _| Zmgm
(ZoeZb EAamoZm°{Q>Šg EÊS> ñnog ES>{_{ZñQ´>oeZ) Ho$ gmW H$m_ H$aZm
ewê$ {H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo ½bmBS>a nmBbQ> H$m bmBg|g ^r àmá H$a {b`m WmŸ&
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82
Zmgm _| H$ënZm H$m _w»` H$m`© `h Om±MZm Wm {H$ H$§ß`yQ>a H$moS>m| Ho$
AZwgma EAaH«$mâQ>> R>rH$ go H$m`© H$aVm h¡ `m ZhtŸ& CgH$s ha J{V{d{Y
na ZµOa aIZm Vm{H$ C‹S>mZ Ho$ g_` H$moB© naoemZr CËnÞ Z hmoŸ&
EH$ {XZ H$ënZm Zo g_mMma nÌ _| {dkmnZ n‹T>m {H$ "Zmgm' AÝV[aj
_| OmZo H$s BÀN>m aIZodmbo d¡km{ZH$m| H$s ImoO H$a ahm h¡, {OgHo$ {bE
AmdoXZ nÌ _m±Jo JE h¢Ÿ& H$ënZm H$mo bJm _mZm| CgH$m dh gnZm nyam
hmoZodmbm h¡ {OgHo$ {bE dh AnZo n[adma Am¡a Xoe go BVZr Xya ah ahr
h¡Ÿ& H$ënZm Zo AnZm àmW©Zm nÌ ^oO {X`mŸ& Zmgm Zo H${R>Z narjU Ho$
~mX hµOmam| bmoJm| _| go {OZ 19 ì`{ŠV`m| H$m MwZmd {H$`m, CZ_| H$ënZm
^r EH$ WtŸ& H$ënZm H$m gnZm gmH$ma hmo J`mŸ&
h² yñQ>Z H$m Om°ÝgZ ñnog goÝQ>a AÝV[aj
`m{Ì`m| Ho$ à{ejU H$m à{gÕ Ho$ÝX« h¡Ÿ&
6 _mM© 1995 H$mo H$ënZm H$m `hm±
H${R>Z à{ejU àmaå^ hþAmŸ& AÝV[aj H$s
n[apñW{V`m| _| _mZd eara H$mo H$m_ H$aZo
`mo½` ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE `hm± à{e{jV {H$`m
OmVm h¡Ÿ& H${R>Z à{ejU Ho$ ~mX AÝVV…
H$mobpå~`m mZ _| H$ënZm H$s A§V[aj mÌm
àmaå^ hþB©Ÿ& 19 Zdå~a 1997 go boH$a
5 {Xgå~a 1997 VH$ gmobh {XZ, gmobh
K§Q>o Am¡a ~Îmrg {_ZQ> H$s `mÌm {Z{íMV H$s JB©Ÿ& H$ënZm Mmdbm AnZr
{deof A§V[aj nmoemH$ _| AnZo gm{W`m| Ho$ gmW A§V[aj H$s Amoa C‹S>
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83
MbrŸ& `mÌm _| H$ënZm H$m amo~mo Am_© Am°naoQ>a H$m H$m`© MwZm¡{V`m| go
^am WmŸ& CÝh| H$_mÊS>a Am¡a nmBbQ> H$s _XX Ho$ {bE eQ>b àUmbr
_| AmB© Iam~r H$mo R>rH$ H$aZm Am¡a H$jm _| {d{^Þ à`moJ H$aZm WmŸ&
H$ënZm Zo AnZo g^r H$m`© ^br-^m±{V nyU© {H$EŸ& 5 {Xgå~a H$mo CZH$s
`h àW_ A§V[aj `mÌm g\$bVmnyd©H$ gånÞ hþB©Ÿ&
gZ²> 1998 _| CÝh| Zmgm Ûmam Xmo~mam A§V[aj _| ^oOZo H$m {Z_ÝÌU
àmá hþAmŸ& CÝh| eQ>b `mZ Ho$ MmbH$ Xb H$m à{V{Z{Y Kmo{fV {H$`m
J`mŸ Am¡a eQ>b Ho$ âbmBQ> H«y$ Ho$ gmOm|-gm_mZ H$m CÎmaXm{`Ëd {X`m
J`mŸ& 16 OZdar 2003 H$mo H$mobpå~`m `mZ _| H$ënZm H$s Xygar
AÝV[aj `mÌm àmaå^ hþB©Ÿ& Bg `mZ H$s `mÌm g\$bVmnyd©H$ Mbr na§Vw
`mÌm g_m{á go Hw$N> {_ZQ> nyd© 1 \$adar 2003 H$mo em_ 7 ~OH$a
27 {_ZQ> na `mZ j{VJ«ñV hmo YaVr na Am {Jam Am¡a g^r gmV `mÌr
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84
{Ma{ZÐm _| gmo JEŸ& gXm Vmam| H$s Amoa XoIZodmbr H$ënZm ^r AÝV[aj
_| EH$ {gVmam ~Z JB©Ÿ& EH$ Eogm {gVmam {OgH$s M_H$ H$^r H$_ Z
hmoJr Am¡a Omo AnZr M_H$ go ^maVr` `wdmAm| H$mo gXm AmH$me _|
C‹S>Zo H$s àoaUm XoVm ahoJmŸ& ^maVr` A§V[aj AZwg§YmZ g§JR>Z Ho$ à_wI
Ho$.H$ñVyara§JZ Or Zo H$hm - "" H$ënZm Zo EH$ nyar nr‹T>r H$mo àmoËgm{hV
{H$`m h¡, {ZpíMV hr `h g~go ~‹S>r CnbpãY h¡Ÿ&''
*****
eãXmW© :
ghnmR>r - gmW _| n‹T>Zo dmbm, à{V^m - ~w{Õ_mZr, K{Zð>Vm -
ZµOXrH$s, à{ejH$ - {gImZo dmbo, eQ>b - A§V[aj `mZ, JwéËdm-
H$f©U - n¥Ïdr H$s AmH$f©U e{ŠV, j{VJ«ñV - Zï> hmoZm, {Ma{ZÐm _|
gmo OmZm - Xohm§V hmo OmZmŸ&
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) H$ënZm Š`m gmoMVr Am¡a Š`m H$hVr Wt ?
2) H$ënZm H$m _Z Am¡a Ü`mZ H$hm± bJm ahVm Wm?
3) H$ënZm Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡ ?
4) H$ënZm Zo {H$g {df` _| B§Or{Z`[a¨J H$s nXdr àmá H$s?
5) H$ënZm Zo {H$g AÝV[aj `mZ _| `mÌm H$s?
6) H$ënZm H$s nhbr `mÌm H$m g_` {H$VZm Wm?
7) H$ënZm {H$gH$s àoaUm XoVr h¢ ?
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85
II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| H$m CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE :
1) H$ënZm AnZo ghnm{R>`m| go Š`m H$hVr Wr§ ?
2) H$ënZm H$m OÝ_ H$~ Am¡a H$hm± hþAm?
3) H$ënZm Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡ ?
4) H$ënZm H$m {ddmh H$~ Am¡a {H$gHo$ gmW hþAmŸ?
5) H¡${bµ\$mo{Z©`m _| H$ënZm Zo H$hm± H$m_ {H$`m ?
6) H$ënZm H$m MwZmd {H$g H$m`© Ho$ {bE {H$`m J`m ?
7) AÝV[aj _| H$ënZm H$m H$m`© Š`m Wm ?
8) H$ënZm H$s Xygar A§V[aj `mÌm H$~ ewê$ hþB© ?
9) `mÌm-g_m{á Ho$ g_` Š`m hþAm ?
10) H$ñVy>ara§JZ Or Zo H$ënZm Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hm h¡?
III. Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) H$ënZm Ho$ n[adma H$m n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&
2) H$ënZm H$s {ejm H$m g§{já n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&
3) AÝV[aj mÌm Ho$ {bE H$ënZm H$mo H$hm± Am¡a H$m¡Z-gm à{ejU
{X`m J`m ?
4) H$ënZm H$s nhbr A§V[aj `mÌm Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IEŸ&
5) H$ënZm H$s Xygar A§V[aj `mÌm Ho$ A§V _| Š`m hþAm ?
IV. Ame` ñnï> H$s{OEŸ:
1) O~ Amn AnZo CÔoí` H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE Om aho hm|, Vmo
`mÌm ew^H$mar hr hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
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86
2) gXm Vmam| H$s Amoa XoIZodmbr H$ënZm ^r AÝV[aj _| EH$ {gVmam ~Z JB©Ÿ&
^mfm - ~moY Ü`mZ Xr{OE : 1) JwéËd + AmH$f©U = JwéËdmH$f©U A + Am = Am 2) Cn + AÜ`j = CnmÜ`j A + A = Am
`h XrK© g§pY h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Xmo gOmVr` ñdam| Ho$ {_bZo na Cgr Om{V H$m XrK© ñda ~Z OmVm h¡Ÿ&
A) {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| H$m g§pY-{dÀN>oX H$s{OE : 1) {dÚmb` 2) {h_mb` 3) {Jare 4) dYyËgd 5) bKy{_©
Am) {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| H$s g§{Y H$s{OE : 1) {dÚm + AWu 2) nwñVH$ + Amb` 3) _hm + B©e 4) ^mZw + CX`
B) {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| H$m dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE : 1) ghnmR>r 2) A§V[aj 3) à{V^m 4) K{Zð> 5) CÎmaXm{`Ëd
B©) nmR> _| AmE hþE "Xb' VWm "nyd©' eãXm| Ho$ EH$ go A{YH$ AW© h¢: 1) Xb - g_yh, nwîn `m no‹S> H$m EH$ nÎmmŸ&
2) nyd© - nhbo, EH$ {Xem H$m Zm_Ÿ&
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87
C) {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ EH$ go A{YH$ AW© {b{IE :
1) Hw$b 2) CÎma 3) _V
4) gmoZm 5) na 6) H$a
D$) Ü`mZ Xr{OE - CXmhaU : gmW _| n‹T>Zodmbm-ghnmR>r Bgr àH$ma
{ZåZ{b{IV eãX-g_yh Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {b{IE :
1) {OgHo$ _mVm-{nVm Z hm| -
2) Omo ^JdmZ _| {dídmg aIVm h¡ -
3) {OgH$s nËZr _a MwH$s h¡ -
4) Omo gË` _| {Zð>m aIVm h¡Ÿ -
5) {Ogo g~ {df`m| H$m kmZ h¡ -
6) {OgHo$ Ama-nma XoIm Om gHo$ -
7) gámh _| EH$ ~ma hmoZo dmbm -
8) ^maV _| ahZo dmbm -
E) {ZåZ{b{IV {deofUm| Am¡a {deoî`m| Ho$ ghr Omo‹S>o ~ZmBE :
1) à{V^membr - {gVmam
2) Vrgar - H$jm
3) M_H$Vm - à{ejU
4) Xgdt - ~oQ>r
5) à{gÕ - H$ënZm
6) H${R>Z - Ho$ÝÐ
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88
V. H$ënZm Ho$ OrdZ H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$mo ghr KQ>Zm-H«$_ _|
Omo‹S>H$a Xmo~mam {b{IE :
1) n§Om~ B§Or{Z`[a¨J H$m°boO go EAamoZm°{Q>H$ B§Or{Z`[a¨J
2) Zmgm _| àmW©Zm nÌ
3) 19 Zd§~a 1997 _| AÝV[aj `mÌm
4) Q>¡Jmoa ~mb {ZHo$VZ go Xgdt H$jm
5) 1 OwbmB© 1961 _| OÝ_
6) 1 \$adar 2003 H$mo AÝV[aj `mZ H$m j{VJ«ñV hmoZm
7) A_o[aH$m _| n‹T>mB©
8) Q>oŠgmg _| Om°Z {n`ao go ^|Q>
9) Om°ÝgZ ñnog g|Q>a _| H${R>Z à{ejU
10) 1983 Ho$ {Xg§~a _| {ddmh
aMZm H$m`© :
A) Amn r H$ënZm Mmdbm H$s Vah AnZo OrdZ H$m bú` {ZYm©[aV
H$s{OE Am¡a gmoMH$a {b{IE {H$ Amn OrdZ _| Š`m ~ZZm
MmhVo h¢ Am¡a CgHo$ {bE AmnH$mo Š`m H$aZm hmoJm ?
Am) AnZo {dkmZ Ho$ AÜ`mnH$ go JwéËdmH$f©U Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$
OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE Am¡a H$ënZm H$s{OE {H$ `{X n¥Ïdr
na JwéËdmH$f©U e{ŠV Z hmoVr Vmo Š`m hmoVm ? Bg {df` na
H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OEŸ&
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89
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma :
* maV Ho$ EH$ AÝ` A§V[aj mÌr amHo$e e_m© Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar
àmá H$s{OEŸ&
* AÝV[aj `m{Ì`m| Ho$ {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE Am¡a {dÚmb` Ho$
gyMZm nQ²>Q>> na bJmBEŸ&
*****
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90
nmR> - 12
{H$Îmya H$m {H$bm
- g§H${bV
Ame` : H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ à{gX²>Y {H$bm| _| {H$Îmya Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ {H$bo H$m n[aM` Bg {Z~§Y _| {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
^maV Xoe dram| H$m Xoe h¡Ÿ& `hm± Ho$ dram| Zo Xoe H$s ajm _| h±gVo -
h±gVo àmU Xo {XE h¢Ÿ& BZ dram| H$s H$hm{Z`m± gwZH$a Vwåh| Jd© hmoJmŸ&
_hmamZr bú_r~mB© H$s draVm H$s H$hmZr Vmo Vw_Zo gwZr hr hmoJrŸ& AmAmo,
Vwåh| Eogr hr EH$ Am¡a H$hmZr gwZmE±Ÿ& `h H$hmZr h¡ amZr MoÞå_m H$sŸ&
MoÞå_m Zo AnZo ñdm{^_mZ H$s ajm Ho$ {bE A§J«oµOm| go bmohm {b`m WmŸ&
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91
MoÞå_m {H$Îmya H$s amZr WrŸ& {H$Îmya Ho$ {H$bo na BgrH$m A{YH$ma
WmŸ& `h {H$bm ha X¥{ï> go gwa{jV WmŸ& {H$Îmya A~ nhbo O¡gm Zht ah
J`m h¡Ÿ& nhbo h amÁ` Wm VrZ gm¡ CZgR> Jm±dm| Am¡a ~hÎma {H$bm| H$mŸ&
V~ BgH$s emo^m {d{MÌ WrŸ&
Img {H$Îmya _| EH$ {demb {H$bm WmŸ& Bgo {H$Îmya H$m {H$bm H$hVo
h¢Ÿ& bJ^J S>o‹T>> gm¡ df© nhbo H$s ~mV h¡Ÿ& XogmB© d§e Ho$ _ëbgO© `hm±
Ho$ amOm WoŸ& do ~‹S>o ~hmXwa WoŸ& CZH$s Xmo am{Z`m± WtŸ& MoÞå_m N>moQ>r amZr
WrŸ& ~MnZ _| hr CgZo Vbdma MbmZm, Kmo‹S>o H$s gdmar H$aZm grI
{b`m WmŸ& MoÞå_m H$s H$moB© g§VmZ Zht WrŸ&
{H$Îmya N>moQ>m-gm Jm±d hmoVo hþE ^r dhm± Ho$ I§S>h>aŸ amZr MoÞå_m Am¡a
g§Jmoëbr am`ÊUm O¡go dram| Ho$ àË`j gmjr h¢& {H$bo H$s {_Q²>Q>r H$s
Xrdma gmV \w$Q> Mm¡‹S>r h¡Ÿ& `h {H$bm D±$MmB© na ahZo Ho$ H$maU, _rbm|
Xya VH$ {XImB© XoVm h¡Ÿ& {H$bo H$s ^ì`Vm H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE A§Jo«µO
B{VhmgH$mam| Zo {bIm h¡ {H$ - ""`h EH$ AgmYmaU {H$bm ahm hmoJmŸ&''
{H$bo H$s {dembVm AmO ^r XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& ~mhar àm§JU bJ^J
gm¡ \w$Q> b§~m h¡ Am¡a Vrg \w$Q> Mm¡‹S>m h¡Ÿ& N>V _| bH$‹S>r H$s H$marJar
XoIVo hr ~ZVr h¡Ÿ&
_ëbgO© H$s _¥Ë w Ho$ ~mX amÁ` H$m ma MoÞå_m Ho$ H§$Yo na Am J`m&
Cg g_` bm‹S>© hopñQ>¨½µO ^maV H$m JdZ©a OZab WmŸ& A§Jo«µOm| H$s Zr{V
Amn OmZVo hr h¢& ^maV H$mo do byQ>Zm MmhVo WoŸ& MoÞå_m XyaXeu _{hbm
WrŸ& dh OmZ JB© {H$ {H$gr {XZ A§Jo«µO {H$Îmya Ho$ {H$bo na h_bm H$a|JoŸ&
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92
Bg{bE CgZo {H$bo H$s gwajm H$m nyam BÝVOm_ H$a {b`mŸ& b‹S>>Zo Ho$ {bE
h{W`ma _±Jm {b`o, n`m©á ^moOZ-gm_J«r BH$Q²>R>r H$a brŸ& Bg{bE {H$
AJa Xwí_Z {H$bo H$mo Koa b| Vmo H$m\$s {XZm| VH$ ImZo H$s H$_r Z hmoŸ&
amZr Zo EH$ ~ÀMo H$mo JmoX boH$a CÎmam{YH$mar ~Zm {X`mŸ& BgH$s
I~a VËH$mbrZ {S>ßQ>r H${_íZa W¡H$ao Ho$ nmg nhþ±MrŸ& dh Vmo ~hmZm ImoO
hr ahm WmŸ& {\$a Š`m WmŸ! {H$bo na M‹T>> Am`mŸ& amZr Ho$ nmg CgZo EH$
nÌ {^Odm`m-""_¢ Amngo amÁ` Ho$ _m_bo _| Hw$N> ~mV H$aZm MmhVm
hÿ±Ÿ&'' amZr Zo H$hbm`m- ""_¢ b‹S>>mB© Ho$ _¡XmZ _| BgH$m CÎma Xy±JrŸ&''
A§Jo«µOm| Ho$ {bE `h MwZm¡Vr WrŸ& W¡H$ao ~m¡Ibm CR>mŸ& amZr Zo {H$Îmya
Ho$ {H$bo H$m XadmOm ~ÝX H$am {X`mŸ& dh ñd`§ Vbdma boH$a {H$bo
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93
Ho$ ~wO© na M‹T> JB© Am¡a AnZo {gnm{h`m| H$mo b‹S>>Zo Ho$ {bE bbH$maZo
bJrŸ& CgH$s ~hmXwar Ho$ gm_Zo Xwí_Z Wmo‹S>r Xoa Ho$ {bE bmMma hmo J`oŸ&
AMmZH$ EH$ Cnm` CÝh| gyPmŸ& CZHo$ nmg ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Vmon| WtŸ&
CÝhm|Zo Vmon go {H$bo H$m \$mQ>H$ C‹S>m {X`mŸ& CZH$s goZm KwgZo bJrŸ&
V^r amZr MoÞå_m n{V H$s Vbdma boH$a XadmOo na Am S>Q>rŸ& CgZo
^rfU _ma-H$mQ> _MmB©Ÿ& A§Jo«µOr Xhb JEŸ& CÝh| _w±h H$s ImZr n‹S>rŸ&
W¡H$ao _ma S>mbm J`mŸ& A§J«oµOr goZm ^mJ I‹S>r hþB©Ÿ& {H$Îmya H$m {H$bm
amZr H$s {dO` na _wñHw$am CR>mŸ&
bo{H$Z `h PJ‹S>o H$m A§V Zht WmŸ& {H$bo H$s _wñHw$amhQ> Amh _|
~Xb JB©Ÿ& AnZr hma go A§Jo«µOr A{YH$mar {Vb{_bm CR>o WoŸ& Wmo‹S>o hr
{XZm| _| mar goZm boH$a do {\$a {H$bo na Am Y_Ho$Ÿ& Vbdma| M_H$ CR>t,
Vmonm| go AmJ {ZH$bZo bJr, hµOmam| H$s g§»`m _| g¡{ZH$ Km`b hþEŸ&
{H$bo _| ImZo H$m gm_mZ IË_ hmo J`mŸ& Am{Ia H$~ VH$ ^rVa
~ÝX ahm OmVmŸ& amZr Zo nwéf H$m doe YmaU {H$`m Am¡a XadmOo na Am
S>Q>rŸ& K_mgmZ b‹S>mB© hþB©Ÿ& Bgr ~rM amZr Ho$ Hw$N> gm{W`m| Zo JX²Xmar
H$sŸ& CÝhm|Zo {H$bo H$m \$mQ>H$ Imob {X`mŸ& A§J«oµOr goZm {H$bo Ho$ A§Xa
Kwg JB©Ÿ& amZr ~ÝXr ~Zm br JB©Ÿ&
{H$bo _| H$s_Vr IOmZm WmŸ& A§Jo«µOm| Zo Cgo byQ> {b`mŸ& {H$bo H$mo
nyar Vah Zï> H$a {X`m J`mŸ& Bg àH$ma {H$Îmya Ho$ {H$bo H$s H$hmZr g~go
XX©ZmH$ h¡Ÿ&
*****
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94
eãXmW© :
bmohm boZm - `wÕ H$aZm, H§$Yo na AmZm - {Oå_oXmar AmZm,
h_bm - AmH«$_U, BÝVOm_ - ì`dñWm, V¡`mar; ~hmZm - H$maU,
_w±h H$s ImZm - hma _mZZm, IµOmZm - H$mof, ~m¡Ibm CR>Zm - Jwñgo
_| AmZmŸ&
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) {H$Îmya Ho$ {H$bo H$s Xrdma H$s Mm¡‹S>mB© {H$VZr h¡ ?
2) nhbo {H$Îmya H$m {dñVma {H$VZm WmŸ?
3) bmS>© hopñQ>¨½µO H$m¡Z Wm ?
II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE :
1) {H$Îmya H$s amZr H$m¡Z Wr ?
2) {H$Îmya na {H$gH$m A{YH$ma Wm ?
3) amOm _ëbgO© {H$g d§e Ho$ Wo ?
4) amOm _ëbgO© H$s {H$VZr am{Z`m± Wt ?
5) MoÞå_m Zo {H$ggo bmohm {b`m Wm ?
6) nhbo {H$Îmya H$m {dñVma {H$VZm Wm ?
7) {H$Îmya {H$bo Ho$ ~mao _| A§Jo«Oo B{VhmgH$mam| Zo Š`m H$hm h¡ ?
III. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE :
1) {H$Îmya Ho$ {H$bo H$m dU©Z H$s{OEŸ&
2) MoÝZå_m EH$ XyaXeu _{hbm Wr, H¡$go ?
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95
3) W¡H$ao Zo {H$Îmya na AmH«$_U Š`m| {H$`m, CgH$m n[aUm_
Š`m hþAm ?
4) amZr MoÞå_m Zo {H$Îmya H$s ajm {H$g àH$ma H$s ?
5) {H$Îmya Ho$ {H$bo H$s H$hmZr XX©ZmH$ h¡, H¡$go ?
IV. {H$gZo, {H$ggo H$hm ?
1) ""_¢ Amngo amÁ` Ho$ _m_bo _| Hw$N> ~mV H$aZm MmhVm hÿ±Ÿ&''
2) ""_¢ b‹S>mB© Ho$ _¡XmZ _| BgH$m CÎma Xy±JrŸ&''
V. {ZåZ{b{IV n§{ŠV`m| H$mo H$hZodmbo à{gX²Y ì`{ŠV`m| Ho$ Zm_
{b{IE :
1) ""Vw_ _wPo IyZ Xmo, _¢ Vwåh| AmµOmXr Xy±JmŸ&''
2) ""ñdamÁ` _oam OÝ_{gÕ A{YH$ma h¡Ÿ&''
3) ""OZ-JU _Z A{YZm`H$ O` ho&''
4) ""gmao Ohm± go AÀN>m {h§XmoñVm± h_mamŸ&''
5) ""H$amo `m _amoŸ&''
^mfm - ~moYH$) BZ eãXm| Ho$ n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :
1) B§VµOm_ 2) BH$Q²>R>m 3) h_bm 4) ImoO 5) JX²Xmar
I) BZ eãXm| Ho$ AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :
1) H$hmZr 2) {H$bm 3) amZr
4) H§$Ym 5) Vbdma 6) ~ÀMm
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96
J) BZ eãXm| Ho$ {dnarVmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :
1) M‹T>Zm 2) {dO` 3) {demb
4) Xwí_Z 5) A§V 6) CÎma
K) aoIm§{H$V H$maH$m| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE :
CXmhaU : ~§Xa no‹S> na ~¡R>m h¡Ÿ& - A{YH$aU H$maH$
1) bS>{H$`m± J|X go Iob ahr h¢Ÿ&
2) g¡{ZH$ Kmo‹S>o na gdma h¡Ÿ&
3) am_ H$m ~ñVm H$jm _| ah J`mŸ&
4) ~ÀMm| H$mo ImZm {Ibm XmoŸ&
5) amYm nyOm Ho$ {bE \y$b bo Om ahr h¡Ÿ&
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma :
* AnZo AÜ`mnH$ go H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ AÝ` {H$bm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar
àmá H$s{OEŸ&
* Hw$N> {H$bm| Ho$ {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$a EH$ Ab~_ ~ZmBEŸ&
*****
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97
nmR> - 13
H$gm¡Q>r
- A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` "h[aAm¡Y'
Ame` : _Zwî` H$mo Mm{hE {H$ dh AnZo OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ _| Eogm H$m`© H$a| {H$ OrdZ H$s H$gm¡Q>r na Iam CVaoŸ& OrdZ _| ê$n H$mo _hËd Z XoH$a JwUm| H$mo _hËd XoZm Mm{hEŸ&
gm±dbm H$moB© hmo Vmo Š`mŸ&
AJa hmo T>§Jm| _| T>mbmŸ&&
H$aoJm Š`m Jmoam _wI‹S>mŸ&
Omo {H$gr H$m {Xb hmo H$mbm Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&
~‹S>r hm| `m hmod| N>moQ>rŸ&
^bo hr ah| Z agdmbrŸ&&
Mm{hE do Am±I| h_H$moŸ&
ß`ma H$s hmo {OZ_| bmbr Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&
^am hmodo CZ_| OmXyŸ&
Z aŠI| do AnZm gmZrŸ&&
Š`m H$a| Eogr Am±I| boŸ&
{Ja J`m h¡ {OZH$m nmZrŸ&&3Ÿ&&
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98
Z {Og_| XX© {_bm, EogoŸ&
Am±I _| Am±gy Š`m| Am`oŸ&&
{hV _hH$ Omo Z {_b gH$s VmoŸ&
\y$b Š`m _w±h go P‹S>> nm`oŸ&&4Ÿ&&
Š`m H$ao boH$a Ho$ H$moB©Ÿ&
{H$gr H$m ê$n-a§J EogmŸ&&
\y$b-gm hmo H$aHo$ ^r OmoŸ&
IQ>H$Vm h¡ H$m±Q>m| O¡gmŸ&&5Ÿ&&
AmX{_`V Omo Imo AnZrŸ&
H$m_ aIVo _Vb~ go h¢Ÿ&&
^bo hr Jmoao {MQ²>Q>o hm|Ÿ&
Am~Zygr Hw$ÝXo do h¢Ÿ&&6Ÿ&&
Z {~J‹S>o a§JV, a§JV goŸ&
Z _Z hmo VZ na _VdmbmŸ&&
^yb _| h_H$mo Š`m| S>mboŸ&
{H$gr H$m _wI ^mobm-^mbmŸ&&7Ÿ&&
ê$n Ho$ hmW Z {~H$ Om`|Ÿ&
Z gwI Xod| boH$a XwI‹S>mŸ&&
H$mR> go AJa n‹S>m nmbmŸ&
Š`m H$aoJm gwS>m¡b _wI‹S>mŸ&&8Ÿ&&
*****
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99
H${d n[aM` - A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` "h[aAm¡Y' (1865-1947)
A`m oÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` Or H$m OÝ_ AmO_J‹T >, {Obm
{ZµOm_m~mX _| hþAmŸ& Amn dht dZm©Š`wba H$s narjm nmg H$aHo$ {_{S>b
ñHy$b Ho$ AÜ`mnH$ ~ZoŸ& Cg nX H$mo BñVr\$m XoH$a Hw$N> {XZ ~mX
_XZ_mohZ _mbdr` Or H$s àoaUm go H$mer {hÝXy {dœ{dÚmb` _| qhXr
H$m AÜ`mnZ àma§^ {H$`mŸ& àma§^ _| Amn ~«O^mfm _| H${dVm {bIVo Wo,
~mX _| I‹S>r~mobr _| aMZm H$sŸ& AmnH$m "{à`àdmg' I‹S>r~mobr H$m loð>
_hmH$mì` h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm AmnZo "ag-H$be', "R>oR> {hÝXr H$m
R>mR>' "AY{Ibm \y$b' Am{X H¥${V`m| H$s aMZm H$s h¡Ÿ& AmnHo$ H$mì` _|
dmËgë` Am¡a l¥§Jma H$s àYmZVm h¡Ÿ& AmnZo _whmdam| Am¡a Ab§H$mam| H$m
gw§Xa à`moJ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
eãXmW© :
H$gm¡Q>r - IaonZ H$m nVm bJmZm, gm±dbm - í`m_ dU©, H$mbm;
T>mb - Vbdma, ^mbm Am{X H$m dma amoH$Zo H$m gmYZ; _wI‹S>m - _wI,
Moham; bmbr - gwIu, BÁµOV; gmZr - AnZr ~am~ar H$m, _hH$ -
gwJ§Y, P‹S>Zm - {ZH$bZm, IQ>H$Zm - XwI XoZm, AmX{_`V - _Zwî`Vm,
ImoO - nVm bJmZm, Am~Zygr Hw§$Xm - H$mbo a§J H$s bH$‹S>r, a§JV - a§J,
dU©; mobm - gab, A~moY; XwI‹S>m - Xw…I, H$mR> - bH$‹S>r, gwS>m¡b - gw§XaŸ&
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100
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) "H$gm¡Q>r' H${dVm Ho$ H${d H$m¡Z h¢ ?
2) H$gm¡Q>r H$m AW© Š`m h¡ ?
3) Am±Im| _| H$m¡Z-gm ^md ahZm µOê$ar h¡ ?
4) h_| {H$gHo$ hmW Zht {~H$Zm Mm{hE ?
II. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) gm±dbm hmoZo na ^r Š`m hmoZm µOê$ar h¡ ?
2) Am±Im| _| H¡$gm ^md ahZm Mm{hE ?
3) \y$b-gm hmoH$a ^r {H$gHo$ O¡go IQ>H$Vm h¡ ?
4) ^mobm-^mbm _wI h_| {H$g_| S>mb gH$Vm h¡ ?
III. VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:
1) Am±I| gwÝXa hmoZo na ^r H$~ ~war bJVr h¢ ?
2) gwÝXa ê$n-a§Jdmbm ì`{ŠV ^r H$~ ~wam bJVm h¡ ?
3) H$m¡Z Am~Zygr Hw$ÝXm bJVm h¡ ?
4) Bg H${dVm H$m _w»` ^md Š`m h¡ ?
IV. {ZåZ{b{IV n§{ŠV`m| H$m ^md ñnï> H$s{OE :
H$) ~‹S>r hm| `m hmod| N>moQ>rŸ&
^bo hr ah| Z agdmbrŸ&&
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101
Mm{hE do Am±I| h_H$moŸ&
ß`ma H$s hmo {OZ_| bmbrŸ&&
I) Z {~J‹S>o a§JV, a§JV goŸ&
Z _Z hmo VZ na _VdmbmŸ&&
^yb _| h_H$mo Š`m| S>mboŸ&
{H$gr H$m _wI ^mobm-^mbmŸ&&
J) AmX{_`V Omo Imo AnZr
H$m_ aIVo _Vb~ go h¢Ÿ&&
^bo hr Jmoao {MQ²>Q>o hm|Ÿ&
Am~Zygr Hw$ÝXo do h¢Ÿ&&
V. {ZåZ{b{IV n§{ŠV`m| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :
H$) gm±dbm ........................ &
................................ &&
................................. &
.......................... H$mbmŸ&&
I) Š`m H$ao ........................ &
................................. &&
................................. &
............................ O¡gmŸ&&
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102
VI. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
1) ^bo hr ah| A) Omo Imo AnZr
2) ^am hmodo Am) Z {~H$ Om`|
3) ê$n Ho$ hmW B) CZ_| OmXy
4) AmX{_`V B©) Z agdmbr
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma
* A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` "h[aAm¡Y' Or H$s AÝ` H${dVmE±
n{‹T>EŸ&
* "g§Kf©_` OrdZ' Ho$ ~mao _| Xg dmŠ` {b{IEŸ&
*****
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103
nmR> - 14
B©XJmh
- ào_M§X
Ame` : ào_MÝX H$s `h H$hmZr EH$ _Zmo{dkmZ H$s n¥ð>^y{_ na g§doXZmË_H$ ar{V go {bIr JB© h¡Ÿ& Jar~ hmoVo hþE ^r "B©X' Ho$ Ë`mohma na AnZr {ddoH$erbVm go "hm{_X' H$m AnZr XmXr Ho$ {bE EH$ {M_Q>m IarXZm - H$hmZr H$m Ho$ÝÐ {~ÝXw h¡ &
a_µOmZ Ho$ nyao Vrg amoµOm| Ho$ ~mX AmO B©X AmB© h¡Ÿ& {H$VZm _Zmoha,
{H$VZm gwhmdZm à^mV h¡! AmO H$m gy`© XoImo, {H$VZm ß`mam, {H$VZm
erVb h¡! _mZmo g§gma H$mo B©X H$s ~YmB© Xo ahm h¡Ÿ& Jm±d _| {H$VZr
hbMb h¡! B©XJmh OmZo H$s V¡`m[a`m± hmo ahr h¢Ÿ& {H$gr Ho$ Hw$V} _| ~Q>Z
Zht h¢, n‹S>mog Ho$ Ka go gwB©-YmJm boZo Xm¡‹S>m Om ahm h¡Ÿ& {H$gr Ho$ OyVo
H$‹S>o hmo JE h¢, CZ_| Vob S>mbZo Ho$ {bE Vobr Ho$ Ka ^mJm Om ahm h¡Ÿ&
OëXr-OëXr ~¡bm| H$mo gmZr-nmZr Xo X|Ÿ& B©XJmh go bm¡Q>Vo-bm¡Q>Vo Xmonha
hmo OmEJrŸ& VrZ H$mog H$m n¡Xb amñVm, {\$a g¡H$‹S>m| AmX{_`m| go {_bZm-
^|Q>ZmŸ& Xmonha go nhbo bm¡Q>Zm Ag§^d h¡Ÿ& b‹S>Ho$ g~go µµÁ`mXm àgÞ h¢Ÿ&
{H$gr Zo EH$ amoµOm aIm h¡, dh ^r Xmonha VH$, {H$gr Zo dh ^r Zht,
bo{H$Z B©XJmh OmZo H$s Iwer CZHo$ {hñgo H$s MrµO h¡Ÿ& amoµOo ~‹S>o-~y‹T>m|
Ho$ {bE hm|JoŸ& BZHo$ {bE Vmo B©X h¡Ÿ& amoµO B©X H$m Zm_ aQ>Vo WoŸ& AmO
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104
dh Am JB©Ÿ& A~ OëXr n‹S>r h¡ {H$ bmoJ B©XJmh Š`m| Zht MbVoŸ& CZH$s
AnZr Oo~m| _| Vmo Hw$~oa H$m YZ ^am hþAm h¡Ÿ&
~ma-~ma Oo~ go AnZm IµOmZm {ZH$mbH$a {JZVo h¢ Am¡a Iwe
hmoH$a {\$a aI boVo h¢Ÿ& _h_yX {JZVm h¡, EH$.... Xmo.... Xg.... ~mahŸ&
_moh{gZ Ho$ nmg EH$... Xmo...VrZ... AmR>... Zm¡... nÝX«h n¡go h¢Ÿ& BÝht
AZ{JZV n¡gm| go AZ{JZV MrµO| bmE±Jo - {Ibm¡Zo, {_R>mB`m±, {~Jwb,
J|X Am¡a OmZo Š`m-Š`mŸ& Am¡a g~go µµÁ`mXm àgÞ h¡ hm{_X ! µJar~-
gyaV, Xw~bm-nVbm b‹S>H$m, {OgH$m ~mn JV df© h¡µOo H$s ^|Q> hmo J`mŸ&
{\$a EH$ {XZ _m± ^r nrbr hmoH$a _a JB©Ÿ& A~ hm{_X AnZr ~y‹T>r XmXr
A_rZm H$s JmoX _| gmoVm h¡ Am¡a CVZm hr àgÞ h¡Ÿ&
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105
hm{_X Ho$ nm±d _| OyVo Zht h¢, {ga na EH$ nwamZr-YwamZr Q>monr h¡
{OgH$m JmoQ>m H$mbm n‹S> J`m h¡, {\$a ^r dh àgÞ h¡Ÿ& A^m{JZ A_rZm
H$moR>ar _| ~¡R>r amo ahr h¡Ÿ& B©X H$m {XZ Am¡a CgHo$ Ka _| XmZm ZhtŸ& Bg
A§YH$ma Am¡a {Zamem _| dh Sy>~r Om ahr h¡Ÿ& {H$gZo ~wbm`m Wm Bg
{ZJmo‹S>r B©X H$mo ?
A_rZm H$m {Xb H$MmoQ> ahm h¡Ÿ& Jm±d Ho$ ~ÀMo AnZo-AnZo ~mn Ho$
gmW Om aho h¢Ÿ& hm{_X H$m A_rZm Ho$ {gdm` Am¡a H$m¡Z h¡? Cgo H¡$go
AHo$bo _obo _| OmZo Xo ? Cg ^r‹S>-^m‹S> _| ~ÀMm H$ht Imo J`m Vmo Š`m
hmoJm ? Zht, A_rZm Cgo `m| Z OmZo XoJrŸ& ZÝhr§-gr OmZ, VrZ H$mog
MboJm H¡$go? n¡am| _| N>mbo n‹S> OmE±JoŸ& OyVo ^r Vmo Zht h¢Ÿ& Hw$b Xmo AmZo
n¡go aho h¢Ÿ& VrZ n¡go hm{_X H$s Oo~ _|, nm±M A_rZm Ho$ ~Qw>E _|Ÿ& `hr
Vmo {~gmV h¡ Am¡a B©X H$m Ë`mohma ? Aëbmh hr ~o‹S>m nma bJmEŸ&
hm{_X ^rVa OmH$a XmXr go H$hVm h¡, ""Vw_ S>aZm Zht Aå_m, _¢
g~go nhbo AmD±$JmŸ&''
Jm±d go _obm MbmŸ Am¡a ~ÀMm| Ho$ gmW hm{_X ^r MbmŸ& H$^r
g~-Ho$-g~ Xm¡‹S> H$a AmJo {ZH$b OmVoŸ& {\$a {H$gr no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo I‹S>o
hmoH$a gm{W`m| H$m BÝVµOma H$aVoŸ& hm{_X Ho$ n¡am| _| Vmo O¡go na bJ JE
h¢Ÿ& dh H$^r WH$ gH$Vm h¡ Š`m ?
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106
~‹S>r-~‹S>r B_maV| AmZo bJtŸ& `h AXmbV h¡, `h H$m°boO h¡, `h
Šb~ Ka h¡Ÿ& AmJo MboŸ& hbdmB`m| H$s XwH$mZ| ewê$ hþBªŸ& AmO Iy~
gOr hþB© WtŸ& BVZr {_R>mB`m± H$m¡Z ImVm h¡? XoImo Z, EH$-EH$ XwH$mZ
na _Zm| hm|JrŸ&
ghgm B©XJmh ZµOa Am`mŸ& B_br Ho$ KZo d¥jm| H$s N>m`m h¡Ÿ& ZrMo
nŠH$m µ\$e© h¡, Cg na Om{µO_ {~N>r hþB© h¡Ÿ& amoµOoXmamo§ H$s n§{ŠV`m± EH$
Ho$ nrN>o EH$ Z OmZo H$hm± VH$ Mbr JB© h¢Ÿ& `hm± H$moB© YZ Am¡a nX Zht
XoIVmŸ& BZ J«m_rUm| Zo ^r dµOy {H$`m Am¡a {nN>br n§{ŠV _| I‹S>o hmo JEŸ&
{H$VZm gwÝXa g§MmbZ h¡, {H$VZr gw§Xa ì`dñWm! hµOmam| {ga EH$ gmW
{gOXo _| PwH$ OmVo h¢Ÿ& {\$a g~-Ho$-g~ EH$ gmW I‹S>o hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ&
_mZmo «mV¥Ëd H$m gyÌ BZ g_ñV AmË_mAm| H$mo EH$ b‹S>r _| {namoE hþE h¡Ÿ&
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107
Z_mµO hmo JB©Ÿ& bmoJ Amng _| Jbo {_b aho h¢Ÿ& A~ {_R>mB`m| Am¡a
{Ibm¡Zm| H$s XwH$mZm| na Ymdm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& J«m_rUm| H$m `h Xb Bg {df`
_| ~mbH$m| go H$_ CËgmhr Zht h¡Ÿ& `h XoImo, {hÊS>mobm h¡Ÿ& EH$ n¡gm
XoH$a M‹T> OmAmoŸ& H$^r Amg_mZ na OmVo hþE _mby_ hm|Jo, H$^r µO_rZ
na {JaVo hþEŸ& `h MaIr h¡Ÿ& bH$‹S>r Ho$ hmWr, Kmo‹S>o Am¡a D±$Q> N>‹S>m|
go bQ>Ho$ hþE h¢Ÿ& EH$ n¡gm XoH$a ~¡R> OmAmo, nÀMrg MŠH$am| H$m _µOm
bmoŸ& _h_yX, _moh{gZ, Zyao Am¡a gå_r BZ Kmo‹S>m| Am¡a D±$Q>m| na ~¡R>Vo h¢Ÿ&
hm{_X Xya I‹S>m h¡Ÿ& VrZ n¡go hr Vmo CgHo$ nmg h¢Ÿ& dh AnZo H$mof H$m
EH$-{VhmB© µOam-gm MŠH$a ImZo Ho$ {bE Zht Xo gH$VmŸ&
g~ Ma{I`m| go CVaVo h¢Ÿ& A~ {Ibm¡Zo b|JoŸ& BYa XwH$mZm| H$s
H$Vma bJr hþB© h¡Ÿ& Vah-Vah Ho$ {Ibm¡Zo h¢ - {gnmhr Am¡a JwO[a`m,
amOm Am¡a dH$sb, {^íVr Am¡a Ymo{~ZŸ& dmh ! bJVm h¡ g~ ~mob-
Zm hr MmhVo h¢Ÿ& _h_yX {gnmhr boVm h¡, ImH$s dXu Am¡a bmb nJ‹S>r
dmbm, H$§Yo na ~§XyH$ aIo hþEŸ& _mby_ hmoVm h¡ A^r H$dm`X {H$E Mbm
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108
Am ahm h¡Ÿ& _moh{gZ H$mo {^íVr ngÝX Am`mŸ& H$_a PwH$s hþB©, D$na _eH$
aIo hþE h¡Ÿ& _eH$ H$m _w±h EH$ hmW go nH$‹S>o hþE h¡Ÿ& {H$VZm àgÞ h¡ !
em`X H$moB© JrV Jm ahm h¡Ÿ& ~g _eH$ go nmZr C±‹S>obZm hr MmhVm h¡Ÿ&
Zyao H$mo dH$sb go ào_ h¡Ÿ& H$mbm MmoJm, ZrMo gµ\o$X AMH$Z, AMH$Z
Ho$ gm_Zo H$s Oo~ _| K‹S>r, gwZhar O§µOra, EH$ hmW _| H$mZyZ H$m nmoWm
{bE hþEŸ& _mby_ hmoVm h¡, A^r {H$gr AXmbV go {Oah `m ~hg {H$E
Mbo Am ahm h¡Ÿ& `o g~ Xmo-Xmo n¡gm| Ho$ {Ibm¡Zo h¢Ÿ& hm{_X Ho$ nmg Hw$b
VrZ n¡go h¢, BVZo _h±Jo {Ibm¡Zo H¡$go bo? {Ibm¡Zm H$ht hmW go Ny>Q> n‹S>o,
Vmo Mya-Mya hmo OmEŸ& µOam nmZr n‹S>o Vmo gmam a§J Ywb OmEŸ& Eogo {Ibm¡Zo
{H$g H$m_ Ho$? CÝh| boH$a dh Š`m H$aoJm?
{Ibm¡Zm| Ho$ ~mX {_R>mB`m± AmVr h¢Ÿ& {H$gr Zo aod{‹S>`m± br h¢, {H$grZo
Jwbm~ Om_wZ, {H$gr Zo gmohZ hbdmŸ& _µOo go Im aho h¢Ÿ& hm{_X {~amXar
go AbJ h¡Ÿ& A^mJo Ho$ nmg VrZ n¡go h¢Ÿ& Š`m| Zht Hw$N> boH$a ImVm ?
bbMmB© Am±Im| go g~H$s Amoa XoIVm h¡Ÿ&
{_R>mB`m| Ho$ ~mX Hw$N> XwH$mZ| bmoho H$s MrµOm| H$s h¢, Hw$N> {JbQ> Am¡a
Hw$N> ZH$br JhZm| H$sŸ& b‹S>H$m| Ho$ {bE `hm± H$moB© AmH$f©U Zht h¡Ÿ& do
g~ AmJo ~‹T> OmVo h¢Ÿ& hm{_X bmoho H$s XwH$mZ na éH$ OmVm h¡Ÿ& H$B©
{M_Q>o aIo hþE h¢Ÿ& Cgo I`mb Am`m, XmXr Ho$ nmg {M_Q>m Zht h¡Ÿ& Vdo
go amo{Q>`m± CVmaVr h¢ Vmo hmW Ob OmVm h¡Ÿ& AJa dh {M_Q>m bo OmH$a
XmXr H$mo Xo Vmo {H$VZr àgÞ hm|JrŸ& {\$a CZH$s C±J{b`m± H$^r Z Ob|JrŸ&
Ka _| EH$ H$m_ H$s MrµO hmo OmEJrŸ& {Ibm¡Zm| go Š`m µ\$m`Xm? ì`W©
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109
_| n¡go Iam~ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& µOam Xoa H$s Iwer hmoVr h¡Ÿ& {\$a Vmo {Ibm¡Zm| H$s
Amoa H$moB© Am±I CR>mH$a r Zht XoIVmŸ& m {\$a Ka nhþ±MVo-nhþ±MVo Qy>Q>-
\y$Q>H$a ~am~a hmo OmE±JoŸ& {M_Q>m {H$VZo H$m_ H$s MrµO h¡ ! amo{Q>`m± Vdo
go CVma bmo, Myëho _| g|H$ bmoŸ& H$moB© AmJ _m±JZo AmE Vmo PQ>nQ> Myëho
go AmJ {ZH$mbH$a Cgo Xo XmoŸ& Aå_m ~oMmar H$mo H$hm± \w$agV h¡ {H$
~mµOma OmE Am¡a BVZo n¡go hr H$hm± {_bVo h¢ ? amoµO hmW Obm boVr h¢Ÿ&
hm{_X Ho$ gmWr AmJo ~‹T> JE h¢Ÿ& g~rb na g~-Ho$-g~ e~©V nr
aho h¢Ÿ& XoImo, g~ {H$VZo bmbMr h¢Ÿ& BVZr {_R>mB`m± bt, _wPo {H$grZo
EH$ ^r Z XrŸ& Cg na H$hVo h¢, _oao gmW MbmoŸ& _oam `h H$m_ H$amo, _oam
dh H$m_ H$amoŸ& A~ AJa {H$gr Zo {H$gr H$m_ H$mo H$hm, Vmo nyNy>±JmŸ&
ImE± {_R>mB`m±Ÿ& Amn _w±h g‹S>oJm, \$mo‹S>o-\w§${g`m± {ZH$b|Jr, Amn hr µO~mZ
MQ>moar hmo OmEJrŸ& V~ Ka go n¡go MwamE±Jo Am¡a _ma ImE±JoŸ& {H$Vm~ _|
PyR>r ~mV| Wmo‹S>o hr {bIr h¢Ÿ& _oar µO~mZ Š`m| Iam~ hmoJr? Aå_m {M_Q>m
XoI, Xm¡‹S>H$a _oao hmW go bo b|Jr Am¡a H$h|Jr - _oam ~ÀMm, Aå_m Ho$
{bE {M_Q>m bm`m h¡Ÿ& hµOmam| XwAmE± X|JrŸ& {\$a n‹S>mog H$s Am¡aVm| H$mo
{XImE±JrŸ& gmao Jm±d _| MMm© hmoZo bJoJr, hm{_X {M_Q>m bm`m h¡, {H$VZm
AÀN>m b‹S>H$m h¡Ÿ& BZ bmoJm| Ho$ {Ibm¡Zm| na H$m¡Z BÝh| XwAmE± XoJm? ~‹S>m|
H$s XwAmE± grYo Aëbmh Ho$ Xa~ma _| nhþ±MVr h¢ Am¡a VwaÝV gwZr OmVr
h¢Ÿ& _oao nmg n¡go Zht Vmo Š`mŸ& _¢ Jar~ ghr, {H$gr go Hw$N> _m±JZo Vmo
Zht OmVmŸ&
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110
CgZo XwH$mZXma go nyN>m, ""`h {M_Q>m {H$VZo H$m h¡ ?''
""N>h n¡go bJ|JoŸ&''
hm{_X H$m {Xb ~¡R> J`mŸ& {\$a ^r ~mobm, ""R>rH$-R>rH$ ~VmAmoŸ&''
""R>rH$-R>rH$ nm±M n¡go bJ|JoŸ& boZm hmo Vmo bmo, Zht Vmo MbVo ~ZmoŸ&''
hm{_X Zo H$boOm _µO~yV H$aHo$ H$hmŸ, ""VrZ n¡go bmoJo?'' Am¡a
H$hH$a dh AmJo ~‹T> J`m {H$ XwH$mZXma H$s Kw‹S>{H$`m± Z gwZZr n‹‹S>|Ÿ&
bo{H$Z XwH$mZXma Zo Kw‹S>{H$`m± Zht XtŸ& ~wbmH$a {M_Q>m Xo {X`mŸ& hm{_X Zo
Cgo Bg Vah H§$Yo na aIm, _mZmo ~§XyH$ h¡Ÿ& {\$a emZ go AH$‹S>Vm hþAm
gm{W`m| Ho$ nmg Am`mŸ&
_moh{gZ Zo h±gH$a H$hm, ""`h {M_Q>m Š`m| bm`m ~wX²Yy? BgH$m
Š`m H$aoJm?''
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111
hm{_X Zo {M_Q>o H$mo µO_rZ na nQ>H$ H$a H$hm, ""µOam AnZm {^íVr
Vmo µO_rZ na {JamAmoŸ& gmar ng{b`m± Mya-Mya hmo OmE± ~ÀMy H$sŸ&''
_h_yX ~mobm, ""Vmo `h {M_Q>m H$moB© {Ibm¡Zm h¡ ?''
hm{_X, ""{Ibm¡Zm Š`m| Zht h¡ ? A^r H§$Yo na aIm, ~§XyH$ hmo JB©Ÿ&
hmW _| bo {b`m, µ\$H$sam| H$m {M_Q>m hmo J`mŸ& Mmhÿ± Vmo Bggo _§Orao H$m
H$m_ bo gH$Vm hÿ±Ÿ& EH$ {M_Q>m O_m Xy± Vmo Vw_ bmoJm| Ho$ gmao {Ibm¡Zm|
H$s OmZ {ZH$b OmEŸ& Vwåhmao {Ibm¡Zo {H$VZm hr µOmoa bJmE±, _oao {M_Q>o
H$m ~mb ^r ~m±H$m Zht H$a gH$VoŸ& ~hmXwa eoa h¡ - _oam {M_Q>mŸ&''
gå_r Zo I§Oar br Wr& à^m{dV hmoH$a ~mobm, ""_oar I§Oar go
~XbmoJo? Xmo AmZo H$s h¡Ÿ&''
hm{_X Zo I§Oar H$s Amoa Cnojm go XoImŸ& ~mobm, ""_oam {M_Q>m Mmho
Vmo Vwåhmar I§Oar H$m noQ> \$m‹S> S>mboŸ& ~g, EH$ M_‹S>o H$s {Pëbr bJm
Xr, T>~-T>~ ~mobZo bJrŸ& µOam-gm nmZr bJ OmE Vmo V_ hmo OmEŸ& _oam
~hmXwa {M_Q>m AmJ _|, nmZr _|, Am±Yr _|, Vyµ\$mZ _| ~am~a S>Q>m ahoJmŸ&''
{M_Q>o Zo g^r H$mo _mo{hV H$a {b`m, bo{H$Z A~ n¡go {H$gHo$ nmg
Yao h¢Ÿ& {\$a _obo go Xya {ZH$b AmE h¢, Yyn VoµO hmo ahr h¡Ÿ& Ka nhþ±MZo
H$s OëXr h¡Ÿ& hm{_X h¡ ~‹S>m MmbmH$Ÿ& Bgr{bE CgZo AnZo n¡go ~Mm
aIo WoŸ&
Am¡am| Zo VrZ-VrZ, Mma-Mma AmZo n¡go IM© {H$E, na H$moB© H$m_
H$s MrµO Z bo gHo$Ÿ& hm{_X Zo VrZ n¡go _| a§J O_m {b`mŸ& gM hr Vmo
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112
h¡, {Ibm¡Zm| H$m Š`m ^amogm ? Qy>Q>-\y$Q> OmE±JoŸ& hm{_X H$m {M_Q>m Vmo
~Zm ahoJm ~agm|Ÿ&
_moh{gZ Zo H$hm, ""µOam AnZm {M_Q>m Xmo, h_ ^r XoI|Ÿ& Vw_ h_mam
{^íVr boH$a XoImoŸ&''
_h_yX Am¡a Zyao Zo ^r AnZo-AnZo {Ibm¡Zo noe {H$EŸ&
hm{_X H$mo BZ eVm] H$mo _mZZo _| H$moB© Amn{Îm Z WrŸ& {M_Q>m ~mar-
~mar go g~Ho$ hmW _| J`m Am¡a CZHo$ {Ibm¡Zo ~mar-~mar go hm{_X Ho$
hmW _| AmEŸ& {H$VZo Iy~gyaV {Ibm¡Zo Wo !
amñVo _| _h_yX H$mo ^yI bJrŸ& CgHo$ ~mn Zo Ho$bo ImZo H$mo {XEŸ&
_h_yX Zo Ho$db hm{_X H$mo AnZm gmWr ~Zm`mŸ& CgHo$ AÝ` {_Ì _w±h
VmH$Vo ah JEŸ& `h Cg {M_Q>o H$m à^md WmŸ&
½`mah ~Oo gmao Jm±d _| hbMb _M JB©Ÿ& _obodmbo bm¡Q> AmEŸ& _moh{gZ
H$s N>moQ>r ~{hZ Zo Xm¡‹S>H$a {^íVr CgHo$ hmW go N>rZ {b`m Am¡a _mao
Iwer Ho$ CN>br Vmo {_`m± {^íVr ZrMo Am aho Am¡a gwabmoH$ {gYma JEŸ&
{_`m± Zyao Ho$ dH$sb H$m AÝV Bggo µµÁ`mXm Jm¡ad_` hþAmŸ& dH$sb
µO_rZ na `m VmH$ na Vmo ~¡R> Zht gH$VoŸ& CZH$s _`m©Xm H$m {dMma Vmo
H$aZm hr hmoJmŸ& Xrdma _| Xmo Iy±{Q>`m± Jm‹S>r JBªŸ& CZ na H$mJµO H$m EH$
H$mbrZ [~N>m`m J`mŸ& dH$sb gmh~ amOm ^moO H$s ^m±{V qghmgZ na
{~amOoŸ& AXmbVm| _| Ig H$s Q>{Q²>Q>>`m± Am¡a {~Obr Ho$ n§Io ahVo h¢Ÿ& Š`m
`hm± _m_ybr n§Im ^r Z hmo ? ~m±g H$m n§Im Am`m Am¡a Zyao hdm H$aZo
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113
bJmŸ& _mby_ Zht, n§Io H$s hdm go `m n§Io H$s MmoQ> go dH$sb gmh~
ñdJ©bmoH$ go _¥Ë`wbmoH$ _| Am aho Am¡a CZH$m _mQ>r H$m Mmobm _mQ>r _|
{_b J`mŸ& {\$a ~‹S>o µOmoa-µOmoa go _mV_ hþAm Am¡a dH$sb gmh~ H$s
ApñW`m± Kyao na S>mb Xr JBªŸ&
A~ {_`m± hm{_X H$m hmb gw{ZEŸ& A_rZm CgH$s AmdmµO gwZVo hr
Xm¡‹S>r Am¡a Cgo JmoX _| CR>mH$a ß`ma H$aZo bJrŸ& ghgm CgHo$ hmW _|
{M_Q>m XoIH$a dh Mm¢H$sŸ& ~mobr, ""`h {M_Q>m H$hm± go bm`m?''
""_¢Zo _mob {b`m h¡Ÿ&''
""H¡$ n¡go _| ?''
""VrZ n¡go {XEŸ&''
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114
A_rZm Zo N>mVr nrQ> brŸ& `h H¡$gm ~og_P b‹S>H$m h¡ {H$ Xmonha
hþB©, Z Hw$N> Im`m, Z {n`mŸ& bm`m Š`m, {M_Q>m ! ""gmao _obo _| VwPo
Am¡a H$moB© MrµO Z {_br, Omo `h bmoho H$m {M_Q>m CR>m bm`mŸ&''
hm{_X Zo AnamYr ^md go H$hm, ""Vwåhmar A±Jw{b`m± Vdo go Ob
OmVr Wt, Bg{bE _¢Zo {M_Q>m {b`mŸ&''
~w{‹T>`m H$m H«$moY VwaÝV ñZoh _| ~Xb J`mŸ& ~ÀMo _| {H$VZm Ë`mJ,
{H$VZm gX²>^md Am¡a {H$VZm {ddoH$ h¡! Xygam| H$mo {Ibm¡Zo boVo Am¡a {_R>mB©
ImVo XoIH$a BgH$m _Z {H$VZm bbMm`m hmoJmŸ& BVZm µOãV Bggo hþAm
H¡$go? dhm± ^r Bgo AnZr ~w{‹T>`m XmXr H$s `mX ~Zr ahrŸ& A_rZm H$m
_Z JX²>JX²> hmo J`mŸ& dh amoZo bJrŸ& Xm_Z \¡$bmH$a hm{_X H$mo XwAmE± XoVr
OmVr Wr Am¡a CgH$s Am±Im| go Am±gy H$s ~‹S>r-~‹S>r ~y±Xo§ {JaVr OmVr WtŸ&
*****
H$hmZrH$ma H$m n[aM` - ào_MÝX
ào_MÝX H$m OÝ_ EH$ _| H$mer go Mma _rb Xya
b_hr Zm_H$ Jm±d _| 31 OwbmB© 1880 H$mo hþAm
WmŸ& gmV gmb H$s AdñWm _| CZH$s _mVm H$m Am¡a
Mm¡Xh df© H$s AdñWm _| {nVm H$m Xohm§V hmo J`mŸ&
Bggo CZHo$ {ga na H${R>ZmB`m| H$m nhm‹S> Qy>Q> n‹S>mŸ&
Q²>`yeZ H$a-H$aHo$ CÝhm|Zo _¡{Q´>H$ nmg {H$`mŸ& Zm¡H$ar
H$aVo hþE CÝhm|Zo ñZmVH$ narjm nmg H$sŸ& ào_MÝX Zo Jm§YrOr go àoaUm
J«hU H$a AnZo gm{hË` _| ^maVr` J«m_rU OrdZ H$m gw§Xa {MÌU {H$`m
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115
h¡Ÿ& AmnH$mo "CnÝ`mg-g_«mQ>' H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& AmnZo godmgXZ, J~Z,
{Z_©bm, H$_© y{_, JmoXmZ Am{X CnÝ`mg {bIo h¢Ÿ& AmnH$s gånyU© H$hm{Z`m|
H$mo "_mZgamoda'erf©H$ go AmR> ^mJm| _| g§H${bV {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
eãXmW© :
a_µOmZ - Bgbm_r df© H$m Zm¡dm± _hrZm, amoµOm - Cndmg, a_µOmZ Ho$ _hrZo ^a _wgb_mZ gy`m}X` go gy`m©ñV VH$ Z Hw$N> ImVo, Z EH$ ~y±X nmZr nrVo h¢; Hw$~oa - YZ Ho$ XodVm, {ZJmo‹S>r - A^m{JZ, {ZH$å_r; H$mog - VrZ {H$._r.go A{YH$ Xyar H$m EH$ Zmn, dµOy - Z_mµO go nhbo hmW-nm±d YmoZm, {gOXm - Z_mµO AXm H$aVo g_` µO_rZ na _mWm Q>oH$Zm, g_ñV - g^r, H$mof - OmZm, H$dm`X - H$X_ - Mmb, {Oah - gÀMmB© Om±MZo Ho$ {bE dH$sb X²dmam àíZ nyN>Zm, {~amXar - Om{V, g_mO, ^mB©-Mmam, n¥WH$ - AbJ, g~rb - dh ñWmZ Ohm± bmoJm| H$mo nmZr, e~©V Am{X {nbm`m OmE, aod{S>`m± - {Vb go ~Zr {_R>mB©, gwabmoH$ - ñdJ© bmoH$, _mV_ - emoH$, {ddoH$ - ^bo-~wao H$mo Om±MZo
H$s e{ŠV, µOãV - H$m~y, amoH$, {Z`§ÌU; Xm_Z - Am±MbŸ&
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) amoµOo H$~ aIo OmVo h¢ ?
2) hm{_X Ho$ nm±d _| Š`m Zht h¡ ?
3) A_rZm Ho$ ~Qw>E _| {H$VZo n¡go Wo ?
4) _moh{gZ H$mo Š`m ng§X Am`m ?
5) g~rb _| Š`m-Š`m {_bVm h¡ ?
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116
II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| H$m CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE :
1) a_µOmZ _| {H$VZo amoµOo aIo OmVo h¢ ?
2) YZ Ho$ XodVm H$m¡Z h¢ ?
3) B©X Ho$ {XZ bmoJ H$hm± OmVo h¢ ?
4) hm{_X H$s XmXr H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm ?
5) hm{_X H¡$gm b‹S>H$m Wm ?
6) hm{_X H$s Oo~ _| {H$VZo n¡go Wo ?
7) {gOXo Ho$ g_` H¡$gm ^md àH$Q> hmoVm h¡ ?
8) hm{_X Zo Š`m IarXm ?
9) hm{_X Zo {M_Q>m {H$VZo n¡go _| IarXm Wm ?
10) A_rZm JX²>JX² hmoH$a hm{_X H$mo Š`m XoZo bJr ?
III. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| H$m CÎma VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| Xr{OE :
1) B©X Ho$ à^mV H$m dU©Z nmR> Ho$ AmYma na H$s{OEŸ&
2) A_rZm H$m {Xb Š`m gmoMH$a XwIr h¡ ?
3) B©XJmh Ho$ Ñí` H$m dU©Z H$s{OEŸ&
4) hm{_X Ho$ gm{W`m| Zo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go {Ibm¡Zo IarXo ?
5) hm{_X Zo Š`m gmoMH$a {M_Q>m IarXmŸ?
6) hm{_X Ho$ JwUm| Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmBE &
IV. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ` {H$gZo, {H$ggo H$hm ?
1) ""_¢ g~go nhbo AmD±$JmŸ&''
2) ""_oar I§Oar go ~XbmoJo ? Xmo AmZo H$s h¡Ÿ&''
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3) ""Vw_ h_mam {^íVr boH$a XoImoŸ&''
4) ""gmao _obo _| VwPo Am¡a H$moB© MrµO Z {_brŸ&''
V. {ZåZm§{H$V eãXm| Ho$ {h§Xr n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :
1) amoµO 2) Iwe 3) B§VµOma 4) _µOm
5) {~amXar 6) amoµOm 7) B_maV 8) H$dm`X
9) IµOmZm 10) µO_rZ
VI. BZ dmŠ`m§em| Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {b{IE :
1) Bgbm_r df© H$m Zm¡dm± _hrZm - ...........
2) YZ Ho$ XodVm - ...........
3) Z_mµO go nhbo hmW-nm±d YmoZm - ...........
4) VrZ {H$._r. go A{YH$ Xyar H$m EH$ Zmn - ...........
5) gÀMmB© Om±MZo Ho$ {bE dH$sb Ûmam àíZ nyN>Zm -
...........
6) ^bo-~wao H$mo Om±MZo H$s e{ŠV - ...........
7) Z_mµO Ho$ g_` µO_rZ na _mWm Q>oH$Zm - ...........
VII. AewÕ dmŠ`m| H$mo ewÕ H$s{OE :
CXmhaU : dh Zo H$m_ {H$`m - CgZo H$m_ {H$`mŸ&
1) _oao H$mo Vwåhmar gbmh Zht Mm{hEŸ&
2) _¢ AmO {dX²`mb` Zht OmZm h¡Ÿ&
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3) _¢Zoo Vwåhmao H$mo g_Pm {X`mŸ&
4) h_H$mo Ka OmZm h¡Ÿ&
VIII. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :
1) Ka 2) {hñgo 3) MrµO
4) {Ibm¡Zm 5) n§{ŠV 6) C§Jbr
7) XwAm 8) amo{Q>`m± 9) hmW 10) B_maV
IX. {dnarVmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :
1) {Zamem 2) Á`mXm 3) _µO~yV
4) àgÞ 5) S>a 6) ß`ma
7) Iwe 8) {ddoH$ 9) gwÝXa 10) {ZíM`
X. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE :
1) b‹S>H$m 2) Kmo‹S>m 3) ~y‹T>m 4) ~mn
5) D±$Q> 6) hmWr 7) XmXr
XI. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE :
grIZm {gImZm {gIdmZm
nrZm ........... ...........
grZm ........... ...........
gmoZm gwwbmZm gwbdmZm
amoZm ........... ............
YmoZm ........... ............
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119
XII. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma ~hþdMZ ~ZmBE :
g§{Y - g§{Y`m± {VVbr - {VV{b`m±
Om{V - ................ ZXr - ................
Á`mo{V - ................ ór - ................
G$Vw - G$VwE± dYy - dYwE±
YmVw - ................ ~hÿ - .................
^mfm - ~moY1. _whmdao -
(H$) Hw$~oa H$m IµOmZm - AË`{YH$ YZŸ&
(I) {Xb H$MmoQ>Zm - Xw…Ir hmoZmŸ&
(J) n¡am| _| na bJZm - VoµO Xm¡‹S>ZmŸ&
(K) Am±I CR>mH$a XoIZm - Ü`mZ XoZmŸ&
(M>) h¡µOo H$s ^|Q> hmoZm - h¡µOo H$s ~r_mar go _aZmŸ&
(N>) {Xb ~¡R> OmZm - CËgmh R>§‹S>m n‹S> OmZmŸ&
(O) ~mb ^r ~m±H$m Z H$aZm - Wmo‹S>r ^r hm{Z Z nhþ±MmZmŸ&
(P) a§J O_mZm - à^m{dV H$aZmŸ&
2. {ZåZ{b{IV _whmdam| H$m AW© {bIH$a dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ
H$s{OE :
1) {Xb H$MmoQ>Zm -
2) n¡am| _| na bJZm -
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120
3) _w±h VmH$Vo ah OmZm -
4) {Xb ~¡R> OmZm -
5) ~mb ^r ~m±H$m Z hmoZm -
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma
* ào_MÝX Bg H$hmZr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Š`m H$hZm MmhVo h¢ ? Cgo
g_{PE Am¡a Cg na {dMma H$s{OEŸ&
* '_mZgamoda' ^mJ - 1 go ào_M§X H$s AÝ` H$hm{Z`m± n{‹T>EŸ Am¡a
H$jm _| gwZmBE&
*****
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121
nmR> - 15
`jJmZ
- g§H${bV
Ame` : {H$gr ñWmZ {deof _| ñWmZr` bmoJm| Ûmam {dH${gV H$bm bmoH$H$bm H$hbmVr h¡Ÿ& Bg nmR> _| H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s bmoH$H$bm, `jJmZ H$m n[aM` {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ& AnZo àXoe H$s bmoH$H$bmAm| H$m _hËd g_PH$a CÝh| ~ZmE aIZm Mm{hEŸ&
a{d Ho$ {nVm Zo O~ Cgo ~Vm`m {H$ Bg ~ma Xehao H$s Nw>{Q²>Q>`m|
_| h_ XmXmOr go {_bZo CZHo$ Jm±d Om aho h¢ Vmo a{d Iwer go Py_ CR>m
Š`m|{H$ O~ r dh _wå~B© H$s r‹S>^m‹S> go Xya AnZo XmXm Ho$ nmg H$Zm©Q>H$
Ho$ N>moQ>o-go Jm±d OmVm Wm, Cgo ~hþV AÀN>m bJVm WmŸ& {Og {XZ do
bmoJ Jm±d nhþ±Mo, dhm± Xehao H$m CËgd Mb ahm Wm Am¡a Bgr gÝX^©
_| dhm± amoµO Hw$N>-Z-Hw$N> gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$_ MbVo ahVo WoŸ& a{d Zo
XmXmOr go nyN>m {H$ AmO em_ H$m H$m`©H«$_ Š`m h¡ Vmo CÝhm|Zo ~Vm`m
{H$ AmO `jJmZ H$m àXe©Z hmoZodmbm h¡Ÿ& a{d Ho$ {nVm Zo ~Vm`m {H$
"Vwåhmao XmXmOr ^r `jJmZ Ho$ à{gÕ H$bmH$ma h¢Ÿ&' `h gwZH$a a{d
XmXmOr Ho$ nrN>o n‹S> J`m {H$ Cgo `jJmZ Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmE±Ÿ& `h gwZVo
hr XmXmOr _mZm| gnZm| _| Imo JEŸ&
XmXmOr ~mobo - "H$hm± go ewê$ H$ê±$, EH$ µO_mZm Wm O~ AmO O¡gr
gw{dYmE± Zht Wt, {\$a ^r h_ H$bmH$mam| _| H$bm Ho$ à{V Omo {Zð>m Am¡a
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122
g_n©U H$s ^mdZm Wr Am¡a bmoJm| _| H$bm Ho$ à{V Omo ào_ Am¡a é{M
Wr, Cgr H$m n[aUm_ h¡ {H$
`jJmZ H$bm AmO ^r
Or{dV h¡Ÿ& amV^a `jJmZ
MbVm Wm Am¡a bmoJ AnZr
ZtX, ^ yI-ß`mg, g~
^ wbmH$a CgH$m AmZ §X
CR>mVo WoŸ& H$bmH$mam| H$mo Vmo
Am¡a ^r _ohZV H$aZr n‹S>Vr
Wr Š`m|{H$ CÝh| KÊQ>m| nhbo
go hr V¡`ma hmoZm n‹S>Vm WmŸ&
OmZVo hm o, Vw_ _§M na
H$bmH$ma H$mo XoImoJo Vmo
nhMmZ ^r Zht nmAmoJo {H$
dh H$m¡Z h¡ Š`m|{H$ g^r
H$bmH$ma AnZo Mohao H$mo
Jhao a§Jm| go gOm boVo h¢Ÿ& nwamZo µO_mZo _| Vmo nwéf hr ñÌr H$m nmÌ ^r
{Z^mVo Wo naÝVw H$moB© nhMmZ Zht nmVm WmŸ& a§J bJmZo _| hr CÝh|
VrZ-Mma KÊQ>o bJ OmVo h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ dñÌm^yfU ^r {~ëHw$b AbJ hmoVo
h¢Ÿ& {ga na _wHw$Q>, ~mhm| na ~¥hV²> ~mOy~§X, dj na H$dM, H$_a _|
H$aKZr, n¡am| _| K§wKê$ nhZVo h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ H$n‹S>o r CÝh| g~go {d{eï> ~ZmVo
h¢, Š`m|{H$ H$n‹S>o nhZZo go nhbo do AnZo eara na _moQ>o H$n‹S>o H$s Vh
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123
(n¡S>) bJm boVo h¢ {OgH$s dOh go do gm_mÝ` bmoJm| go H$m\$s _moQ>o
{XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ H$n‹S>o Am¡a Am^yfU Jhao a§Jm| Ho$ Am¡a M_H$sbo
hmoVo h¢Ÿ& CZ_| a§JrZ H$m±M, nËWa, H$mJOm| Am{X H$m BñVo_mb hmoVm h¡,
{OZgo àH$me-namdV©Z hmoVm h¡, {OgH$s dOh go M_H$-X_H$ H$m\$s
~‹T> OmVr h¡Ÿ& gM_wM CgH$s gwÝXaVm ~hþV AmH${f©V H$aVr h¡,
H$hVo-H$hVo bJm _mZmo XmXmOr CZ Ñí`m| H$mo AnZo gm_Zo XoI aho hm|Ÿ&
`h gwZH$a a{d Ho$ _Z _| `jJmZ XoIZo H$s BÀN>m Am¡a ^r ~‹T> JB©Ÿ&
a{d `jJmZ Ho$ ~mao _| Am¡a ^r OmZH$mar nmZm MmhVm Wm {Oggo
dh _wå~B© OmH$a AnZo XmoñVm| H$mo ^r CgHo$ ~mao _| ~Vm gHo$Ÿ& CgZo
XmXmOr go nyN>m-XmXmOr jJmZ {g\©$ h_mao Jm±d _| hmoVm h¡ m H$ht Am¡a
^r? gwZVo hr XmXmOr ~mobo - "Aao Zht ~oQ>m, AmOH$b Vmo {dXoem| _|
^r `jJmZ _§S>{b`m± h¢ Am¡a H$m\$s bmoH${à` Am¡a à{gX²Y h¢Ÿ& H¡$ZoS>m,
`y.Eg.E, H¡${b\$mo{Z©`m Am{X OJhm| na ^r `jJmZ H$m àXe©Z {H$`m Om
ahm h¡Ÿ& d¡go Vmo nyao ^maV Ho$ bmoJ Bg H$bm go n[a{MV h¢ naÝVw {deof
ê$n go H$Zm©Q>H$ _| CSw>{n, CÎma-H$ÞS>, X{jU-H$ÞS>, {e_moJm Am{X _|,
Ho$ab Ho$ H$mgaJmoS> {Obo _|, Am§Y«àXoe _| Am¡a h_mar amOYmZr ~|Jbyé
_| `h H$m\$s bmoH${à` h¡Ÿ& BVZm hr Š`m| Hw$N> Xygar bmoH$H$bmE± ^r
Bggo {_bVr-OwbVr h¢, O¡go X{jU-H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s "_yS>bnm`m', CÎma
H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s XmoÈ>mQ>m, Mm_amOZJa {Obo H$m "KÅ>XH$moao' Am¡a Am§Y«àXoe
H$m "Ho${bHo$'Ÿ& `jJmZ Ho$ d¡go Xmo à{gÕ àH$ma _mZVo h¢ - "~S>Jw{VQ²>Qw>>'
Am¡a "V|Hw${VQ²>Qw>>'Ÿ&
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124
a{d Zo XmXmOr H$mo ~rM _| amoH$Vo hþE nyN>m -"XmXmOr nhbo _wPo `h
Vmo ~VmBE {H$ H$bmH$ma _§M na H$aVo Š`m h¢ ? CZH$m àXe©Z H¡$gm hmoVm
h¡?' XmXmOr ~mobo -"~VmVm hÿ± ~oQ>mŸ& `jJmZ àg§J _| Á`mXmVa {hÝXÿ
nm¡am{UH$ H$WmAm| Ho$ àg§Jm| H$mo {b`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a CÝh| `jJmZ Ho$
g§JrV Ho$ amJ-Vmb _| g§OmoH$a àñVwV {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& jJmZ H$m g§JrV
H$m\$s àmMrZ _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& nmíd©g§JrV H$s ì`dñWm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& gyÌYma
JmH$a `m g§dmX ê$n _| ~mobH$a, H$Wm Am¡a nmÌm| H$m n[aM` XoVm h¡Ÿ&
VoO dmÚ M§S>o ~OVm h¡, hma_mo{Z`_ na YwZ ~OmB© OmVr h¡, H$bmH$ma
^r n§MYmVw go ~Zr N>moQ>r K§{Q>`m± `m "Vmbm' hmW _| boH$a ~OmVo h¢Ÿ&
h_ g~ AnZr A§Jw{b`m| H$s Zmn H$s K§{Q>`m± ~ZmH$a AnZo nmg aIVo
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125
WoŸ& Bg àH$ma g§JrV, Z¥Ë` Am¡a amoMH$ H$WmAm| go Omo _mhm¡b ~ZVm
h¡, Cggo XoIZodmbm AnZo AmnH$mo nyar Vah ^yb OmVm h¡ Am¡a amV H$~
~rV OmVr h¡ nVm ^r Zht MbVmŸ& H$bmH$ma ^mdm| H$m àXe©Z Eogo H$aVo
h¢ {H$ Xe©H$ ^r CÎmo{OV hmoH$a ^mdwH$ hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ&'
a{d Zo nyN>m - "XmXmOr Š`m A~ r Amn A{^Z` H$aVo h¢?' XmXmOr
~mobo-"Zht ~oQ>m, A~ _wP_| BVZr VmH$V H$hm±? Am¡a hm± `jJmZ g_`
Ho$ gmW Wmo‹S>m ~Xbm ^r h¡Ÿ& Cg_| A~ nm¡am{UH$ H$WmAm| Ho$ gmW ZB©
H$WmAm| H$m ^r g_mdoe hþAm h¡Ÿ& dñÌm^yfU _| ^r Wmo‹S>o n[adV©Z hþE
h¢Ÿ& na BZ AmYw{ZH$VmAm| Ho$ gmW jJmZ Zo h_mar g§ñH¥${V H$mo ~MmH$a
^r aIm h¡Ÿ& Amem h¡ ^{dî` _| ^r `h H$bm h_mar g§ñH¥${V H$s Yamoha
H$mo g±^mbH$a aIoJrŸ&'
*****
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126
eãXmW© :
{Zð>m - AmñWm, ^{ŠV; g_n©U - Ë`mJ, ~¥hV²> - ~‹S>m,
~mOw~§X - ~m±h na nhZm OmZo dmbm Am^yfU, àH$me-namdV©Z - àH$me
{H$aUm| H$m {H$gr gVh go Q>H$amH$a bm¡Q>Zm, nm¡am{UH$ - nwamU go gå~§{YV,
nmíd©g§JrV-nrN>o go ~Om`m OmZo dmbm g§JrV, gyÌYma-ZmQ>H$ H$s ì`dñWm
H$aZo VWm H$Wm Am¡a nmÌm| H$m n[aM` XoZodmbm, n§MYmVw - nm±M YmVwAm|
H$mo {_bmH$a ~ZmB© JB© YmVw, g_mdoe H$aZm - {_bmZm, Yamoha-g§n{ÎmŸ&
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) a{d Nw>{Q²>Q>`m| _| H$hm± OmZo dmbm Wm ?
2) a{d H$hm± ahVm Wm ?
3) Jm±d _| {H$gH$m CËgd Mb ahm Wm ?
4) {H$g H$bm H$m àXe©Z hmoZodmbm Wm ?
5) `jJmZ H$m àXe©Z {H$g g_` {H$`m OmVm h¡ ?
6) _§M na OmVo g_` H$bmH$ma Mohao na Š`m bJmVo h¢ ?
7) H$bmH$mam| Ho$ dñÌm^yfU H¡$go hmoVo h¢ ?
8) `jJmZ Ho$ Xmo à_wI àH$ma H$m¡Z-go h¢ ?
9) `jJmZ H$s H$Wm H$hm± go br OmVr h¡ ?
10) `jJmZ H$bm Š`m g±^mb H$a aIoJr ?
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127
II. {b{IV -
A) {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE :
1) XmXmOr Ho$ Jm±d _| Š`m Mb ahm Wm ?
2) H$bmH$mam| Ho$ _Z _| `jJmZ Ho$ à{V H¡$gr ^mdZm Wr ?
3) bmoJ `jJmZ H$m AmZ§X H¡$go CR>mVo Wo ?
4) H$bmH$mam| Ho$ dñÌm^yfUm| H$s M_H$ H¡$go ~‹T> OmVr Wr ?
5) `jJmZ Ho$ Xmo à_wI àH$ma H$m¡Z-go h¢ ?
6) gyÌYma Š`m H$aVm h¡ ?
7) Xe©H$ Š`m| ^mdwH$ hmo OmVo h¢ ?
8) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| `jJmZ _| Š`m n[adV©Z hþE h¢ ?
Am) Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) `jJmZ H$bm Ho$ AmO ^r Or{dV hmoZo H$m H$maU Š`m h¡ ?
2) `jJmZ H$bmH$mam| Ho$ dñÌm^yfUmo§ H$m n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&
3) `jJmZ H$bm H$hm±-H$hm± àM{bV h¡ ?
4) `jJmZ Ho$ g§JrV Am¡a dmX²``§Ìm| H$m n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&
B) {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| H$m AnZo dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
1) {Zð>m 2) àXe©Z 3) {d{eï> 4) bmoH${à`
5) nm¡am{UH$ 6) g§ñH¥${V 7) Yamoha
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128
III. ^mfm-~moY
1) Ü`mZ Xr{OE : gm§ñH¥${VH$ = g§ñH¥${V + BH$
g§ñH¥${V eãX _| "BH$' àË`` Omo‹S>H$a "gm§ñH¥${VH$' - {deofU eãX
H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| go {deofU
eãX ~ZmBE :
1) B{Vhmg 2) Zr{V 3) doX 4) g_mO 5) ^yJmob
2) CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma eãX {Z_m©U H$s{OE :
CXmhaU - Xoe - ñdXoe, Xoe^{ŠV
1) Xe©Z 2) {XZ 3) emñÌ 4) a§J
3) C{MV gd©Zm_ MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :
(Cggo, Vw_, _oao, h_, Hw$N>)
_¢ erbm go ~mV H$a ahr WrŸ& _¢Zo ........ H$hm ........ r ........
gmW ~mµOma MbmoŸ& XmoZm| {_bH$a ......... gm{‹S>`m± IarX|JoŸ& ........
^r AnZr _m± Ho$ {bE Hw$N> gm{‹S>`m± IarX boZmŸ&
4) {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo ewX²Y H$aHo$ {b{IE :
1) Xehao H$m CËgd Mb ahr WrŸ&
2) nwéf hr ñÌr H$m nmÌ {Z^mVr WrŸ&
3) g§JrV H$s àñVw{V hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
4) _m± AÀN>m ImZm nH$mVo h¢Ÿ&
5) b‹S>Ho$ _¡XmZ H$m MŠH$a bJm ahr WtŸ&
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129
5) ghr Omo‹S>o ~ZmBE :
1) gm§ñH¥${VH$ - Ho${bHo$
2) nm¡am{UH$ - bmoH$H$bm
3) `jJmZ - H$m`©H«$_
4) Mm_amOZJa - H$Wm
5) AmÝY«àXoe - KQ²>Q>XH$moao
6) `h ^r Om{ZE :
^md `m AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` Ho$ {ZåZ{b{IV àH$ma hmoVo h¢ -
1) {dYmZmW©H$ - a_oe Ka OmVm h¡Ÿ&
2) {ZfoYmW©H$ - dh JmZm Zht JmVmŸ&
3) àíZmW©H$ - Vw_ H$hm± Om aho hmo ?
4) AmkmW©H$ - a_m Vw_ ~¡R> OmAmoŸ&
5) BÀN>mgyMH$ - ^JdmZ Vwåhmam ^bm H$ao&
6) g§XohmW©H$ - em`X dh gmo J`m hmoJmŸ&
7) {dñ_`mW©H$ - Aao ! Vw_ Am JEŸ&
8) g§Ho$VdmMH$ - `{X ~m[ae hmoVr Vmo _m¡g_ R>§S>m hmo OmVmŸ&
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma :* `jJmZ Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$ OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OEŸ& Bggo
gå~§{YV {MÌm| H$m g§H$bZ H$aHo$ AnZo {dÚmb` Ho$ gyMZm nQ²Q>>> na bJmBEŸ&
* ^maV H$s AÝ` bmoH$H$bmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OEŸAm¡a H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OE &
*****
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130
nyaH$ dmMZ
{Xem kmZ
- àem§V ZXre
O¡go-O¡go AmR>dt H$jm H$s dm{f©H$ narjm Ho$ {XZ {ZH$Q> AmVo
Om aho Wo, AmbmoH$ H$s K~amhQ> ~‹T>Vr Om ahr Wr& Eogm Zht {H$ dh
Zmbm`H$ Wm Am¡a nyao gmb n‹T>m Zht Wm& bo-XoH$a {ÛVr` loUr _| Vmo
nmg hmo hr OmVm Wm& _Vb~ `h {H$ dh EH$ gm_mÝ` {dÚmWu Wm,
Omo Z Vmo n‹T>mB© _| ~hþV brZ ahVm Wm Am¡a Z hr n‹T>mB© H$s Cnojm
H$aVm Wm& _Ja h CgH$s ~hþV ~‹S>r H$_µOmoar Wr {H$ narjm Ho$ Zm_
go hr CgHo$ hmW-nm±d \y$b OmVo Wo&
Bg ~ma r hr hþAm& O¡go hr Cgo nVm bJm {H$ n[ajm _| {g\©$
Xg {XZ ah JE h¢, CgH$s ^yI-ß`mg Jw_ hmo JB©& K~amhQ> Ho$ _mao
CgH$s V¡`mar ^r R>rH$ go Zht hmo nm ahr Wr& EH$ AÜ`m` n‹T> H$a
dh AJbm AÜ`m` n‹T>Zm ewê$ H$aVm Vmo Cgo bJVm {H$ dh {nN>bm
AÜ`m` ^yb J`m h¡&
""Bg ~ma Vmo _¢ µOê$a \o$b hmo OmD±$Jm'' CgZo _Z _| gmoMm&
V^r ~mha ñHy$Q>a éH$Zo H$s AmdmµO gwZmB© Xr& `h g_P J`m {H$
{nVmOr Am°{\$g go bm¡Q> AmE h¢&
""H¡$gr V¡`mar Mb ahr h¡, AmbmoH$?'' {nVmOr Zo CgHo$ H$_ao
_| AmH$a nyN>m&
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131
AmbmoH$ éAm±gm gm hmo J`m, ""Š`m ~VmD±$ S>¡S>r, Bg ~ma Vmo _oar
V¡`mar {~ëHw$b ^r Zht hmo nm ahr h¡& ~ma-~ma bJVm h¡ {H$ {nN>bm
`mX {H$`m g~ Hw$N> ^yb J`m hÿ± Am¡a Cgo {\$a XmohamZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Bg
MŠH$a _| _oam H$mog© ~hþV H$_ hmo nm`m h¡ Am¡a A~ gmV hr {XZ ah
JE h¡§& Bg ~ma Vmo _¢ µOê$a hr \o$b hmo OmD±$Jm&'' Am¡a dh bJ^J
amoZo H$mo hmo J`m&
{nVmOr Zo ñZoh go CgHo$ {ga na hmW \o$am, ""Zht ~oQ>o, Vw_
ZmhH$ K~amVo hmo& AÀN>m _¢ XoIy± Vwåh| {H$VZm `mX h¡&'' H$hH$a
CÝhmo§Zo CgH$s B{Vhmg H$s {H$Vm~ CR>mB© Am¡a Cggo Mma-nm±M àíZ
nyN>o& éH$-éH$ H$a hr ghr na CgZo g~Ho$ ghr Odm~ Xo {XE&
""dmh! Vwåh| Vmo g~ `mX h¡& {\$a Vw_ `h Š`y± g_PVo hmo {H$
Vwåh| Hw$N> `mX Zht? Agb _| Vw_ narjmAm| go ~hþV K~amE hþE
hmo& XoImo, K~amZo go Vmo H$m_ ~ZZodmbm Zht& `h ~mV Ü`mZ _| aImo
{H$ AJa Vw_ K~amAmoJo Zht, V^r g§Vw{bV _Z go n‹T> gH$moJo&'' Am¡a
{nVmOr H$_ao go ~mha {ZH$b JE&
""S>¡S>r R>rH$ H$hVo h¢&'' AmbmoH$ Zo gmoMm, ""A~ _¢ {~Zm K~amE
nTy>±Jm&'' {H$ÝVw Wmo‹S>r hr Xoa _| narjm H$s mX AmVo hr CgH$s K~am-
hQ>> {\$a ~‹T> JB©&
{nVmOr ^r OmZVo Wo {H$ Ho$db CnXoe Xo XoZo go AmbmoH$ H$s
K~amhQ> Xÿa hmoZodmbr Zht& dh Jå^raVm goo gmoMZo bJo {H$ AmbmoH$
H$s K~amhQ> Xÿa H¡$go H$s OmE&
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132
V~ VH$ em_ H$s Mm` H$m g_` hmo J`m Wm, Bg{bE CÝhmo§Zo
AmbmoH$ H$mo r ~wbm {b`m& Mm` nrVo-nrVo {nVmOr Zo AmbmoH$ go H$hm,
""AÀN>m AmbmoH$, _¢ Vwåh| ~hþV nhbo H$m EH$ gÀMm {H$ñgm gwZmVm hÿ±:
EH$ b‹S>H$m Wm& V~ dh Vw_go Wmo‹S>m gm hr ~‹S>m ahm hmoJm `m{Z
{H$ H$moB© Mm¡Xh gmb H$m, Vmo EH$ XþK©Q>Zm _| CgHo$ {nVmOr JwµOa JE&
Ka _| ~r_ma _m± Wr Am¡a Xmo N>moQ>o ^mB© Wo& CZH$s H${R>ZmB© XoIH$a
[aíVoXmamo§ Zo r _w±h _mo‹S> {b`m& nyao Ka H$mo gå^mbZo H$s [Oå_oXmar Cg
N>moQ>o go ~ÀMo na Am JB©& na Cg b‹S>Ho$ Zo {hå_V Z hmar& dh Cg
g_` Zm¡dt H$jm _| n‹T> ahm Wm, {H$ÝVw CgZo n‹T>mB© N>mo‹S> Xr& {nVmOr
Ho$ H$moB© EH$-S>o‹T>> hµOma én`o ~Mo Wo& Cg g_` BVZo én`o ~hþV hmoVo
Wo& CZ én`m| go Cg {hå_Vr b‹S>Ho$ Zo {H$Vm~m| H$s N>moQ>r gr XþH$mZ
Imobr& Cµ\$.... _¢ Vwåh§o ~Vm Zht gH$Vm Š`m-Š`m Xþ…I Pobo Cg b‹S>Ho$
Zo& AI~ma ~m±Q>Zm, XþH$mZ MbmZm, Ka MbmZm, _m± H$m BbmO H$amZm,
N>moQ>o mB©`m| H$mo n‹T>mZm Am{X Z OmZo {H$VZo H$m_ ~oMmao H$mo Cg N>moQ>r
gr C_« _| H$aZo n‹S>o& qH$Vw Cg b‹S>Ho$ Zo {hå_V Z hmar& ewê$-ewê$ _|
Cgo XþH$mZ MbmZo _| KmQ>m hþAm - AZw^d Omo Zht Wm, qH$Vw Yrao-Yrao
AnZr _ohZV, bJZ Am¡a B©_mZXmar Ho$ ~b na CgZo XþH$mZ AÀN>r
Vah O_m br& IwX {µOÝXJr ^a Zht n‹T> nm`m {H$ÝVw, N>moQ>o ^mB©`m| H$mo
n‹T>m-{bIm H$a bm`H$ ~Zm`m &'' mdmdoe _| {nVmOr ~mobVo Mbo JE& {\$a
Wmo‹S>m éH$ H$a Jhar gm±g boH$a ~mobo, ""Am¡a OmZVo hmo dh b‹S>H$m H$m¡Z Wm?''
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133
AmbmoH$ Mwn& {nVmOr Zo hr CÎma {X`m, ""do Vwåhmao g~go ~‹S>o
VmD$Or Omo Vwåhmao AmZo go nhbo JwµOa JE&'' {nVmOr Wmo‹S>m éHo$,
""AÀN>m AmbmoH$, EH$ ~mV ~VmAmo& AJa Vw_ ~‹S>o ^mB© gmh~ H$s
OJh hmoVo Vmo AnZr [Oå_oXmar go ~MZm MmhVo `m dhr H$aVo Omo
XmXmOr Zo {H$`m Wm&''
""Adí` dhr H$aVm Omo ~‹S>o VmD$Or Zo {H$`m Wm&''
{nVmOr H$m Moham H$R>moa hmo J`m& ""Zht& Vw_ d¡gm H$^r Zht
H$aVo,'' Wmo‹S>m Jwñgo go {nVmOr ~mobo, ""Vw_ OmZVo hmo Cg g_` ~‹S>o
^mB© gmh~ Ho$ {bE {H$VZr ~‹S>r narjm H$s K‹S>r Wr& Am¡a Vw_ Omo
BZ gmYmaU gr narjmAm| go K~amVo hmo, Cg narjm H$m gm_Zm H¡$go
H$a nmVo?''
AmbmoH$ gÞ ah J`m& {nVmOr Wmo‹S>m Za_ n‹S>o, ""XoImo AmbmoH$
narjm [g\©$ $n‹T>mB© _| hr Zht hmoVr ~pëH$ OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ _| hmoVr
h¡& narjm go Vw_ H$^r ~M Zht gH$Vo& ha narjm _| BÝgmZ H$s
naI hmoVr h¡& narjm H$m {hå_V go gm_Zm H$aZodmbo hr narjm _|
Iao CVa nmVo h¢, narjm go K~amZodmbo Zht&''
AmbmoH$ Wmo‹S>r Xoa Mwn ahm& em`X {nVmOr H$s ~mVm| H$m AW©
g_PZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a ahm Wm& {\$a Wmo‹S>m gm _wñHw$amH$a ~mobm,
""Am¡a S>¡S>r, {hå_V Ho$ gmW V¡`mar ^r Vmo hmoZr Mm{hE&''
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134
{nVmOr ^r h±g n‹S>o, ""hm± dmo Vmo R>rH$ h¡& `h ~VmAmo, Vw_ _oar
~mV g_P JE?''
""{~ëHw$b g_P J`m, S>¡S>r&'' I‹S>o hmoVo hþE _wñHw$amH$a AmbmoH$
~mobm , ""{dídmg a{IE A~ _¢ {~Zm K~mahQ> Ho$ n‹T>mB© H$ê±$Jm&''
AmË_{dídmgnyU© eãXm| _| CgZo H$hm&
Am¡a ñd`§ CgHo$ AmíM`© Ho$ {bE Cg ~ma dh àW_ loUr _|
CÎmrU© hþAm&
*****
BZ àíZm| H$m CÎma {b{IE :
1) AmbmoH$ Š`m| K~am`m hwAm Wm?
2) K~amhQ> Ho$ _mao AmbmoH$ H$s V¡`mar H¡$go Mb ahr Wr?
3) AmbmoH$ Ho$ {nVmOr Zo H$m¡Z-gr H$hmZr gwZmB©?
4) H$hmZr H$hZo Ho$ ~mX {nVmOr Zo AmbmoH$ go Š`m nyN>m?
5) Bg H$hmZr H$m g§Xoe Š`m h¡?
6) AmbmoH$ Zo AmË_{dídmg Ho$ gmW Š`m H$hm?
*****
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135
nmR> - 16
dra
- am_Ymar qgh "{XZH$a'
Ame`: Omo dra hmoVo h¢, do {H$gr ^r n[apñW{V _| {dM{bV Zht hmoVo h¢Ÿ& h_| H$^r ^r YraO Z ImoH$a {dn{Îm`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&
gM h¡, {dn{Îm O~ AmVr h¡,
H$m`a H$mo hr XhbmVr h¡,
gya_m Zht {dM{bV hmoVo,
jU EH$ Zht YraO ImoVo,
{d¿Zm| H$mo Jbo bJmVo h¢,
H$m±Q>m| _| amh ~ZmVo h¢Ÿ&
_w±h go Z H$^r C\$²> H$hVo h¢,
g§H$Q> H$m MaU Z JhVo h¢,
Omo Am n‹S>Vm g~ ghVo h¢
CX²>`moJ-{ZaV {ZV ahVo h¢,
eybm| H$m _yb ZgmVo h¢,
~‹T> IwX {dn{Îm na N>mVo h¢Ÿ&
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136
h¡ H$m¡Z {d¿Z Eogm OJ _|,
{Q>H$ gHo$ AmX_r Ho$ _J _|?
I_ R>m|H$ R>obVm h¡ O~ Za,
nd©V Ho$ OmVo nm±d CI‹S>,
_mZd O~ µOmoa bJmVm h¡,
nËWa nmZr ~Z OmVm h¡Ÿ&
JwU ~‹S>o EH$ go EH$ àIa
h¢ {N>no _mZdm| Ho$ ^rVa,
_oh§Xr _| O¡go bmbr hmo,
d{V©H$m-~rM C{O`mbr hmo,
~ËVr Omo Zht ObmVm h¡,
amoeZr Zht dh nmVm h¡Ÿ&
*****
H${d n[aM` - am_Ymar qgh "{XZH$a'
am_Ymar qgh "{XZH$a' Or H$m OÝ_ gZ²> 1908 _|
_w§Joa {Obo _| pñWV {g_{a`m Jm±d _| hþAmŸ& do AÜ`mnH$,
a{OñQ>ma, Hw$bn{V, g§gX gXñ` Am{X nXm| na {damO_mZ
ahoŸ& BZH$s H¥${V`m| _| Xoe^{ŠV, _mZdVm, draVm Am{X
^mdZmE± Hy$Q>-Hy$Q>H$a ^ar hþB© h¢Ÿ&
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137
BZH$s aMZmE± h¢ - Hw$éjoÌ, Cd©er, aoUwH$m, hþ±H$ma, Zr_ Ho$ nÎmo,
agd§Vr, gyaO H$m ã`mh, grnr Am¡a e§I, ZrbHw$gw_ Am{XŸ& ""Cd©er''
Ho$ {bE CZH$mo kmZnrR> nwañH$ma àmá h¡Ÿ&
eãXmW© :
{dn{Îm - g§H$Q>, _wgr~V ; H$m`a - S>anmoH$, XhbmZm - S>amZm,
gya_m - ~hmXwa, {dM{bV - {ZíM` go hQ>Zm, C\$²> - WH$mdQ> H$mo
àH$Q> H$aZo H$m g§Ho$V, JhVo - nH$‹S>Vo, MaU- H$X_, {ZV - amoµO,
eyb - H$m±Q>m, ZgmVo - Zï> H$aVo, N>mZm - \¡$bZm, _J - amñVm, I_
R>m|H$Zm - bbH$maZm, R>obZm - T>Ho$bH$a AmJo ~‹T>Zm, àIa - VoO,
d{V©H$m - ~Îmr&
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) {dn{Îm AmZo na H$m`a Š`m H$aVo h¢ ?
2) gya_m Š`m Zht ImoVo?
3) dra amh H$hm± ~ZmVo h¢ ?
4) nËWa Š`m ~Z OmVm h¡ ?
5) amoeZr H$m¡Z nmVm h¡ ?
II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE :
1) {dn{Îm _| H$m`a Am¡a gya_m Š`m H$aVo h¢ ?
2) dra {H$go Jbo bJmVo h¢ ?
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138
3) _mZd Ho$ µOmoa bJmZo na Š`m hmoVm h¡ ?
4) ~ËVr _| Š`m {N>nm hmoVm h¡ ?
III. VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) ~hmXwa {H$g Vah AmJo ~‹T>Vo h¢ ?
2) dra AmX_r AnZo _mJ© _| Š`m H$aVo h¢ ?
3) _mZd _| JwU {H$g Vah {N>no hmoVo h¢ ?
IV. {ZåZ{b{IV H${dVm§e H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :
_w±h go ....................
..........................
..........................
................. ahVo h¢Ÿ&
V. H${dVm§e H$m ^mdmW© {b{IE :
h¡ H$m¡Z {d¿Z Eogm OJ _|,
{Q>H$ gHo$ AmX_r Ho$ _J _| ?
I_ R>m|H$ R>obVm h¡ O~ Za,
nd©V Ho$ OmVo nm±d CI‹S>,
_mZd O~ µOmoa bJmVm h¡,
nËWa nmZr ~Z OmVm h¡Ÿ&
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139
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma :
* {XZH$a Or H$s H$moB© Xygar H${dVm H§$R>ñW H$s{OEŸ&
* draVm go g§~§{YV AÝ` H${dVmE± n{‹T>E Am¡a H$jm _|
gwZmBEŸ&
*****
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140
nmR> - 17
~¡bJm‹S>r
- ~oT>~ ~Zmagr
Ame` : "~¡bJm‹S>r' EH$ gwÝXa aoIm{MÌ h¡Ÿ& AmO _mZd Vrd« go
Vrd«Va dmhZ H$s ImoO _| bJm hþAm h¡, {H$ÝVw BZ Vrd«Jm_r dmhZm| _| dh
AmZÝX Zht, Omo ~¡bJm‹S>r _| h¡Ÿ& ~¡bJm‹S>r AmO naånam Am¡a {ZY©ZVm H$m
àVrH$ ~Z JB© h¡Ÿ&
_¢ Vmo ~mamV ~hþV hr H$_ H$aVm hÿ±Ÿ& Bg{bE Zht {H$ ^moOZ H$m
H$ï> hmoVm {H$ÝVw Bg{bE ^r {H$ AnZo {ddmh H$s ñ_¥{V OmJ«V hmo OmVr
h¡ Am¡a {\$a EH$ ~ma `m¡dZ Ho$ gnZo H$m Am^mg hmoZo bJVm h¡ Am¡a
{\$a Or MmhVm h¡ {H$ erfm©gZ H$aHo$, Am¡a H$m`mH$ën H$aHo$ `wdH$ ~Z
OmD±$Ÿ& {H$ÝVw Bg ~ma Vmo ~oVah \±$gm, Nw>Q²>Q>r ^r Wr, ~r_ma ^r Zht Wm,
Jm‹S>r Ho$ g_` go nhbo EH$ AmX_r _oao Ka nhþ±M J`mŸ& _mZmo _¢ H$ht
^mJ OmZodmbm hÿ±, nham n‹S> ahm h¡Ÿ&
ñQ>oeZ nhþ±MmŸ& g~Ho$ gm_mZ Ho$ gmW _oam ^r gm_mZ aI {X`m
J`mŸ& EH$ Vrgao XOo© H$m ~‹S>m {S>ã~m bmoJm| Zo [aµOd© H$am aIm WmŸ& h_
bmoJ Mmbrg AmX_r Ho$ bJ^J WoŸ& ~‹S>o Amam_ go g~ bmoJ ~¡R> J`oŸ&
Jm‹S>r Mbr, Jm‹‹S>©© gmh~ H$mo nm±M én`o H$m ZmoQ> {H$gr Zo {X`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo
_wñH$amH$a nyN>m, ""H$moB© H$ï> Vmo Zht h¡'' Am¡a Mbo J`oŸ&
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141
Xmo ~Oo {XZ H$mo Jm‹S>r ñQ>oeZ nhþ±MrŸ& dhm± CVaH$a bmoJm| Zo Ob-nmZ
{H$`mŸ& dhm± go AmR> _rb OmZm Wm Ohm± {ddmh hmoZodmbm WmŸ Am¡a OmZo
Ho$ {bE Ho$db VrZ àH$ma H$s gdm[a`m± Wt ; hmWr, Kmo‹S>m Am¡a ~¡bJm‹S>rŸ&
Bg Jm±d _| nyU© ñdamÁ` Wm, Bg{bE _moQ>a H$ma Am¡a ~g H$m Vmo H$hZm
hr Š`m, EŠH$m ^r Zht {_bVm WmŸ& ñQ>oeZ Ho$ {ZH$Q> EH$ EŠH$mdmbm
Wm {H$ÝVw CgH$s Kmo‹S>r H$m ~ÀMm hmoZodmbm Wm Bg{bE CgH$m EŠH$m ^r
~oH$ma WmŸ& _wPgo nyN>m J`m, Amn H¡$go Mb|JoŸ& AmR> _rb H$moB© A{YH$
Zht Wm, _¢ n¡Xb ^r Om gH$Vm Wm {H$ÝVw _¢Zo ~¡bJm‹S>r hr ngÝX H$sŸ&
hmWr na gdma hmoZo H$m \$b _¢ EH$ ~ma nm MwH$m WmŸ& Kmo‹S>m dram| H$s
gdmar Adí` h¡ {H$ÝVw gm{hË`H$mam| H$s ZhtŸ& nhbo `wJ H$s ~mV Zht
OmZVm {H$ÝVw _¢Zo àgmX Or H$mo, {Zambm Or H$mo, _¡{WbreaU Jwá Or
H$mo H$^r Kmo‹S>o na gdma Zht XoImŸ&
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142
_oar gw{dYm Ho$ {bE Jm‹S>r _| JX²>Xm Am¡a MX²>Xa {~N>m {X o J o {Og_|
_¢ boQ> gHy±$Ÿ& Am¡a gM_wM _¢ boQ> J`mŸ& EH$ Am¡a gÁOZ _oao gmW WoŸ& do
AmO_J‹T> _| _w»Vmar H$aVo WoŸ& Jm‹S>rdmZ Zo ~¡b OmoVo Am¡a Jm‹S>r MbrŸ&
AmH$me _| ~Xbr WrŸ& gmdZ H$m _hrZm WmŸ& hdm _ÝX-_ÝX Mb ahr
WrŸ& Jm‹S>r A{YH$ _ÝX Wr {H$ hdm, H$h Zht gH$VmŸ& Jm‹S>r Ho$ ~¡b go
Jm‹S>rdmZ ~mV H$aVm OmVm WmŸ& Eogm OmZ n‹S>Vm Wm {H$ ~¡b r Jm‹S>rdmZ
H$s ~mVm| H$mo g_PVo h¢Ÿ&
d¡{XH$ H$mb _| bmoJ Jm‹S>r na MbVo Wo {H$ Zht, H$h Zht gH$Vm
{H$ÝVw _wPo Eogm OmZ n‹S>m {H$ AmO bmoJ A^r-A^r n§Om~ go wŠVàmÝV
H$s Amoa ~‹T>o h¢ Am¡a _¢ ^r CÝht _| go EH$ hÿ±Ÿ& ~¡bJm‹S>r na Mb ahm hÿ±Ÿ&
{H$gr Eogo ñWmZ H$s ImoO _| Ohm± ahH$a Pm§on‹S>r ~Zm gHy±$Ÿ& XmoZm| Amoa
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143
YmZ Ho$ IoV bhbhm aho Wo Am¡a CZHo$ Mmam| Amoa g_wÐ Ho$ g_mZ Ob
\¡$bm hþAm WmŸ& g‹S>H$ na bå~r-bå~r Jhar brH$ \¡$br hþB© Wr _mZmo
Oam-OO©[aV {H$gr d¥Õ H$m _ñVH$ h¡Ÿ& Yyb go O~ n{h`m T>H$ OmVm
Wm V~ H$ht H$sM‹S> go nyU© g‹S>H$ {_b OmVr Wr Am¡a n{h`o na Xmo-Xmo
B§M {_Q²>Q>r H$m bon hmo OmVm WmŸ& AmJo Ohm± g‹S>H$ gyIr hmoVr dhm± {_Q²>Q>r
\¡$b OmVrŸ& Bg àH$ma Jm‹S>r _wPrH$mo Zht bo Om ahr Wr {_Å>r ^r T>mo
ahr WrŸ& VoµO MbZodmbr gdm[a`m| _| ~‹S>m ^mar XwJw©U h¡ {H$ CZ_| Hw$N>
J«hU H$aZo H$s j_Vm Zht hmoVrŸ& _Z-J{V H$m `h JwU h¡Ÿ& {dMmam| Ho$
{dñVma Ho$ {bE Vmo ~¡bJm‹S>r H$s gdmar ~hþV hr Cn`wŠV h¡Ÿ& {dMmam|
H$s l¥§Ibm Qy>Q>Zo Zht nmVrŸ& gmoMVo OmBEŸ& `h S>a Vmo Zht h¡ {H$ A^r
ñQ>oeZ Am OmEJmŸ& {\$a nmZ, ~r‹S>r, {gJaoQ> H$s {MëbmhQ> go AmnH$m
gnZm ^§J Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& Amn Yrao-Yrao gmoMVo M{bE, D$na AZÝV
AmH$me h¡ Omo AmnHo$ {dMmam| H$mo ^r AZÝV ~Zm XoJmŸ& _¢Zo Omo O¡gm
D$na H$hm h¡ d¡{XH$ `wJ _| AnZo H$mo nm`mŸ& Am¡a AmZÝX! aob Ho$ {S>ã~o
_| bmoJm| H$s Im±gr Ho$ H$sQ>mUw, YwE± Mmho dh gm¢\$s ~r‹‹S>r Ho$ hm| `m 555
{gJaoQ> Ho$ hm| `m hdmZm {gJma Ho$ hm|, Mmam| Amoa \¡$bVo h¢Ÿ& CZgo Hw$N>
H$mb Ho$ {bE ajm hmo JB© Am¡a ndZ H$s CXmaVm H$m Hw$N> Am^mg hmoZo
bJmŸ& Yyb r C‹S>Vr WrŸ& {H$§Vw dh Yyb gy`© H$s {H$aUm| go "nmñMwamBµµÁS>'
H$s hþB© WrŸ& Cg_| {H$gr ~r_mar Ho$ H$sQ>mUw hmoZo H$s Ame§H$m Zht WrŸ&
Kmo‹S>o Am¡a hmWr {ZH$b J`oŸ& _oar ~¡bJm‹S>r Am¡a ~¡bJm{‹S>`m| go ^r gwñV
WrŸ& Jm‹S>rdmZ Zo Xg-n§Ðh ~ma gwaVr \$m±H$s, Bggo CgH$s gwfwåZm Zm‹S>r
_| Hw$N> empÝV H$m àgma hmoZo bJm Am¡a dh Cg Jm±d H$s H$ÀMr g‹S>H$
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144
N>mo‹S>H$a gnZo Ho$ g§gma _| {dMaZo bJmŸ& ~¡b AmkmH$mar WoŸ& do EH$ _{V
go EH$ J{V go g‹S>H$ Ho$ ~rM n[adma Ho$ ~moP Ho$ g_mZ Jm‹S>r ItMVo
Mbo Om aho WoŸ& h_ bmoJ AmYr Xya AmE WoŸ& AmH$me _oKmÀN>Þ hmo J`m
Am¡a O~ Jm‹S>rdmZ H$s _w±‹S>r hþB© Imon‹S>r na Q>n go Xmo-VrZ ~‹S>r-~‹S>r
~y±X| n‹S>t V~ dh gMoV hþAmŸ& _¢ K~am`mŸ& N>mVm _oao nmg Wm Zht, Z _oao
gmWr Ho$ nmgŸ& Eogm OmZ n‹S>m {H$ BÝÐ ^JdmZ _wPo ñZmZ H$amZo na Vwbo
h¢Ÿ& _¢ CR> ~¡R>mŸ& Xya EH$ Am_ H$s ~m‹S>r WrŸ& Jm‹S>rdmZ go H$hm, dht go
Mbmo, Hw$N> Vmo ajm hmo hr OmEJrŸ& _¢ hr hÿ± {H$ AmOH$b gÝÜ`m-gdoao
nmZr H$s H$b Ho$ ZrMo go CR>Zo H$m _Z Zht H$aVm Am¡a Bg g_` nmZr
go K~am ahm hÿ±Ÿ& {d{Y H$m ^r {d{MÌ {dYmZ h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw Jm‹S>rdmZ Ho$
Mohao na K~amhQ> H$s EH$ r aoIm {XImB© Zht Xr& dh Vmo _hmË_mOr H$m
àVrH$ OmZ n‹S>mŸ& O¡go dh ^maV H$s Jm‹S>r K~amhQ> Ho$ {~Zm Yrao-Yrao
ItMVo Mbo Om aho Wo; Cgr ^m±{V `h ^rŸ& CÝh| ^r g~ ~mVm| _| EH$
JwU {XImB© XoVmŸ& Jm‹S>rdmZ ~mobm, ""K~amBE Zht ~m~y gmh~! `h nmZr
Š`m h¡, ~‹S>m-~‹S>m nËWa ^r Hw$N> Zht H$a gH$VmŸ&'' Am¡a CgZo PQ>Ho$
go Jm‹S>r Ho$ ZrMo go {gaH$s H$s Xmo N>V| {ZH$mbH$a Jm‹S>r Ho$ D$na ~m±Y
XrŸ& `h nrbm N>ßna Eogm OmZ n‹S>m {H$ gwdU© H$m N>Ì {H$grZo _oao D$na
bJm {X`m h¡Ÿ& nmZr µOmoam| go Am`mŸ& gM_wM AÝXa nmZr Zht Am ahm
WmŸ& H$^r-H$^r EH$mEH$ ZÝhr ~y±X Am OmVr Wr Ho$db ñ_aU H$amZo Ho$
{bE {H$ _oK _hmamO H$m emgZH$mb g_má Zht hmo J`m h¡Ÿ& Zht Vmo
D$na nmZr {JaVm Wm Am¡a {\$gb OmVm Wm& h_mao gmWr _hmoX` Vmo gmo
J`oŸ& Eogm OmZ n‹S>m {H$ BÝhm|Zo A\$s_ H$m BÝOoŠeZ {b`m h¡Ÿ& ~¡bmo§ H$m
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145
eara Va hmo ahm WmŸ& do ~oMmao g§Vmof Am¡a empÝV H$s à{V_m ~Zo Yrao-
Yrao Mbo Om aho WoŸ& H$^r-H$^r JX©Z {hbm XoVo Wo Am¡a Ob Ho$ Hw$N>
H$U BYa-CYa {Ja n‹S>Vo WoŸ& O¡go ~‹S>o-~‹S>o H§$Oyg ^r ñdJ© _| AnZm
ñWmZ gwa{jV H$amZo Ho$ {bE H$^r-H$^r Hw$N> XmZ Xo {X`m H$aVo h¢Ÿ& aob
VoµO hmoVr h¡ Bg{bE ~rM-~rM _| éH$Zm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& ~¡bJm‹S>r H$s J{V
Eogr hmoVr h¡ {H$ éH$Zo H$s Amdí`H$Vm ZhtŸ& gmoM ahm Wm {H$ J{V go
MbZm Am¡a ~rM _| éH$Zm R>rH$ h¡ `m Yrao-Yrao EH$ a§J go MbZm R>rH$
h¡Ÿ& Š`m {ZU©` H$aVm, {H$g ~mV H$m {ZU©` g§gma _| AmO VH$ hþAm
h¡Ÿ& `h ^r Vmo bmoJ {ZíM` ê$n go H$h Zht gHo$ {H$ B©ída h¡ {H$ ZhtŸ&
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146
AJa H$ht ~¡bJm‹S>r bÝXZ H$s g‹S>H$m| na Mbo Vmo Š`m hmoJmŸ& Ohm±
EH$ go EH$ J{VdmZ²> gdm[a`m± MbVr h¢Ÿ& `h ^maV hr h¡ {H$ _moQ>a H$s
~Jb _| ~¡bJm‹S>r r MbVr h¡ R>rH$ d¡go {~‹S>bm| Am¡a qghm{Z`m| H$s ZmH$
Ho$ ZrMo ApñW-n§Oa dmbo _mZd ^r gm±g boVo Mbo Om aho h¢Ÿ& `hr EH$
Xoe h¡ Ohm± ~rgdt eVr _| ^r Xgdt eVr {XImB© XoVr h¡Ÿ&
*****
boIH$ n[aM` - ~oT>~ ~Zmagr
lr ~oT>~ ~Zmagr H$m OÝ_ EH$ gwg§ñH¥$V n[adma _| hþAm WmŸ&
AmnH$m A{YH$m§e OrdZ ~Zmag _| hr ~rVmŸ& AmnZo H${dVm, H$hmZr,
ZmQ>H$, aoIm{MÌ Am{X {dYmAm| na AnZr H$b_ MbmB© h¡Ÿ& "~oT>>~ H$s
~hH$', "H$mì`-H$_b', "~Zmagr-EŠH$m', "Jm±Yr H$m yV Am¡a Q>ZmQ>Z',
"A{^ZoVm' Am{X AmnHo$ J«§W h¢Ÿ& AmnH$s g^r aMZmE± hmñ`àYmZ h¢ Am¡a
CZ_| g_gm_{`H$ {d‹S>>å~ZmAmo§ H$s VrIr {Q>ßnUr {_bVr h¡Ÿ&
eãXmW© :
H$m`mH$ën - eara gå~ÝYr {M{H$Ëgm, [aµOd© - Ama{jV, _w»Vmar - à{V{Z{YËd (H$mZyZr gbmhH$ma), `wŠVàmÝV - Xmo amÁ`m| H$m Omo‹S>, brH$ - {H$gr ~mV na AQ>b hmoZm, bH$sa, (_`m©Xm ~§YmZm); l¥§Ibm - gm±H$b, Am^mg - PbH$, (H$m§{V); gwaVr - Vå~mHy$ (I¡Zr), _oKmÀN>>Þ - ~mXbm| go N>m`m hþAm, ~m‹S>r - ~JrMm, {d{Y - ^m½` ({dYmZ),
{gaH$s - gaH§$S>m (~m±g H$s nVbr Zbr), Va hmoZm - ^rJZm (AmЩ,
Z_), ApñW-n§Oa - H§$H$mb, eVr - gm¡ df©Ÿ&
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147
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) Jm‹S>r ñQ>oeZ H$~ nhþ±Mr ?
2) EŠH$m ~oH$ma Š`m| Wm ?
3) AmO_J‹T> _| gÁOZ Š`m H$aVo Wo?
4) Jm‹S>rdmZ Š`m ~mobm ?
II. {b{IV -
A) BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :
1) bmoJm| Zo H$m¡Z-gm {S>ã~m [aµOd© H$adm`m Wm ?
2) gdm[a`m± {H$VZr àH$ma H$s Am¡a H$m¡Z-gr Wt ?
3) boIH$ Zo {H$Z-{H$Z H$mo Kmo‹S>o na gdma Zht XoIm ?
4) Kmo‹S>m {H$ZH$s gdmar h¡ Am¡a {H$ZH$s Zht ?
5) VoµO MbZodmbr gdm[a`m| _| H$m¡Z-gm XwJw©U h¡ ?
6) boIH$ Zo aob Ho$ {S>ã~o H$m dU©Z H¡$go {H$`m h¡ ?
7) H§$Oyg ñdJ© _| AnZm ñWmZ gwa{jV H$amZo Ho$ {bE Š`m
H$aVo h¢ ?
8) ~rgdt eVr _| ^r Xgdt eVr H$hm± {XImB© XoVr h¡ ?
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148
Am) [aŠV ñWmZm| _| `mo½` eãXm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :
1) Kmo‹S>m ........... H$s gdmar Adí` h¡, {H$ÝVw .........
H$s ZhtŸ&
2) Eogm OmZ n‹S>Vm Wm {H$ ~¡b ^r .......... H$s ~mVm| H$mo
g_PVo h¢Ÿ&
3) Jm‹S>rdmZ Zo Xg-nÝÐh ~ma ............ \±$mH$sŸ&
4) {d{Y H$m ^r .............. {dYmZ h¡Ÿ&
III. ^mfm ~moY 1) nmR> _| AmE nwZé{ŠVdmbo Mma eãXm| go dmŠ` ~ZmBE :
O¡go - Yrao - Yrao
~¡bJm‹S>r Yrao-Yrao Mb ahr Wr Ÿ&
2) "a' H$s _mÌmAm| H$m à`moJ H$aVo hþE VrZ-VrZ eãX
{b{IE :
O¡go - ( © ) Y_©, ( ´>) amï´> ( «$) Ðì`
(1) ........... ........... ...........
(2) ........... ........... ...........
(3) ........... ........... ...........
3) BZ eãXm| H$s dV©Zr ewX²>Y ê$n _| {b{IE :
1) `y»V àm§W 2) _oJmMN>Z 3) gm§Vr
4) ApñV-n§Pa 5) XwKwU©
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149
4) {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| H$m g§pY - {dÀN>oX H$a g§{Y H$m
Zm_ {b{IE :
1) gÁOZ 2) XwJw©U 3) _oKmÀN>Þ
4) g§Vmof 5) {ZíM`
5) nmR> _| AmE {dam_ {Mh²Zm| Ho$ Zm_ Om{ZE :
1) nyU© {dam_ - & 2) Aën{dam_ - ,
3) {dñ_`~moYH$-! 4) àíZdmMH$ - ?
5) {ZX}eH$ - 6) `moOH$ - ____
7) CX²>YaU {Mh²Z> - "" '' 8) {ddaU {Mh²>Z - :-
9) H$moð>H$ - ( ) 10) bmKd {Mh²>Z - 0
6) BH$, BV, B©, Vm, dmZ Am{X àË``dmbo eãX nmR> _|
go N>m±Q>H$a {b{IEŸ&
7) _¢, _wPo, _oam Am{X gd©Zm_m| H$m à`moJ ì`{ŠV AnZo
{bE H$aVm h¡Ÿ& `o CÎm_ nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_ h¢Ÿ& "_¢'
eãX Ho$ g^r H$maH$s` ê$n {b[IEŸ&
8) 1) AmH$me _| Vmao {Q>_{Q>_mVo h¢Ÿ&
2) ~m[ae H$s ~y±X| YaVr na Q>nH$Vr h¢Ÿ&
3) gy`© Am¡a MÝÐ_m g_` na C{XV hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
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150
BZ dmŠ`m| _| AmE aoIm§{H$V nX AH$_©H$ {H«$`mE± h¢Ÿ& `hm± {H«$`m Ho$
ì`mnma H$m \$b H$Vm© na n‹S> ahm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE `hm± AH$_©H$ {H«$`m h¡Ÿ&
Mb, CR>, amo, ZmM, Xm¡‹S> Am{X AH$_©H$ {H«$`mAm| H$m à`moJ H$a
dmŠ` ~ZmBEŸ&
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma :
* ~¡bJm‹S>r Ed_²> Kmo‹S>mJm‹S>r H$s VwbZm H$s{OEŸ&
* AmYw{ZH$ dmhZm| Ho$ {MÌ BH$Q²>R>m H$a EH$ MmQ>© ~ZmBEŸ&
* "~o‹T>~ ~Zmagr' Or H$s AÝ` aMZmE± n{‹T>EŸ&
*****
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151
nmR> - 18
Eogo - Eogo
- {dîUw à^mH$a
Ame` : AmOH$b Ho$ N>mÌ Nw>Q²>Q>r _| _m¡O-_ñVr H$aVo hþE g_` ì`VrV
H$aZm MmhVo h¢Ÿ& ~hmZm ~ZmVo hþE g_` na J¥hH$m`© Zht H$aVoŸ& àñVwV
EH$m§H$s _| BgH$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& `h EH$m§H$s g_` H$m gXwn`moJ H$aVo hþE H$m_ H$aZo H$s àoaUm XoVm h¡Ÿ&
nmÌ - n[aM`
_mohZ : EH$ {dX²`mWu
XrZmZmW : EH$ n‹S>mogr
_m± : _mohZ H$s _m±
{nVm : _mohZ Ho$ {nVm
_mñQ>a : _mohZ Ho$ _mñQ>a Or
d¡X²` Or, S>m°ŠQ>a VWm EH$ n‹S>mo{gZ
(g‹S>H$ Ho$ {H$Zmao EH$ gw§Xa âb¡Q> _¢ ~¡R>H$ H$m Ñí`Ÿ& CgH$m EH$ XadmµOm
g‹S>H$dmbo ~am_Xo _| IwbVm h¡, Xygam A§Xa Ho$ H$_ao _|, Vrgam agmoB©Ka
_|Ÿ& Ab_m[a`m| _| nwñVH|$ bJr h¢Ÿ& EH$ Amoa ao{S>`mo H$m goQ> h¡Ÿ& Xmo Amoa
Xmo N>moQ>o V»V h¢, {OZ na JbrMo {~N>o h¢Ÿ& ~rM _| Hw$a{g`m± h¢Ÿ& EH$
N>moQ>r _oµO ^r h¡Ÿ& Cg na µ\$moZ aIm h¡Ÿ& naXm CR>Zo na _mohZ EH$ V»V
na boQ>m h¡Ÿ& AmR>-Zm¡ df© Ho$ bJ^J C_« hmoJr CgH$sŸ& Vrgar Šbmg _|
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152
n‹T>Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg g_` ~‹S>m ~oM¡Z OmZ n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& ~ma-~ma noQ> H$mo nH$‹S>Vm
h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ _mVm-{nVm nmg ~¡R>o h¢Ÿ&)
_m± : (nwMH$maH$a) Z-Z, Eogo _V H$a! A^r R>rH$ hþAm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
A^r S>m°ŠQ>a H$mo ~wbm`m h¡Ÿ& bo, V~ VH$ g|H$ boŸ& (MmXa
hQ>mH$a noQ> na ~moVb aIVr h¡Ÿ& {\$a _mohZ Ho$ {nVm H$s Amoa
_w‹S>Vr h¡Ÿ&) BgZo H$ht Hw$N> A§Q>-e§Q> Vmo Zht Im {b`m?
{nVm : H$hm±? Hw$N> r ZhtŸ& {gµ\©$ EH$ Ho$bm Am¡a EH$ g§Vam Im`m
WmŸ& Aao, `h Vmo XµµâVa go MbZo VH$ Hy$XVm {\$a ahm WmŸ&
~g AÈ>o na AmH$a `H$m`H$ ~mobm-{nVmOr, _oao noQ> _| Vmo
Hw$N> "Eogo-Eogo' hmo ahm h¡Ÿ&
_m± : H¡$go?
{nVm : ~g "Eogo-Eogo' H$aVm ahmŸ& _¢Zo H$hm - Aao, J‹S>J‹S> hmoVr
h¡? Vmo ~mobm - ZhtŸ& {\$a nyN>m - MmHy$-gm Mw^Vm h¡? Vmo
Odm~ {X`m- ZhtŸ& Jmobm - gm \y$Q>Vm h¡ ? Vmo ~mobm -
ZhtŸ& Omo nyN>m CgH$m Odm~ - ZhtŸ& ~g EH$ hr aQ> bJmVm
ahm Hw$N> "Eogo-Eogo' hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
_m± : (h±gH$a) h±gr H$s h±gr, XwI H$m XwI, `h "Eogo-Eogo' Š`m
hmoVm h¡ ? H$moB© Z`r ~r_mar Vmo Zht? ~oMmao H$m _w±h H¡$go
CVa J`m h¡! hdmB`m± C‹S> ahr h¢Ÿ&
{nVm : AOr, EH$X_ gµ\o$X n‹S> J`m WmŸ& I‹S>m Zht ahm J`mŸ& ~g _|
^r ZmMVm ahm - _oao noQ> _| "Eogo-Eogo' hmoVm h¡Ÿ& "Eogo-Eogo'
hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
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153
_mohZ : (µOmoa go H$amhH$a) _m±! Amo _m±!
_m± : Z-Z _oao ~oQ>o, _oao bmb, Eogo Zht& AOr, µOam XoIZm, S>m°ŠQ>a
Š`m| Zht Am`m! Bgo Vmo Hw$N> µµÁ`mXm hr VH$brµ\$ OmZ n‹S>Vr
h¡Ÿ& `h "Eogo-Eogo' Vmo H$moB© ~‹S>r Iam~ ~r_mar h¡Ÿ& XoImo
Z, H¡$go bmoQ> ahm h¡! µOam ^r H$b Zht n‹S>VrŸ& htJ, MyaZ,
{nna_|Q> - g~ Xo MwH$s hÿ±Ÿ& d¡X²` Or Am OmVo!
(V^r µ\$moZ H$s K§Q>r ~OVr h¡Ÿ& _mohZ Ho$ {nVm CR>mVo h¢Ÿ&)
{nVm : `h 43332 h¡Ÿ& Or, Or hm±Ÿ& ~mob ahm hÿ±... H$m¡Z? S>m°ŠQ>a
gmh~! Or hm±, _mohZ Ho$ noQ> _| XX© h¡.... Or Zht, Im`m Vmo
Hw$N> Zht... ~g `hr H$h ahm h¡... ~g Or... Zht, {Jam
^r Zht.... "Eogo-Eogo' hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ~g Or, "Eogo-Eogo' hmoVm
h¡Ÿ& ~g Or, "Eogo-Eogo!' Š`m ~bm h¡, Hw$N> g_P _| Zht
AmVmŸ& Or... Or hm±! Moham EH$X_ gµ\o$X hmo ahm h¡Ÿ& ZmMm...
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154
ZmMVm {\$aVm h¡... Or Zht, XñV Vmo Zht Am`m... Or hm±,
noem~ Vmo Am`m Wm... Or Zht, a§J Vmo Zht XoImŸ& Amn H$h|
Vmo A~ XoI b|Jo... AÀN>m OrŸ& µOam OëXr AmBEŸ& AÀN>m
Or, ~‹S>r H¥$nm h¡Ÿ& (µ\$moZ H$m Mm|Jm aI XoVo h¢Ÿ&) S>m°ŠQ>a gmh~
Mb {XE h¢Ÿ& nm±M {_ZQ> _| Am OmVo h¢Ÿ&
(n‹S>mog Ho$ bmbm XrZmZmW H$m àdoeŸ& _mohZ µOmoa go H$amhVm h¡Ÿ&)
_mohZ : _m±.... _m±... Amo....Amo... (CbQ>r AmVr h¡Ÿ& CR>H$a ZrMo PwH$Vm h¡Ÿ& _m± {ga nH$‹S>Vr h¡Ÿ& _mohZ VrZ-Mma ~ma "Amo-Amo' H$aVm h¡Ÿ& WyH$Vm h¡, {\$a boQ> OmVm h¡Ÿ&) hm`, hm`!
_m± : (H$_a ghbmVr hþB©) Š`m hmo J`m? Xmonha H$mo ^bm-M§Jm J`m WmŸ& Hw$N> g_P _| Zht AmVm! H¡$gm n‹S>m h¡! Zht Vmo _mohZ ^bm H$~ n‹S>Zo dmbm h¡! ha dŠV Ka H$mo {ga na
CR>mE ahVm h¡Ÿ&
XrZmZmW : AOr, Ka Š`m, n‹S>mog H$mo ^r JwbµOma {H$E ahVm h¡Ÿ& Bgo
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155
N>o‹S>, Cgo nN>m‹S>, BgHo$ _wŠH$m, CgHo$ Wßn‹S>Ÿ& hm±-dhm±, ha
H$ht _mohZ hr _mohZŸ&
{nVm : ~‹S>m ZQ>IQ> h¡Ÿ&
_m± : na A~ Vmo ~oMmam H¡$gm WH$ J`m h¡! _wPo Vmo S>a h¡ {H$ H$b
ñHy$b H¡$go OmEJm!
XrZmZmW : Or hm±, Hw$N> ~‹S>r VH$brµ\$ h¡, V^r Vmo n‹S>mŸ& _m_ybr VH$brµ\$
H$mo Vmo `h Hw$N> g_PVm ZhtŸ& na H$moB© S>a ZhtŸ& _¢ d¡X²`
Or go H$h Am`m hÿ±Ÿ& do Am hr aho h¢Ÿ& R>rH$ H$a X|JoŸ&
_mohZ : (VoµOr go H$amhH$a) Aao.... ao-ao-ao.... Amoh!
_m± : (K~amH$a) Š`m h¡, ~oQ>m? Š`m hþAm?
_mohZ : (éAm±gm-gm) ~‹S>o µOmoa go Eogo-Eogo hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Eogo-EogoŸ&
_m± : Eogo H¡$go, ~oQ>o? Eogo Š`m hmoVm h¡?
_mohZ : Eogo-EogoŸ& (noQ> X~mVm h¡Ÿ&)
(d¡X²` Or H$m àdoe)
d¡X²` Or : H$hm± h¡ _mohZ? _¢Zo H$hm, O` am_ Or H$s! H$hmo ~oQ>m,
IobZo go Or ^a J`m Š`m? H$moB© Y_m-Mm¡H$‹S>r H$aZo H$mo
Zht ~Mr h¡ Š`m?
(g~ CR>H$a hmW Omo‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ& d¡X²` Or _mohZ Ho$ nmg Hw$agr
na ~¡R>> OmVo h¢Ÿ&)
{nVm : d¡X²` Or, em_ VH$ R>rH$ WmŸ& XµµâVa go MbVo dŠV amñVo _|
EH$X_ ~mobm - _oao noQ> _| XX© hmoVm h¡Ÿ& "Eogo-Eogo' hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
g_P Zht AmVm, `h H¡$gm XX© h¡!
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156
d¡X²` Or : A^r ~Vm XoVm hÿ±Ÿ& Agb _| ~ÀMm h¡Ÿ& g_Pm Zht nmVm h¡Ÿ&
(Zm‹S>r X~mH$a) dmV H$m àH$mon h¡... _¢Zo H$hm, ~oQ>m, Or^ Vmo
{XImAmoŸ& (_mohZ Or^ {ZH$mbVm h¡Ÿ&) H$ãµO h¡Ÿ& noQ> gmµ\$ Zht
hþAmŸ& (noQ> Q>Q>mobH$a) hÿ±, noQ> gmµ\$ Zht h¡Ÿ& _b éH$ OmZo go
dm w ~‹T> JB© h¡Ÿ& Š`m| ~oQ>m? (hmW H$s C±J{b`m| H$mo \¡$bmH$a
{\$a {gH$mo‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ&) Eogo-Eogo hmoVm h¡ ?
_mohZ : (H$amhH$a) Or hm±.... Amoh!
d¡X² Or : (hf© go CN>bH$a) _¢Zo H$hm Z, _¢ g_P J`mŸ& A^r nw{‹S> m
oOVm hÿ±Ÿ& _m_ybr ~mV h¡, na `hr _m_ybr ~mV H$^r-H$^r
~‹S>m|-~‹S>m| H$mo N>H$m XoVr h¡Ÿ& g_PZo H$s ~mV h¡Ÿ& _¢Zo H$hm,
AmAmo Or, XrZmZmW Or, Amn hr nw{‹S> m bo bmoŸ& (_mohZ H$s _m±
go) AmYo-AmYo K§Q>o ~mX Ja_ nmZr go XoZr h¡Ÿ& Xmo-VrZ XñV
hm|JoŸ& ~g {\$a "Eogo-Eogo' Eogo mJoJm O¡go JYo Ho$ {ga go gtJ!
(d¡X² Or Ûma H$s Amoa ~‹T>Vo h¢Ÿ& _mohZ Ho$ {nVm nm±M H$m ZmoQ>
{ZH$mbVo h¢Ÿ&)
{nVm : d¡X² Or, `h AmnH$s |Q>Ÿ& (ZmoQ> XoVo h¢Ÿ&)
d¡X² Or : (ZmoQ> boVo hþE) Aao _¢Zo H$hm, Amn `h Š`m H$aVo h¢? Amn
Am¡a h_ Š`m Xmo h¢?
(A§Xa Ho$ XadmµOo go OmVo h¢Ÿ& V^r S>m°ŠQ>a àdoe H$aVo h¢Ÿ&)
S>m°ŠQ>a : h¡bmo _mohZ! Š`m ~mV h¡? "Eogo-Eogo' Š`m H$a {b`m? (_m± Am¡a {nVmOr {\$a CR>Vo h¢Ÿ& _mohZ H$amhVm h¡Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a nmg
~¡R>Vo h¢Ÿ&)
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157
{nVm : S>m°ŠQ>a gmh~, Hw$N> g_P _| Zht AmVmŸ&
S>m°ŠQ>a : (noQ> X~mZo bJVo h¢Ÿ&) A^r XoIVm hÿ±Ÿ& Or^ Vmo {XImAmo
~oQ>mŸ& (_mohZ Or^ {ZH$mbVm h¡Ÿ&) hÿ±, Vmo {_ñQ>a, AmnHo$ noQ>
_| H¡$go hmoVm h¡? Eogo-Eogo? (_mohZ ~mobVm Zht, H$amhVm
h¡Ÿ&)
_m± : ~VmAmo, ~oQ>m! S>m°ŠQ>a gmh~ H$mo g_Pm XmoŸ&
_mohZ : Or...Or... Eogo-EogoŸ& Hw$N> Eogo-Eogo hmoVm h¡Ÿ& (hmW go ~VmVm
h¡Ÿ& C±J{b`m± tMVm h¡Ÿ&) S>m°ŠQ>a, V~r`V Vmo ~‹S>r Iam~ h¡Ÿ&
S>m°ŠQ>a : (ghgm J§^ra hmoH$a) dh Vmo _¢ XoI ahm hÿ±Ÿ& Moham ~VmVm
h¡, Bgo H$mµ\$s XX© h¡Ÿ& Agb _| H$B© Vah Ho$ XX© Mb n‹S>o
h¢Ÿ& H$m¡{bH$ noZ Vmo h¡ ZhtŸ& Am¡a \$mo‹S>m r Zht OmZ n‹S>VmŸ&
(~am~a noQ> Q>Q>mobVm ahVm h¡Ÿ&)
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158
_m± : (H$m±nH$a) \$mo‹S>m!
S>m°ŠQ>a : Or Zht, dh Zht h¡Ÿ& {~ëHw$b Zht h¡Ÿ& (_mohZ go) µOam _w±h
{\$a ImobZmŸ& Or^ {ZH$mbmoŸ& (_mohZ Or^ {ZH$mbVm h¡Ÿ&)
hm±, H$ãµO hr bJVm h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> ~XhµO_r ^r h¡Ÿ& (CR>Vo hþE)
H$moB© ~mV ZhtŸ& Xdm ^oOVm hÿ±Ÿ& ({nVm go) Š`m| Z Amn hr
Mb|! _oam {dMma h¡ {H$ EH$ hr IwamH$ nrZo Ho$ ~mX V~r`V
R>rH$ hmo OmEJrŸ& H$^r-H$^r hdm éH$ OmVr h¡ Am¡a \§$Xm
S>mb boVr h¡Ÿ& ~g CgrH$s E|R>Z h¡Ÿ&
(S>m°ŠQ>a OmVo h¢Ÿ& _mohZ Ho$ {nVm Xg H$m ZmoQ> {bE nrN>o-
nrN>o OmVo h¢ Am¡a S>m°ŠQ>a gmh~ H$mo XoVo h¢Ÿ&)
_m± : g|H$ Vmo Xy±, S>m°ŠQ>a gmh~?
S>m°ŠQ>a : (Xya go) hm±, Ja_ nmZr H$s ~moVb go g|H$ Xr{OEŸ&
(S>m°ŠQ>a OmVo h¢Ÿ& _m± ~moVb CR>mVr h¡Ÿ& n‹S>mo{gZ AmVr h¡Ÿ&)
n‹S>mo{gZ : Š`m| _mohZ H$s _m±, H¡$gm h¡ _mohZ ?
_m± : AmAmo Or, am_y H$s H$mH$s! H¡$gm Š`m hmoVm! bmoMm-bmoMm
{\$ao h¡Ÿ& OmZo dh "Eogo-Eogo' XX© Š`m h¡, b‹S>Ho$ H$m ~wam
hmb H$a {X`mŸ&
n‹S>mo{gZ : Zm Or, BÎmr Z`r-Z`r ~r_m[a`m± {ZH$br h¢Ÿ& XoI boZm,
`h ^r H$moB© Z`m XX© hmoJmŸ& am_ _mar ~r_m[a`m| Zo V§J
H$a {X`mŸ& ZE-ZE ~wIma {ZH$b AmE h¢Ÿ& dh ~mV h¡ {H$
ImZm-nrZm Vmo ahm ZhtŸ&
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159
_m± : S>m°ŠQ>a H$hVm h¡ {H$ ~XhµO_r h¡Ÿ& AmO Vmo amoQ>r ^r CZHo$
gmW ImH$a J`m WmŸ& dhm± ^r Hw$N> Zht Im`mŸ& AmOH$b
Vmo {~Zm ImE ~r_mar hmoVr h¡Ÿ& (~mha go AmdmµO AmVr
h¡ - "_mohZ! _mohZ'! {\$a _mñQ>a Or H$m àdoe hmoVm h¡Ÿ&)
_m± : Amoh, _mohZ Ho$ _mñQ>a Or h¢Ÿ& (nwH$maH$a) Am OmBE!
_mñQ>a : gwZm h¡ {H$ _mohZ Ho$ noQ> _| Hw$N> "Eogo-Eogo' hmo ahm h¡!
Š`m|, ^mB©? (nmg AmH$a) hm±, Moham Vmo Hw$N> CVam hþAm
h¡Ÿ& XmXm, H$b Vmo ñHy$b OmZm h¡Ÿ& Vwåhmao {~Zm Vmo Šbmg
_| am¡ZH$ hr Zht ahoJrŸ& Š`m| _mVmOr, AmnZo Š`m {Ibm
{X`m Wm Bgo?
_m± : Im`m Vmo ~oMmao Zo Hw$N> ZhtŸ&
_mñQ>a : V~ em`X Z ImZo H$m XX© h¡Ÿ& g_P J`m, Cgr _| "Eogo-Eogo'
hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
_m± : na _mñQ>a Or, d¡X²` Am¡a S>m°ŠQ>a Vmo XñV H$s Xdm ^oO|JoŸ&
_mñQ>a : AÀN>m, _mohZ Vwåhmam H$m_ Vmo nyam hmo J`m h¡ Z?
_mohZ : Or, g~ Zht hþAmŸ&
_mñQ>a : hÿ± ! em`X gdmb ah JE h¢Ÿ&
_mohZ : Or!
_mñQ>a : Vmo `h ~mV h¡Ÿ& "Eogo-Eogo' H$m_ Z H$aZo H$m S>a h¡Ÿ&
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160
_m± : (Mm¢H$H$a) Š`m?
(_mohZ ghgm _w±h {N>nm boVm h¡Ÿ&)
_mñQ>a : (h±gH$a) Hw$N> Zht, _mVmOr, _mohZ Zo _hrZm a _m¡O H$sŸ&
ñHy$b H$m H$m_ ah J`mŸ& AmO I`mb Am`mŸ& ~g S>a
Ho$ _mao noQ> _| "Eogo-Eogo' hmoZo bJm - "Eogo-Eogo'! AÀN>m,
C{R>E gmh~! AmnHo$ "Eogo-Eogo' H$s Xdm _oao nmg h¡Ÿ& ñHy$b
go AmnH$mo Xmo {XZ H$s Nw>Q²>Q>r {_boJrŸ& Amn Cg_| H$m_ nyam
H$a|Jo Am¡a AmnH$m "Eogo-Eogo' Xya mJ OmEJmŸ& (_mohZ Cgr
Vah _w±h {N>nmE ahVm h¡Ÿ&) A~ CR>H$a gdmb ewê$ H$s{OEŸ&
C{R>E, ImZm {_boJmŸ&
(_mohZ CR>Vm h¡Ÿ& _m± R>Jr-gr XoIVr h¡Ÿ& Xygar Amoa go {nVm
Am¡a XrZmZmW Xdm boH$a àdoe H$aVo h¢Ÿ&)
_m± : Š`m| ao _mohZ, Voao noQ> _| Vmo ~hþV ~‹S>r Xm‹T>r h¡Ÿ& h_mar Vmo
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161
OmZ {ZH$b JB©Ÿ& n§Ðh-~rg énE IM© hþE, gmo AbJŸ& ({nVm
go) XoIm Or AmnZo!
{nVm : (M{H$V hmoH$a) Š`m - Š`m hþAmŸ?
_m± : Š`m-Š`m hmoVm! `h "Eogo-Eogo' noQ> H$m XX© Zht h¡, ñHy$b
H$m H$m_ Z H$aZo H$m S>a h¡Ÿ&
{nVm : h|!
(Xdm H$s erer hmW go Ny>Q>H$a µ\$e© na {Ja n‹S>Vr h¡Ÿ& EH$
jU g~ R>Jo-go _mohZ H$mo XoIVo h¢Ÿ& {\$a h±g n‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ&)
XrZmZmW : dmh, _mohZ, dmh !
{nVm : dmh, ~oQ>m Or, dmh! Vw_Zo Vmo Iy~ N>H$m`m!
(EH$ AQ²>Q>hmg Ho$ ~mX naXm {Ja OmVm h¡Ÿ&)
*****
boIH$ n[aM` - {dîUw à^mH$a
{dîUw à^mH$a Or H$m OÝ_ 21 OyZ 1912
H$mo _wOâ\$aZJa (C.à) Ho$ EH$ Jm±d _| hþAmŸ&
CZH$m ~MnZ {hgma (h[a`mUm) _| JwOamŸ& dht
{ejm àmá H$a AmnZo àma§^ _| gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar
H$s, {Ogo N>mo‹S>Zo Ho$ ~mX AmnZo ñdV§Ì boIZ
H$mo AnZm`mŸ& do Hw$N> {XZ AmH$medmUr _|
A{YH$mar ^r ahoŸ& H$hmZr BZH$s {à` {dYm
h¡Ÿ& gZ²> 1939 _| BZH$m àW_ EH$m§H$s "h§g' _| àH$m{eV hþAmŸ& V~ go
`o bJ^J Mmbrg EH$m§H$s {bI MwHo$ h¢Ÿ& BZH$s aMZmAm| _| BZgmZ Am¡a
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162
EH$m§H$s, Š`m dh Xmofr Wm, àH$me Am¡a naN>mB©, `o aoImE±, `o Xm`a|
CëboIZr` h¢Ÿ&
{dîUw Or _mZd H$s _mZ{gH$ àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ Hw$eb AmbmoMH$ h¢Ÿ&
AmnHo$ EH$m§{H$`m| _| gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, nm[adm[aH$, Am{W©H$,
Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^y{_H$m na à{V{ð>V _mZdr` M[aÌ H$m gyú_ Am¡a gmoX²>Xoí`
{MÌU h¡Ÿ& Amn na Jm±Yr OrdZ-Xe©Z H$m à^md h¡Ÿ&
eãXmW© :
A§Q>-e§Q> - _Z_mZr, H$b - Amam_, ~bm - H$ï>, JwbµOma -
Iwe, _wŠH$m - _wÆ>r go _maZm, Y_m - Mm¡H$‹S>r - CN>b - Hy$X, N>H$m
- naoemZ, H$m¡{bH$ - Mw^Zm, E|R>>Z - VZmdŸ&
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ -
1) _mohZ {H$g H$jm H$m N>mÌ h¡ ?
2) d¡X²` Or XdmB© _| Š`m XoVo h¢ ?
3) _mohZ H$mo {H$VZo {XZm| H$s Nw>Q²>Q>r {_br Wr ?
4) _mñQ>a Or _mohZ H$mo Am¡a {H$VZo {XZm| H$s Nw>Q²>Q>r XoVo h¢?
II. {b{IV -
A) EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) _mohZ Ho$ n‹S>mogr H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡ ?
2) XrZmZmW {H$go ~wbmVo h¢ ?
3) S>m°ŠQ>a gmh~ H$m¡Z-gm CnMma ~VmVo h¢ ?
4) _mñQ>a Or XX© H¡$go nhMmZVo h¢ ?
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163
Am) VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) _m± _mohZ H$mo {H$g Vah g±^mbVr h¡ ?
2) d¡X²` Or {H$g Vah H$m CnMma H$aVo h¢ ?
3) _mohZ H$m noQ >XX© XoIH$a {nVmOr H¡$go naoemZ hþE ?
4) S>m°ŠQ>a H$s Š`m gbmh Wr ?
5) _mñQ>a Or Zo XX© H$mo H¡$go Xya {H$`m ?
6) "Eogo - Eogo' XX© Š`m| Wm ?
B) gÝX^© g{hV AW© ñnï> H$s{OE :
1) ""BgZo H$ht A§Q>-e§Q> Vmo Zht Im {b`m ?''
2) ""_¢Zo H$hm - Aao J‹S>J‹S> hmoVr h¡ ?''
3) ""`hm±-dhm±, ha H$ht _mohZ hr _mohZŸ&''
4) ""ñHy$b go AmnH$mo Xmo {XZ H$s Nw>Q²>Q>r {_boJrŸ&''
B©) [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :
1) XoImo Z H¡$go .............. ahm h¡Ÿ&
2) Xmonha H$mo .............. J`m WmŸ&
3) `hm±-dhm±, ha H$ht ............. hr _mohZŸ&
4) Voao noQ> _| Vmo ~hþV ............. h¡Ÿ&
C) Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
1) XrZmZmW - 1) am_y H$s H$mH$s
2) d¡X²` Or - 2) Ja_ nmZr H$s ~moVb
3) n‹S>mo{gZ - 3) Eogo - Eogo
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164
K) S>m°ŠQ>a - 4) EH$ n‹S>mogr
L>) _mohZ - 5) nw{‹S>`m
III. ^mfm ~moY
Ü`mZ Xr{OE : Aën{dam_ (,), nyU© {dam_ (&), àíZdmMH$
(?), CX²>JmadmMH$ (!), CX²YaU {Mh²Z> ("" ''), `moOH$ (-),
AY©{dam_ (;) `o g^r {dam_ {Mh²>Z h¢Ÿ&
{ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| C{MV {dam_ {Mh²Z bJmBE :
1) {nVmOr _oao noQ> _| Hw$N> Eogo-Eogo hmo ahm h¡
2) Hw$N> g_P _| Zht AmVm H¡$gm n‹S>m h¡
3) H$hm± h¡ _mohZ
4) ~mha go AmdmµO AmVr h¡ - _mohZ _mohZ
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma :
* {H$gr EH$ hmñ` KQ>Zm H$m dU©Z AnZo hr eãXm| _| H$s{OEŸ&
* Bg EH$m§H$s H$m _§MZ H$s{OEŸ&
*****
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165
nmR> - 19
ahr_ Ho$ XmohoAme` : ahr_ Zo _w»`V… Zr{V VWm ^{ŠV Ho$ Xmohmo§ H$s aMZm H$s h¡Ÿ&
`o Xmoho OrdZ-_yë`, gm_m{OH$ ì`dhma VWm Z¡{VH$ {ejm àXmZ H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
1) Véda \$b Zht ImV h¡, gada {n`qh Z nmZŸ&
H${h> ahr_ na H$mO {hV, g§n{V g§M{h gwOmZŸ&&
2) ~‹S>o ~‹S>mB© Z H$a¢, ~‹S>mo Z ~mobo ~mobŸ&
a{h_Z hram H$~ H$h¡, bmI Q>H$m __ _mobŸ&&
3) _{Z _m{ZH$ _h§Jo {H$`o, ggVmo V¥Z Ob ZmOŸ&
`mhr Vo h_ Om{Z`V, am_ Jar~ {ZdmOŸ&&
4) _mZ g{hV {df Im` Ho$, g§^w ^`o OJXrgŸ&
{~Zm _mZ A_¥V {n`o, amhþ H$Q>m`mo grgŸ&&
5) a{h_Z AmoN>o ZaZ gm|, ~¡a ^bmo Z àr{VŸ&
H$mQ>o MmQ>o ñdmZ Ho$, XmoC ^m§{V {dnar{VŸ&&
6) a{h_Z Jbr h¡ gm§H$[a, XyOmo Z R>hamqhŸ&
Amnw Ah¡ Vmo h[a Zht, h[a Vmo AmnwZ ZmqhŸ&&
7) a{h_Z Xo{I ~‹S>oZ H$mo, bKw Z Xr{OE S>m[aŸ&
Ohm± H$m_ Amdo gwB©, H$hm H$ao Vbdm[aŸ&&
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166
8) a{h_Z YmJm ào_ H$m, _V Vmo‹S>mo {N>Q>H$m`Ÿ&
Qy>Q>o go {\$a Zm {_bo, {_bo Jm§R> n[a Om`Ÿ&&
*****
H${d n[aM` - ahr_ AãXwa©hr_ ImZImZm g_«mQ> AH$~a Ho$ _§Ìr Am¡a goZmn{V WoŸ& ZdaËZm| _| BZH$s JUZm H$s OmVr WrŸ& göX` H${d hmoZo Ho$ gmW - gmW do eya-dra `moÕm ^r WoŸ& CZH$m OÝ_ 1553 B©. _| bmhm¡a _| hþAm WmŸ& do g§ñH¥$V, Aa~r, \$magr Am{X ^mfmAm| Ho$ ^r AÀN>o kmVm WoŸ& CZHo$ H$mì` _| H$mì`emñÌr` kmZ Ho$ gmW-gmW ^{ŠV VWm Zr{VnaH$ aMZmE± ^r àmá hmoVr h¢Ÿ&eãXmW© :
g§M{h - g§M` (EH$Ì) H$aVo h¢, gwOmZ - AÀN>o _Zwî`, V¥Z - dZñn{V, ZmO - AZmO, Jar~ {ZdmO - Jar~m| Ho$ ajH$, g§^w - e§^w ({ed), AmoN>m - ZrM, ñdmZ - Hw$Îmm, gm§H$[a - g§H$ar (V§J), XyOmo-
Xygam, {N>Q>H$m` - MQ>H$mAmoŸ&
Aä`mg
I. _m¡{IH$ - 1) AÀN>o bmoJ Š`m H$aVo h¢ ? 2) ~‹S>o bmoJ {H$gHo$ g_mZ hmoVo h¢ ? 3) am_ {H$gHo$ ajH$ h¢ ? 4) {ed Zo Š`m {H$`m Wm ? 5) h_| {H$gH$mo _hËd XoZm Mm{hE ?
6) ào_ H$m YmJm Qy>Q>Zo na Š`m hmoVm h¡ ?
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167
II. {b{IV -A) {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE : 1) d¥j Am¡a ZXr Š`m Zht H$aVo ? 2) hram Š`m Zht H$aVm ? 3) am_ Zo Jar~m| Ho$ {bE Š`m {H$`m h¡ ? 4) ~wao bmoJm| Ho$ gmW H¡$gm gå~§Y ~ZmZm Mm{hE ? 5) ^JdmZ H$mo _Z _| aIZo Ho$ {bE h_| Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE ? 6) h_| N>moQ>m| Ho$ gmW H¡$gm ì`dhma H$aZm Mm{hE ? 7) ào_ H$m YmJm H¡$go aIZm Mm{hE ?
Am) Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE : 1) ahr_ Zo namonH$mar _Zwî` Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hm h¡ ? 2) ahr_ Zo ~‹S>o ì`{ŠV`m| H$s VwbZm Ho$ {bE {H$gH$m CXmhaU {X`m h¡ Am¡a CZ_| Š`m g_mZVm {XImB© h¡ ? 3) ~wao ì`{ŠV`m| Ho$ gmW ahZo na Š`m hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? 4) h_| ha N>moQ>r dñVw Am¡a ha ì`{ŠV H$m _hËd g_PZm Mm{hEŸ& `h md AmnH$mo {H$g Xmoho _| {_bVm h¡, MwZH$a {b{IEŸ& 5) {H$grHo$ gmW {_ÌVm `m ào_ H$mo Š`m| Zht Vmo‹S>Zm Mm{hE ?
B) gÝX^© g{hV ^md ñnï> H$s{OE : 1) _{Z _m{ZH$ _h§Jo {H$E, ggVmo V¥Z Ob ZmOŸ& `mhr Vo h_ Om{Z`V, am_ Jar~ {ZdmOŸ&& 2) a{h_Z YmJm ào_ H$m, _V Vmo‹S>mo {N>Q>H$m`Ÿ&
Qy>Q>oo go {\$a Zm {_bo, {_bo Jm§R> n[a Om`Ÿ&&
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168
III. nhbo Xmo Xmohm| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$s{OE &
IV. ^mfm - ~moY
Ü`mZ Xr{OE - ahr_ H$s àmMrZ ^mfm Ho$ {H«$`m nXm| H$mo
dV©_mZ ^mfm _| h_ Bg àH$ma {bIVo h¢ -
1) {n`qh = nrVo h¢, g§M{h = g§M` H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
Bgo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ àmMrZ ê$n
~VmBE :
1) H$a 2) Am 3) Om 4) Im 5) XoI
2) AmYw{ZH$ I‹S>r~mobr _| H$mO - H$m`©Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma {ZåZ
eãXm| Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ ê$n {b{IE :
1) ggVmo 2) grg 3) XmoC 4) XyOmo 5) H$hm
3) {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ VrZ-VrZ g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE:
1) Vé 2) \$b 3) Ob 4) Za
`mo½`Vm - {dñVma :
* AH$~a Ho$ ZdaËZm| Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$ OmZH$mar àmá
H$s{OEŸ&
* AÝ` gÝV H${d`m| Ho$ Zr{VnaH$ Xmohm| H$m g§H$bZ H$a
H$jm _| gwZmBEŸ&
*****
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169
n[a{eï>
1. ì`mH$aU 2. nÌ - boIZ
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170
dU© ì`dñWm
dU© {dMma Am¡a CƒmaU
^mfm H$s g~go N>moQ>r BH$mB© dU© h¡& BZ dUm] Ho$ g§`moJ go eãXm| H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡& dU© eãX H$m à`moJ Üd{Z Am¡a Üd{Z-{Mh²Z XmoZm| Ho$ {bE hmoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ dU© Üd{Z`m| Ho$ Cƒ[aV Am¡a {b{IV XmoZm| ê$nm| Ho$ àVrH$ h¢& BZ dUm] Ho$ g_yh H$mo "dU©_mbm' H$hVo h¡§&
CƒmaU H$s Ñ{ï> go qhXr dU©_mbm H$mo Xmo dJm] _| ~m±Q>m J`m h¡ -
1. ñda Am¡a 2. ì`§OZ
1. ñda - {OZ dUm] H$m CƒmaU {~Zm {H$gr AdamoY Ho$ VWm {~Zm {H$gr Xÿgao dU© H$s ghm`Vm go hmoVm h¡, CÝh| ñda H$hVo h¡§& CƒmaU H$s Ñ{ï> go ñda nyU©V`m ñdV§Ì h¢& ì`§OZ dUm] Ho$ CƒmaU _| ñda ghm`H$ hmoVo h¢& qhXr _| ñda Bg àH$ma h¢ -
A Am B B© C D$ (G$) E Eo Amo Am¡
"G$' H$m CÀMmaU gm_mÝ`V… "[a' Ho$ ê$n _| ì`§OZdV hr hmoVm h¡& "Am' Am{X AÝ` ñdam| Ho$ g_mZ "G$' H$s _mÌm ( ¥) ^r hmoVr h¡, AV… Cgo ñdam| _| {JZm OmVm h¡& "G$' H$m à`moJ Ho$db VËg_ (g§ñH¥$V) eìXm| _o§ hmoVm h¡; O¡go - G$U, G${f, G$Vw&
XodZmJar dU©_mbm _| A§, A… H$mo ñdam| Ho$ gmW {bIm OmVm h¡, na dmñVd _| "A§' AZwñdma ( § ) h¡ Am¡a A… {dgJ© (…) h¡& ñda Ho$ ~mX hr BZH$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡; O¡go - A§H$, B§{JV, AV…, àmV…, àm`…& {dgJ© H$m à`moJ qhXr _| àM{bV g§ñH¥$V eãXm| _| hr hmoVm h¡&
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171
2. ì`§OZ - qhXr _| ì`§OZ Bg àH$ma h¡§-
ñne© ì`§OZ
H$ dJ© - H$ I J K L n dJ© - n \$ ~ ^ _
M dJ© - M N> O P Äm A§VñW ì`§OZ - ` a b d
Q> dJ© - Q> R> S> T> U ‹S>> ‹T> D$î_ ì`§OZ - e f g h
V dJ© - V W X Y Z g§`wŠV ì`§OZ - j Ì k l
(H$) ‹S> ‹T> qhXr Ho$ {dH${gV ì`§OZ h¢& `o g§ñH¥$V _| Zht h¢&
(I) µO µ\$ Üd{Z`m>± {dXoer (Aa~r, µ\$magr VWm A§J«oµOr) à^md go qh§Xr _o§ Am JB© h¢&
(J) (qhXr go§ "L' Am¡a "Äm' H$m ñdV§Ì à`moJ Zht hmoVm&)
Cn`wŠV g^r ì`§OZm| _| "A' ñda {_bm hþAm h¡& ñda a{hV ì`§OZ
hb§V ( ² ) Ho$ gmW {bIo OmVo h¢& O¡go - H²$, N²>, T²>, X²
(K) j, Ì, k Am¡a l g§`wŠV ì`§OZ h¢, `Wm - H²$ + f = j,
V² + a = Ì, O² + Äm = k, e² + a = l
(L) qhXr _| "k' H$m CÀMmaU àm`… "½`§' Ho$ g_mZ hmoVm h¡&
_mÌmE± - ì`§OZ Ho$ gmW ñda {Og ê$n _| {_bm hmoVm h¡, Cgo ñda H$s _mÌm H$hVo h¢& àË`oH$ ñda H$s _mÌm ZrMo Xr Om ahr h¡ -
ñda - A Am B B© C D$ G$ E Eo Amo Am¡
_mÌm - m [ r w y ¥ o ¡ mo m¡
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172
"A' H$s H$moB© _mÌm Zht hmoVr& "A' ñda ì`§OZ _| hr {_bm ahVm h¡; O¡go - H$ = H$² + A, n = n² + A
g^r ñdam| H$s _mÌmE± H«$_ go H²$ Ho$ gmW ZrMo Xr Om ahr h¢ -
H²$ + A = H$ H²$ + C = Hw$ H²$ + Eo = H¡$
H²$ + Am = H$m H²$ + D$ = Hy$ H²$ + Amo = H$mo
H²$ + B = {H$ H²$ + G$ = H¥$ H²$ + Am¡ = H$m¡
H²$ + B© = H$s H²$ + E = Ho$
ñdamo§ Ho$ ^oX
ñda Xmo àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¡§ - 1 õñd ñda Am¡a 2. XrK© ñda&
A, B, C, G$ õñd ñda h¢ VWm Am, B©, D$, E, Eo, Amo, Am¡ XrK© ñda h¢&
CÀMmaU H$s Ñ{ï> go õñd Am¡a XrK© H$m A§Va _hËdnyU© h¡& õñd Ho$ ñWmZ na XrK© AWdm XrK© Ho$ ñWmZ na õñd H$m CÀMmaU H$aZo VWm {bIZo go AW© _| ^oX hmo OmVm h¡; O¡go -
õñd XrK© õñd XrK© õñd XrK©A Am B B© C D$~Z ~mZ {XZ XrZ Hw$b Hy$b
g^r ñdam| H$m AZwZm{gH$ CÀMmaU ^r hmoVm h¡; O¡go - A±, Am±, B±, Bª, C±, D±$, E±, E|, Am|, Am¢& {OZ ñdam| Ho$ D$na _mÌm hmoVr h¡ dhm± AZwZm{gH$ `m M§Ðq~Xþ ( °§ ) Ho$ ñWmZ na AZwñdma `m q~Xþ ( § ) bJm`m OmVm h¡&
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173
2. ì`§OZ
{OZ dUm] Ho$ CÀMmaU _| dm`w H$m àdmh éH$H$a `m Kf©U Ho$ gmW {ZH$bVm h¡, CÝh| ì`§OZ H$hVo h¢& ì`§OZ H$m CÀMmaU gXm ñda H$s ghm`Vm go hmoVm h¡; O¡go - H²$ + A = H$, n² + A = n
ì`§OZm| Ho$ ^oX
qhXr _§o Hw$b 37 ì`§OZ h¢, {OZ_| Xmo AmJV ì`§OZ (µO µ\$) ^r em{_b h¢& BÝho§ {ZåZ{b{IV lo{U`m| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡ - (H$) ñne© (27) (I) A§VñW (4) (J) D$î_ (4) Am¡a (K) AmJV (2)& j, Ì, k, l _ybV… ì`§OZ Zht h¢, do g§`wŠV ì`§OZ h¢&
1. ñne© ì`§OZ - BZH$m CÀMmaU H§$R>, Vmbw, _yYm©, Xm±V, Amoð>> ñWmZm| Ho$ ñne© go hmoVm h¡&
CÀMmaU-ñWmZm| Ho$ AZwgma BZHo$ dJ© Bg àH$ma h¡§ -
dJ© dU© CÀMmaU ñWmZ dU©-Zm_H$dJ© H$, I, J, K, L H§$R> H§$R²>`MdJ© M, N>, O, P, Äm Vmbw Vmbì`Q>dJ© Q>, R>, S>, T>, U,
‹S>, ‹T> _yYm© _yY©Ý`
VdJ© V, W, X, Y, Z Xm±V X§Ë`ndJ© n, \$, ~, ^, _ Amoð> Amoð²>`
L, Äm, U, Z, _ ì`§OZ dUm] H$m CÀMmaU Zm{gH$m Ho gmW-gmW H«$_e: H§$R>, Vmbw, _yYm©, Xm±V, Amoð> Ho$ ñne© go hmoVm h¡& BÝh| "Zm{gŠ` ì`§OZ' ^r H$hVo h¢&
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174
‹S> Am¡a ‹T> dU© eãX Ho$ Ama§^ _| Zht AmVo, bo{H$Z _Ü` Am¡a A§V
_| BZH$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡; O¡go - n‹S>Zm, nr‹S>m, ~‹S>m, n‹T>Zm, ~‹T>m& S>-‹S>
A¡a T>-‹T> H$m A§Va g_PmZm ^r _hËdnyU© h¢; O¡go - S>mHy$, {ZS>a, g‹S>H$,
H$sM‹S>, T>ŠH$Z, ~wS²>T>m, M‹T>mB©, ~y‹T>m& BZ eãXm| _| S>, ‹S>, T>, ‹T> dUm] H$m
à`moJ hþAm h¡& Bgo g_P§o&
2. A§VñW ì`§OZ - A§VñW H$m AW© h¡ ñda Am¡a ì`§OZ Ho$ ~rM _|
(pñWV)& BZH$m CÀMmaU Or^, Vmbw, Xm±V Am¡a hm|R>m| Ho$ {ZH$Q> AmZo go
hmoVm h¡, qH$Vw ídmg _| éH$mdQ> H$_ hmoVr h¡; O¡go - `, a, b, d & BZ
dUm] _| "`' Am¡a "d' AY© ñda h¢&
3. D$î_ ì`§OZ - BZH$m CÀMmaU aJ‹S> `m Kf©U go CËnÞ dm`w go hmoVm
h¡; O¡go - e, f, g, h& "e' Ho$ CÀMmaU _| Or^ Vmbw H$mo Am¡a "g' Ho$
CÀMmaU _| Xm±Vm| H$s O‹S> H$mo Ny>Vr h¡& "f' H$mo _yY©Ý` dU© H$hm OmVm h¡,
qH$Vw BgH$m CÀMmaU A~ àm`… "e' H$s ^m±{V hmoVm h¡& `h dU© g§ñH¥$V
Ho$ VËg_ eãXm| Ho$ boIZ _| à`wŠV hmoVm h¡; O¡go - Xmof, {df_, nwéf,
g§Kf©&
4. AmJV dU© - Aa~r, µ\$magr Am¡a A§J«oµOr ^mfmAm| go AmE Hw$N> eãXm|
Ho$ ewX²Y CÀMmaU Ho$ {bE qhXr _| µO-µ\$ (ZrMo q~Xþ) dUmoª H$m à`moJ
hmoVm h¡; O¡go - µOam, µOmoa, µOo~am, µ\$m¡aZ, aµ\$y&
5. g§`wŠV ì`§OZ - `o Xmo ì`§OZ dUm] Ho$ g§`moJ go ~ZVo h¢& `o
ñdV§Ì ì`§OZ Zht h¢; O¡go - j (H²$+f), Ì (V²+a), k (O²+Äm),
l (e²+a)&
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175
qhXr dU©-ì`dñWm H$mo Vm{bH$m ê$n _| dUm] H$s g§»`m Ho$ gmW {X`m Om ahm h¡&
dU©-Vm{bH$m
ñda ì`§OZ
õñd XrK© ñne© A§VñW D$î_ AmJV g§`wŠV
H$dJ© go ndJ©VWm ‹S> ‹T>(25+2) 27
A , B , C, G$
(4)
`,a,b,d (4)
e,f,g,h (4)
µO,µ\$ (2)
j, Ì,
k, l (4)=41
Am,B©,D$, E, Eo,Amo,Am¡ (7)=11
*****
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176
eãX - {dMma
eãX ê$n Am¡a eãX aMZm
n[a^mfm - Eogm ñdV§Ì dU©-g_yh, {OgH$m EH$ {ZpíMV AW©
hmo, eãX H$hbmVm h¡& O¡go-H$_b, amV, b‹S>H$m, nwñVH$, Am{X&
CËn{ËV, ì`wËn{ËV VWm AW© Ho$ AmYma na eãXm| H$mo AZoH$ ^mJm| _|
~m±Q>m Om gH$Vm h¡&
eãXm| Ho$ ^oX
AW©Ho$ AmYma na
eãX
CËn{ËV Ho$ AmYma na
ì`wËn{ËV Ho$AWdm ~ZmdQ> Ho$ AmYma na
à`moJ Ho$ AmYma na
ì`mH$a{UH$ àH$m`© Ho$ AmYma na
CËn{ËV (CX²J_) Ho$ AmYma na eãXm| H$m dJuH$aU
CËn{ËV Ho$ AmYma na eãXmo§ Ho$ _w»` Mma ^oX h¢&
1. VËg_
2. VX²^d
3. XoeO
4. {dXoer
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177
1. VËg_ - do eãX Omo {~Zm {H$gr n[adV©Z Ho$ Á`m| Ho$ Ë`m|
g§ñH¥$V ^mfm go qhXr _o§ à`wŠV {H$E OmVo h¢, do "VËg_ eãX'
H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go - _mVm, Xþ½Y, gn©, gË`, nd©V, H$_©, {dX²dmZ,
AmË_m, Am{X&
2. VX²^d - g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Ho$ Omo eãX Á`m| Ho$ Ë`m| qhXr _o§ à`wŠV
Zht hmoVo, ~pëH$ ê$n ~XbH$a qhXr ^mfm _o§ à`wŠV {H$E OmVo h¢, do
"VX²^d eãX' H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go - nËVm (nÌ), AmJ (A{½Z), gm±n
(gn©) Or^ ({Oh²dm), \y$b (nwîn), ZtX ({ZÐm), gM (gË`), _m±
(_mVm), nhm‹S> (nd©V), H$m_ (H$_©), Ka (J¥h), hmW (hñV), Am{X&
VËg_-VX²^d eãXm| Ho$ CXmhaU
VËg_ VX²^d VËg_ VX²^d VËg_ VX²^dApñWA§Jwbr
hS²>S>rC§Jbr
Aå~mA{½Z
Aå_mAmJ
Am_«Alw
Am_Am±gy
3. Xoer `m XoeO eãX : do eãX {OZH$m H$moB© òmoV Zht h¡;
AWm©V² {OZ eãXm| H$m _yb g§ñH¥$V _| Zht {_bVm& `o Omo eãX qhXr
H$s AnZr àH¥${V Ho$ AZwê$n J«m_rU joÌm|, Imbr joÌm| Am{X Ho$ à^md
go {dH${gV hþE h¢& Bg àH$ma Ho$ eãXm| H$mo "XoeO' eãX H$hm OmVm
h¡& O¡go -^m|Xÿ, PmSy>, P§PQ>, ^m|ny, AQ>H$b, {gbdQ>, nJ‹S>r, bmoQ>m,
PH$PH$, Wßn‹S>, R>moH$a Am{X&
4. {dXoer eãX : {Za§Va ~‹T>Vo g§nH©$ Ho$ H$maU Omo {dXoer eãX
(A§J«oµOr, µ\$magr, Aa~r, VwH$s©, nwV©Jmbr, \«$m§grgr, MrZr, `yZmZr,
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178
OmnmZr, Am{X) qhXr ^mfm _| à`wŠV hmoVo h¢, do eãX "{dXoer eìX' H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go : _|~a, µO_mZm, AmX_r, ~oJ_, gm~wZ, {~Jwb, nQ>mIm, Q>obr\$moZ Am{X&
qhXr ^mfm _| à`wŠV A§J«oµOr eãX - _|~a, ameZ, _¡ZoOa, _moQ>a, n|{gb, ßboQ>\$m_©, S>m`ar, J«m_moµ\$moZ, Mm°H$, {Q>\$Z, S´>m_m Am{X&
qhXr ^mfm _| à`wŠV µ\$magr eãX - O~aXñVr, µO_mZm, OmXÿ, µ\$mgbm, µ\$m¡O, ~mXm_, XþH$mZ, Xa~ma, V»V, µO_tXma, Mnamgr, Mmnbygr Am{X&
qhXr ^mfm _| à`wŠV Aa~r eãX - Am_, AmX_r, Am¡aV, {H$Vm~, H$am_mV, H$bB©, H$gmB©, H$b_, [aídV, dH$sb, _H$mZ, _rZma, Am{X&
qhXr ^mfm _| à`wŠV VwH$u eãX - H¢$Mr, bme, ~hmXþa, Vmon, IµOmZMr, ~oJ_, XamoJm, ~r~r, ~mê$X, AmH$m, _embMr Am{X&)
qhXr ^mfm _| à`wŠV nwV©Jmbr eãX - J_bm, \$sVm, gm~wZ, V§~mHy$, Zrbm_, H$_rµO, Amb{nZ, Vm¡{b`m, H$mOy, H§$nmg, {nñVm¡b, Am{X&
qhXr mfm _| à`wŠV µ\«$m§grgr eãX -{~Jwb, B§Or{Z`a, nw{bg, B§OZ, H$mQy>©Z Am{X&
qhXr ^mfm _| à`wŠV MrZr eãX - nQ>mIm, Mm`, brMr Am{X&
qhXr ^mfm _| à`wŠV `yZmZr eãX - EoQ>_, Q>obrµ\$moZ, Q>obrJ«m\$ Am{X&
******
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179
g§km
{H$gr ^r ì`{ŠV, dñVw, pñW{V `m JwU Ho$ Zm_ H$mo g§km H$hm
OmVm h¡&
CXm : _mohZ H$mobH$mVm _| {Zdmg H$aVm h¡&
J§Jm qhXþAm| Ho$ {bE n{dÌ ZXr h¡&
~w‹T>mnm XþImo§ H$m Ka h¡ Am¡a `m¡dZ AmZ§X H$m&
g§km Ho$ ^oX
g§km Ho$ VrZ ^oX _mZo OmVo h¢-
1. ì`{ŠVdmMH$ g§km - Omo eãX {H$gr {deof ì`{º$, {deof dñVw, {deof ñWmZ `m {deof àmUr Ho$ Zm_ H$m ~moY H$amVo h¡§, CÝh| ì`{ŠVdmMH$ g§km H$hVo h¢& O¡go-
Jm¡V_ ~wÕ, grVm, g§Vmof, {à`§H$, gwa{^ (ì`{ŠV`m| Ho$ Zm_)
EoamdV (hmWr), H${nbm (Jm`), gmoZm ({haZr) (àm{U`m| Ho$ Zm_)
{Xëbr, A_o[aH$m, ^maV, _Ðmg, Amgm_ (ñWmZm| Ho$ Zm_)
H$b_, nwñVH$, H§$H$‹S>, Må_M (dñVwAm| Ho$ Zm_)
2. Om{VdmMH$ g§km - Omo eãX {H$gr àmUr, nXmW© `m g_wXm` H$r nyar Om{V H$m ~moY H$amVo h¡§, CÝho§ Om{VdmMH$ g§km H$hVo h§¡& O¡go-
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180
_Zwî`, Za, Zmar, J«§W, nd©V, Hw$Îmm, hmWr, \$b, ZJa, àm§V, Xoe, ZXr, PaZm Am{X& oo g~ eãX nyar Om{V Ho$ n[aMm`H$ h¢, {H$gr EH$ _Zwî`, EH$ Za, EH$ J«§W `m EH$ àm§V Ho$ Zht& Om{VdmMH$ g§km Ho$ A§VJ©V Ðì` dmMH$ VWm g_yhdmMH$ g§kmE± ^r gpå_{bV h¢&
Ðì`dmMH$ g§km - {H$gr nXmW© `m Ðì` H$m ~moY H$amZo dmbo eãXm| H$mo Ðì`dmMH$ H$hVo h¢& CXmhaUV`m - gmoZm, Mm±Xr, D$Z, bH$‹S>r, Vm±~m Am{X&
g_yhdmMH$ g§km - {Og eãX go {H$gr g_yh `m g_wXm` H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡§, Cgo g_yhdmMH$ g§km H$hVo h¡& O¡go-goZm, H$jm, n[adma, Pw§S>, ^r‹S>, Obyg, Am{X&
3. ^mddmMH$ g§km - {H$gr JwU, Xem, ñd^md, H$m`©, ^md `m ñd^md H$m ~moY H$amZodmbo eãXm| H$mo ^mddmMH$ g§km H$hVo h¢& O¡go-
JwU-Xmof - Mm¡‹S>mB©, b§~mB©, gw§XaVm, H$wê$nVm, MVwamB©
Xem - ~w‹T>mnm, `m¡dZ, ß`mg
^md - Amem, ñdmW©, eÌwVm, em§{V, H«$moY
H$m`© - ghm`Vm, àe§gm, gbmh
ì`{ŠVdmMH$ g§km H$m Om{VdmMH$ Ho$ ê$n _| n«`moJ
H$B© ~ma H$moB© ì`{º$dmMH$ g§km Om{VdmMH$ Ho$ ê$n _| à`wº$ hmoZo bJVr h¡& O¡go-
{d^rfUm| go ~Mmo&
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181
BÝht O`M§Xm| Ho$ H$maU Xoe namYrZ hþAm&
ZoVmOr Ho$ ~{bXmZ go YaVr na AZoH$ gw^mf n¡Xm hmo JE&
`hm± "{d^rfU',"O`M§X' Am¡a "gw^mf' H«$_e… "Ka^o{X`mo§',"JÔmam|'
VWm "H«$m§{VH$m[a`m|' Ho$ {bE à`wŠV hþE h¢&
Om{VdmMH$ g§km H$m ì`{ŠVdmMH$ ê$n _| n«`moJ
H$B© ~ma Om{VdmMH$ g§km H$m à`moJ {H$gr ì`{ŠV {deof Ho$ {bE hmoZo
bJVm h¡& CXmhaUV`m -$
CZ {XZm| n§{S>V Or Xoe Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr Wo&
_hmË_m Or Zo AqhgmË_H$ Am§XmobZ H$m nj {b`m&
emór Or ^maV Ho$ `eñdr àYmZ_§Ìr Wo&
`hm± "n§{S>V Or' g^r n§{S>Vm| Ho$ {bE Z à`wŠV hmoH$a n§{S>V Zohê$ Ho$
{bE à`wŠV hþAm h¡& "_hmË_m Or' _hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ {bE VWm "emór
Or' bmb~hmXþa emór Ho$ {bE à`wŠV hþAm h¡&
^mddmMH$ g§km H$m Om{VdmMH$ ê$n _| à`moJ O~ ^mddmMH$
g§km ~hþdMZ _| à`wº$ hmoVr h¡ Vmo dh Om{VdmMH$ ê$n KmaU H$a
boVr h¡& `Wm -
~wamB© go ~wamB`m± - ~wamB`m| go ~Mmo
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182
Xyar go Xy[a`m± - OmZo H$~ h_ XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM Xy[a`m± ~‹T> JBª&
àmW©Zm go àmW©ZmE± - gÀMr àmW©ZmE± H$^r ì`W© Zht OmVr§&
n‹T>>mB© go n‹T>-B`m± - Jar~m| H$mo ~ÀMm| H$s n‹T>mB`m± hr _ma XoVr h¢&
^mddmMH$ g§kmAm| H$s aMZm
^mddmMH$ g§kmE± ê$‹T> r hmoVr h¢ VWm {Z{_©V r& {Z{_©V mddmMH$
g§kmE± nm±M àH$ma Ho$ eãXm| go ~ZVr h¢&
1. Om{VdmMH$ g§kmAm| go 2. gd©Zm_m| go
3. {deofUmo§ go 4. Aì``m| go
5. {H«$`mAm| go
ZrMo Hw$N> _hËdnyU© ^mddmMH$ g§kmE± Xr Om ahr h¢-
1. Om{VdmMH$ g§km go
eãX ^mddmMH$ g§km eãX ^mddmMH$
g§kmAmX_r AmX_r`V ~y‹T>m ~w‹T>mnm
BZgmZ BZgm{Z`V VéU VéUB©
B©ída Eoíd`©, B©ídaËd ^mB© ^mB©Mmam
{H$emoa H¡$emo`© ^«mV¥ ^«mV¥Ëd
Hw$_ma H$m¡_m`© _Zwî` _Zwî`Vm
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183
2. gd©Zm_ go
AnZm AnZmnZ/AnZËd nam`m nam`mnZ
Ah§ Ah§H$ma __ __Vm, __Ëd
Amn Amnm gd© gd©ñd
{ZO {ZOVm, {ZOËd ñd ñdËd
3. {deofU go
AÀN>m AÀN>mB© Vrd« Vrd«Vm
AOZ~r AOZ~rnZ Xþï> Xþï>Vm
AÝ`m`r AÝ`m` H$R>moa H$R>moaVm
4. Aì``m| go
D$na D$nar {ZH$Q> {ZH$Q>Vm, Z¡H$Q²>`
Xÿa Xyar ZrMo {ZMmB©
{YH$² {Y¸$ma _Zm _Zmhr
5. {H«$`mAm| go
ApñV ApñVËd Xm¡‹S>Zm Xm¡‹S>
C‹S>Zm C‹S>mZ YmoZm YwbmB©
CVaZm CVamB©, CVma n‹T>Zm n‹T>mB©
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184
qbJ
eãX Ho$ {Og ê$n go `h nVm Mbo {H$ dh nwéf Om{V H$m h¡
`m ór Om{V H$m, Cgo qbJ H$hVo h¢& qhXr _| Xmo qbJ h¢ - nw[ëb§J
Am¡a ór qbJ& ha EH$ g§km eãX `m Vmo nw{ëb§JdmMr hmoJm `m
órqbJdmMr& bo{H$Z Hw$N> eãX Eogo ^r hmoVo h¢ {OZH$m à`moJ XmoZm|
qbJm| (nw{ëb§J Am¡a órqbJ) _| hmo gH$Vm h¡& BZ eãXm| _o§ qbJ
n[adV©Z Zht hmoVm& O¡go _§Ìr, S>m°ŠQ>a, B§Or{Z`a, M¡`a_Z, _¡ZoOa
Am{X&
CXm: _§Ìr Or Am aho h¢-_§Ìr Or Am ahr h¢& S>m°ŠQ>a Am aho
h¢- S>m°ŠQ>a Am ahr h¢&
eãXm| H$m qbJ-n[adV©Z:
qhXr _| A{YH$Va nw{ëb§J eãXmo§ go órqbJ eãX ~ZmE OmVo h¢&
Bg{bE _yb nw{ëb§J eãXm| _| àË`` Omo‹S>H$a órqbJ eãX ~ZmE OmVo
h¢& ZrMo nw{ëb§J eãXm| go órqbJ ~ZmZo Ho$ Hw$N> {Z`_ {XE Om aho h¢&
1. "AmZr' àË`` go ~ZZodmbo órqbJ eãX:
(A - AmZr / AmUr)
Zm¡H$a - Zm¡H$amZr OoR> - OoR>mZr
B§Ð - B§ÐmUr Xoda - XodamZr
j{Ì` - jÌmUr
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185
2. "AmBZ' àË`` go ~ZZodmbo órqbJ eãX:
(A, Am, B©, D$, E - AmBZ)
n§{S>V - n§{S>VmBZ Jwé - JwéAmBZ
R>mHw$a - R>mHw$amBZ dm~y - ~~wAmBZ
3. "B©' àË`` go ~ZZodmbo órqbJ eãX:
(A, Am - B©)
b‹S>H$m - b‹S>H$s _m_m - _m_r
XmXm - XmXr ~oQ>m - ~oQ>r
~H$am - ~H$ar
4. "B`m' àË`` go ~ZZodmbo órqbJ eãX:
(Am - B`m )
~y‹T>m - ~w{‹T>`m Hw$Îmm - Hw${V`m
~oQ>m - {~{Q>`m Myhm - Mw{h`m
5. "BZ' àË`` go ~ZZodmbo órqbJ eãX:
_yb eãX Ho$ A§{V_ ñda H$m bmon hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ ñWmZ na -
"BZ' àË`` Am OmVm h¡-
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186
bwhma- bwhm[aZ ~mK - ~m{KZ
gwZma - gwZm[aZ ZmJ - Zm{JZ
Vobr - Vo{bZ _mbr - _m{bZ
6. "Zr' àË`` go ~ZZo dmbo órqbJ eãX:
(A - AZr)
eoa - eoaZr D±$Q> -D±$Q>Zr
_moa - _moaZr
7. "BZr' àË`` go ~ZZodmbo órqbJ eãX:
(B©-BZr, BUr)
hmWr - h{WZr ñdm_r - ñdm{_Zr
AmkmH$mar - AmkmH$m[aUr {hVH$mar - {hVH$m[aUr
8. "BH$m' àË`` Omo‹S>H$a ~ZZodmbo órqbJ eãX:
Zm`H$ - Zm{`H$m ~mbH$ - ~m{bH$m
{ejH$ - {e{jH$m AÜ`mnH$ - AÜ`m{nH$m
boIH$ - bo{IH$m
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187
9. Hw$N> g§km eãX {OZHo$ A§V _| dmZ / _mZ AmVo h¢ CZHo$ ñWmZ na dVr / _Vr órdmMr àË`` bJmH$a órqbJ ~ZmE OmVo h¢&
JwUdmZ - JwUdVr e[º$_mZ - e{º$_Vr
lr_mZ - lr_Vr Am`wî_mZ - Am`wî_Vr
ê$ndmZ - ê$ndVr ^JdmZ - ^JdVr
10. Hw$N> eãXm| _| _yb eãX órqbJdmMr hmoVo h¢ Am¡a CZ_§o àË`` Omo‹S>H$a nw{ëb§J ê$n ~Zm`o OmVo h¢& O¡go -
_m¡gr - _m¡gm ~hZ - ~hZmoB©
OrOr - OrOm ZZX - ZZXmoB©
11. "Am' àË`` Omo‹S>H$a (A - Am) :
{à` - {à`m gXñ` - gXñ`m
{eî` - {eî`m AÜ`j - AÜ`jm
_yI© - _yIm© AmMm`© - AmMm`m©
12. Hw$N> VËg_ eãXm| _o§ "Vm' H$mo "Ìr' H$aZo go órqbJ ~ZVo h¢&
(Vm - Ìr)
H$Vm© - H$Ìu aM{`Vm - aM{`Ìr
A{^ZoVm - A{^ZoÌr
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188
13. {ZË` nw{ëb§J `m {ZË` órqbJ eãXm| _| "_mXm' `m "Za' eãX
bJmZo go:
H$m¡Am - Za (nw{ëb§J) - _mXm H$m¡Am (órqbJ)
^o{‹S>`m - Za (nw{ëb§J) - _mXm ^o{‹S>`m (órqbJ)
14. {^Þ ê$ndmbo órqbJ eãX:
_m_m -_m_r nwéf - ór
H${d - H$d{`Ìr ~mn- _m°§
{dYwa - {dYdm da - dYy
*****
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189
dMZ (Number)
n[a^mfm-eãX Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgHo$ EH$ AWdm AZoH$ hmoZo H$m ~moY hmo, Cgo dMZ H$hVo h¢&
àH$ma - qhXr _o§ Xmo dMZ h¢ - EH$dMZ Am¡a ~hþdMZ&
EH$dMZ - eãX Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgHo$ EH$ (g§»`m _|) hmoZo H$m ~moY hmo, Cgo EH$dMZ H$hVo h¢& O¡go - b‹S>H$m, nV§J, nwñVH$, Jm‹S>r, nwéf Am{X&
~hþdMZ - eãX Ho$ {Og ê$n go EH$ go A{YH$ ì`{ŠV`m| AWdm dñVwAm| H$m ~moY hmo, Cgo ~hþdMZ H$hVo h¢& O¡go - b‹S>Ho$, nV§J|, nwñVH|$, Jm{‹S>`m±, {ó`m± Am{X&
dMZ g§~§Yr {Z`_
gmYmaUV… EH$ g§»`m Ho$ {bE EH$dMZ H$m Am¡a A{YH$ Ho$ {bE ~hþdMZ H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡, bo{H$Z -
1. AmXa àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$dMZ Ho$ ñWmZ na ~hþdMZ H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡, O¡go -
(H$) _hmË_m ~wÕ _hmZ Wo& (I) _oao {nVm ì`mnmar h¢&
(J) Jm±YrOr Aqhgm Ho$ nwOmar Wo&
(K) JwéOr Am aho h¢& (L) _mVmOr nhþ±M JB© hm|Jr&
2. AnZm A{YH$ma, A{^_mZ `m ~‹S>ßnZ OVmZo Ho$ {bE ^r "_¢' Ho$ ñWmZ na H$^r-H$^r bmoJ "h_' ~hþdMZ H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢& _m{bH$ Zm¡H$a go àm`… Eogo ~mV H$aVm h¡& O¡go-
H$) h‘ Om aho h¢ ! h‘mao {bE ImZm VmAmo
I) AH$~a Zo H$hm - h‘| em§{V Mm{hE &
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190
gd©Zm_{OZ eãXm| H$m à`moJ g§km Ho$ ñWmZ na {H$`m OmVm h¡ CÝh|
gd©Zm_ H$hVo h¢ &
CXmhaU : _¢, Vy, Amn (ñd`§), `h, dh, Omo, H$moB©, Hw$N>, H$m¡Z, Š`m &
gd©Zm_ Ho$ ^oX
nwéfdmMH$
gd©Zm_
CÎm_ nwéf _Ü`_ nwéf AÝ` nwéf
{ZOdmMH$
gd©Zm_
{Zü`dmMH$
gd©Zm_
A{Zü`dmMH$
gd©Zm_
gå~ÝYdmMH$
gd©Zm_
àýdmMH$
gd©Zm_
nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_
{OZ gd©Zm_ eãXm| H$m à`moJ ì`{º$dmMH$ g§km Ho$ ñWmZ na {H$`m OmVm h¡ CÝh| nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_ H$hVo h¢ & O¡go - _¢, Vw_, h_, Amn, do &
nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_ Ho$ VrZ ^oX h¢ :
CÎm_ nwéf :
BZ gd©Zm_ H$m à`moJ ~mV H$hZo `m ~mobZo dmbm AnZo {bE H$aVm h¡ &
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191
CXmhaU : _¢, _wPo, _oam, _wPH$mo, h_, h_|, h_mam, h_H$mo &
_Ü`_ nwéf :
BZ gd©Zm_ H$m à`moJ ~mV gwZZo dmbo Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm h¡ &
CXmhaU : Vy, VwPo, Voam, Vw_, Vwåho, Vwåhmam &
AmXa gyMH$ : Amn, AmnH$mo, AmnH$m, Amn bmoJ, Amn bmoJm| H$mo Am{X &
AÝ` nwéf :
BZ gd©Zm_ H$m à`moJ ~mobZo dmbm AÝ` {H$gr ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE H$aVm h¡ &
CXmhaU : dh, CgZo, CgH$mo, CgH$m, Cgo, Cg_|, do, BÝhmoZo, CZH$mo, CZH$m, CÝh|, CZ_o Am{X &
{ZOdmMH$ gd©Zm_
Omo gd©Zm_ eãX H$aVm Ho$ ñd`§ Ho$ {bE à`wº$ hmoVo h¢ CÝh| {ZOdmMH$ gd©Zm_ H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go : ñd`§, Amn hr, IwX, AnZo Amn &
CgZo AnZo Amn H$mo ~~m©X H$a {b`m &
œoVm Amn hr Mbr J`r &
ZmoQ>: BgHo$ "Amn' H$m à`moJ AnZo {bE / ñd`§ ({elf) hmoVm h¡ AmXa gyMH$ 'Amn' Ho$ {bE Zht &
{Zü`dmMH$ gd©Zm_ :
{OZ gd©Zm_ eãXm| go {H$gr {Z{üV ì`{º$ `m dñVw H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Cgo {Zü`dmMH$ gd©Zm_ H$hVo h¢ &
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192
O¡go : `h, dh, `o, do &
`h _oar K‹S>r h¡ &
dh EH$ b‹S>H$m h¡ &
do BYa hr Am aho h¢ &
A{Zü`dmMH$ gd©Zm_ :
{OZ gd©Zm_ eãXm| go {H$gr {Z{üV ì`{º$ `m dñVw H$m ~moY Zht hmoVm h¡ Cgo A{Zü`dmMH$ gd©Zm_ H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go : Hw$N>, {H$gr Zo ({H$gZo), {H$gr H$mo, {H$Ýht Zo, H$moB©, {H$Ýht H$mo &
bñgr _| Hw$N> n‹S>m h¡ &
{^Imar H$mo Hw$N> Xo Xmo &
H$m¡Z Am ahm h¡ &
am_ H$mo {H$gZo ~wbm`m h¡ &
em`X {H$gr Zo K§Q>r ~Om`r h¡ &
gå~ÝYdmMH$ gd©Zm_ :
{Og gd©Zm_ go dmŠ` _| {H$gr Xÿgao gd©Zm_ go gå~ÝY kmV hmoVm h¡ Cgo gå~ÝYdmMH$ gd©Zm_ H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go : Omo-gmo, Ohm±-dhm±, O¡gm-d¡gm, Om¡Z-Vm¡Z &Ohm± Mmh dhm± amh &O¡gm ~moAmoJo d¡gm H$mQ>moJo &dh H$m¡Z h¡ Omo amo n‹S>m &Omo gmo J`m dmo Imo J`m &
Omo H$aoJm gmo ^aoJm &
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193
àýdmMH$ gd©Zm_ :
{OZ gd©Zm_ go dmŠ` _| àý H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Cgo àýdmMH$ gd©Zm_ H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go : H$m¡Z, H$hm±, Š`m, H¡$go &
a_oe Š`m Im ahm h¡ &
H$_ao _¢ H$m¡Z ~¡R>m h¡ &
do H$b H$hm± JE Wo &
Amn H¡$go hmo &
ZmoQ> : Hw$N> gd©Zm_ eãX Eogo ^r hmoVo h¢ {OÝh| g§`wº$ gd©Zm_ H$s H$mo{Q> _| aIm J`m h¢ &
O¡go : Omo H$moB©, g~ H$moB©, Hw$N> Am¡a, H$moB© Z H$moB© &
Omo H$moB© AmE Cgo amoH$ bmo &
OmAmo, dhm± H$moB© Z H$moB© Vmo {_b hr Om`oJm &
XoImo, Hw$N> Am¡a bmoJ dhm± h¢ &
H$moB©-H$moB© Vmo {~Zm ~mV ~hg H$aVm h¡ &
H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z Am ahm h¡ &
{H$g-{H$g H$_ao _| N>mÌ n‹T> aho h¡ &
AnZm-AnZm ~ñVm CR>mAmo Am¡a Ka OmAmo &
A~ Hw$N>-Hw$N> `mX Am ahm h¡ &
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194
(H$) h_ Om aho h¢& h_mao {bE ImZm bmAmo&
(I) AH$~a Zo H$hm-h_| em§{V Mm{hE&
3. Hw$N> g§km eãX gXm ~hþdMZ _| à`wŠV hmoVo h¢& O¡go -
bmoJ, Xe©Z, àOm, àmU, ~mb, hmoe, Am±gy, hñVmja Am{X&
(H$) H¥$n`m AnZo Am±gy nm|N> S>m{bE & (I) ^` go CgHo$ Vmo àmU hr {ZH$b JE&
(J) nw{bg H$mo XoIH$a OJ_mohZ Ho$ hmooe C‹S> JE& (K) _oao ~mb P‹S>Vo h¢&
(L) AmOH$b bmoJ grYo _w±h ~mV VH$ Zht H$aVo& (M) AmO ~oQ>o Ho$ Xe©Z hþE&
4. AmOH$b "Vy' EH$dMZ gd©Zm_ H$m An_mZmW© `m AË`§V N>moQ>o AWdm AË`§V {à` Ho$ {bE hr à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& gå_mZ àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE "Vy' Ho$ ñWmZ na "Vw_' g§~moYZ {H$`m OmVm h¡&
5. OZVm, dfm©, nmZr, XÿY, AmJ, nw{bg, ^r‹S>, Am{X eãX gXm EH$dMZ _| à`wŠV hmoVo h¢& O¡go - (H$) OZVm Zo Am§XmobZ N>o‹S> {X`m h¡& (I) H$b ~hþV dfm© hþB© Wr&
(J) _wPo R>§S>m nmZr Mm{hE& (K) Cgo J_© XÿY Xmo&
(L) _H$mZ H$mo AmJ Zo Koa {b`m& (M) nw{bg Am JB© Vmo ^r‹S> éH$ JB©&
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195
6. Hw$N> EH$dMZ eãX - JU, bmoJ, OZ, d¥§X, Am{X g_yhdmMH$ eãXm| Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>H$a ~hþdMZ Ho$ ê$n _| à`wŠV hmoVo h¢& O¡go -
(H$) AÜ`mnH$ JU `hm± ~¡¡R>| &
(I) _µOXÿa bmoJ AnZo H$m_ na OmE± &
(J) N>mÌd¥§X AmOH$b J«rî_mdH$me H$m AmZ§X bo aho h¢&
{OZ eãXm| Ho$ gmW Om{V, Xb, goZm, g_yh Am{X à`wŠV hmoVm h¡, CZH$m à`moJ EH$dMZ _| hmoVm h¡& O¡go-
(H$) _Zwî`-Om{V H$mo {ó`m| H$m gå_mZ H$aZm Mm{hE&
(I) N>mÌ-Xb {dlm_ H$a ahm h¡&
(J) OZ-g_yh H$b `hm± EH$Ì hmoJm&
7. ^mddmMH$ g§kmE± EH$dMZ _| à`wŠV hmoVr h¡§& O¡go -
(H$) BZ Am_m| _| {_R>mg h¡&
(I) H$m`©H«$_m| H$r gw§XaVm _Z H$mo _moh boVr h¡&
8. YmVwAm| H$m ~moY H$amZodmbr Om{VdmMH$ g§kmE± EH$dMZ _| à`wŠV hmoVr h¡§& O¡go-
(H$) gmoZm ~hþV M_H$sbm h¡ Am¡a bmohm _µO~yV h¡&
(I) Mm±Xr _h§Jr h¡, Am¡a ñQ>rb gwX§a&
9. AH$mam§V, BH$mam§V, B©H$mam§V, CH$mam§V, D$H$mam§V, EH$mam§V, AmoH$mam§V VWm Am¡H$mam§V nwq„J eãX nagJ©-a{hV hmoZo na
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196
~hþdMZ Am¡a EH$dMZ XmoZm| pñW{V`m| _| EH$-g_mZ ahVo h¢; na§Vw CZHo$ {H«$`mê$n H$m `Wmê$n ì`dhma H$aVo h§¡& O¡go-
EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ
~mbH$ IobVm h¡& ~mbH$ IobVo h¢&
S>_ê$ {~H$ J`m& S>_ê$ {~H$ JE&
N>mÌ OmVm h¡& N>mÌ OmVo h¢&
dMZ ~XbZo Ho$ {Z`_
ZrMo {bIo dmŠ` Xo{IE-
CZHo$ nmg H$ma| h¢& do H$mam| na gdma h¢&
AZoH$ b‹S>Ho$ Om aho Wo& AZoH$ b‹S>H$m| Zo OmZo H$m H$m`©H«$_ ~Zm`m&
-BZ dmŠ`m| _| H$ma|, H$mam|, b‹S>Ho$, b‹S>H$m|, ~hþdMZ Ho$ ê$n h¢& AV§a `h h¡ {H$ "H$ma|' Am¡a "b‹S>Ho$' {d^{ŠV-a{hV h¢, O~{H$ "H$mam|' Am¡a "b‹S>H$m|' {d^{ŠV-g{hV h¢& AV… ~hþdMZ Xmo àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ -
(H$) {d^{ŠV-a{hV ~hþdMZ&
(I) {d^{ŠV-g{hV ~hþdMZ&
(H$) {d^{ŠV-a{hV ~hþdMZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {Z`_
nw{ëb§J g§kmAm| Ho$ dMZ-n[adV©Z-AmH$mam§V g§kmAm| Ho$ A§{V_ "Am' Ho$ ñWmZ na "E' H$a {X`m OmVm h¡& O¡go-
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EH$dMZ ~hþdMZH$n‹S>m H$n‹S>oK‹S>m K‹S>oKmo‹S>m Kmo‹S>o
AndmX - (i) Hw$N> eìXm| _| `h {Z`_ bmJy Zht hmoVm& O¡go - g§~§YgyMH$ eãXm| _|-H$mH$m, _m_m, bmbm, nmnm, ZmZm, MmMm, Am{X&
nXgyMH$ eãXm| _| - XamoJm, n§S>m, AmoPm, Am{X&
Hw$N> AÝ` AmH$mam§V g§ñH¥$V nw{ëb§J eãXm| _| - amOm, H$Vm©, {nVm, `wdm, XodVm, M§Ð_m Am{X&
(ii) AH$mam§V, BH$mam§V, B©H$mam§V, CH$mam§V Am¡a D$H$mam§V nwqëbJ eãX Ho$ XmoZm| dMZm| Ho$ ê$n g_mZ ahVo h§¡& O¡go-
EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ
H${d H${d `moJr `moJr
~mbH$ ~mbH$ gmYw gmYw
órqbJ g§kmAm| Ho$ dMZ-n[adV©Z-
(i) "A' H$mo E±- AH$mam§V órqbJ g§kmAm| Ho$ A§V _o| AmZo dmbo "A' H$mo "E±' H$a XoVo h¢& O¡go-
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198
EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ
Am±I Am±Io§ nwñVH$ nwñVH|$
H$b_ H$b_| ~hZ ~hZ|
{H$Vm~ {H$Vm~| ~mV ~mV|
(ii) `m±- BH$mam§V órqbJ g§kmAm| Ho$ A§V _o| "`m±' Omo‹S>H$a EH$dMZ H$mo ~hþdMZ ~Zm`m OmVm h¡& O¡go-
EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ
Om{V Om{V`m± am{e am{e`m±
{V{W {V{W`m± {b{n {b{n`m±
{Z{Y {Z{Y`m± e{ŠV e{ŠV`m±
(iii) "B©' H$mo "B`m±' - B©H$mam§V órqbJ g§kmAm| H$s A§{V_ dU© "B©' H$mo "B`m±±' H$a {X`m OmVm h¡& `Wm-
Kmo‹S>r Kmo[‹S>`m± _N>br _N>{b`m±
Q>monr Q>mo{n`m± amoQ>r amo{Q>`m±
Wmbr Wm{b`m± b‹S>H$s b‹S>{H$`m±
(iv) AZwZm{gH$-( ±)-"`m' go A§V hmoZo dmbr g§kmAm| H$mo ~hþdMZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE A§V _| AZwZm{gH$ ( ±) Omo‹S> {X`m OmVm h¡& O¡go -
Hw${V`m Hw${V`m± {S>{~`m {S>{~`m±
Jw{‹S>`m Jw{‹S>`m± nw{‹S>`m nw{S>`m±
{M{‹S>`m {M{‹S>`m± ~w{‹T>`m ~w{‹T>`m±
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199
(v) "E'-D$H$mam§V, AmH$mam§V, Am¡H$mam§V, Am{X eof órqbJ g§kmAm| Ho$ A§V _| "E±' Omo‹S>H$a ~hþdMZ ~ZmE OmVo h¢& Am¡a "D$' H$mo õñd H$a {X`m OmVm h¡& O¡go -
EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ
O¡go : AÜ`m{nH$m AÜ`m{nH$mE± YoZw YoZwE±
AmË_m AmË_mE± ~hÿ ~hwE±
H$Wm H$WmE± ^mdZm ^mdZmE±
(I) {d^{ŠV g{hV g§kmAm| H$mo ~hþdMZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {Z`_-
(i) "Am|' H$m g_mdoe-g§kmAm| Ho$ A§{V_ dU© "A' VWm "Am' Ho$ ñWmZ na "Am|' hmo OmVm h¡& O¡go-
Ia~yOm Ia~yOm| ~§Xa ~§Xam|
Ka Kam| ~y‹T>m ~y‹T>m|
Kmo‹S>m Kmo‹S>m| _yyI© _yIm]
(ii) "Am' go g_má hmoZo dmbo {OZ eãXm| Ho$ {d^{ŠV-a{hV ê$nm| Ho$ ~hþdMZ _| H$moB© n[adV©Z Zht hmoVm, CZHo$ {d^{ŠV-g{hV ê$nmo§ Ho$ A§V _| ~hþdMZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE "Am|' àË`` bJVm h¡& O¡go -
amOm amOmAm| _mVm _mVmAm|
bVm bVmAm| `moÕm `moÕmAm|
(iii) CH$mam§V `m D$H$mam§V eãXm| Ho$ A§V _| "Am|' bJmH$a ~hþdMZ ~ZmE OmVo h¢& Eogr pñW{V _| "D$' H$m õñd "C' hmo OmVm h¡&
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O¡go -
Jwé JwéAm| ^mby ^mbwAm|
S>mHy$ S>mHww$Am| dYy dYwAm|
~hþ ~hþAm|
(iv) Amo-"A' Am¡a "Am' go g_má hmoZo dmbo eãXm| _| g§~moYZ H$aVo g_` A§{V_ ñda ~XbH$a "Amo' hmo OmVm h¡& O¡go -
H$Ý`m H$Ý`mAmo! b‹S>H$m b‹S>H$mo!
~hZ ~hZmo! bmoJ bmoJmo!
(v) `m§o-"B' VWm "B©' - go A§V hmoZo dmbo {d^{ŠV- `wŠV ~hþdMZ _| "`m|' bJVm h¡& Eogr pñW{V _| "B©' H$m õñd "B' hmo OmVm h¡& O¡go -
H$hmZr H$hm{Z`m| _w{Z _w{Z`m|§
Jbr J{b`m| am{Ì am{Ì`m|
Jm‹S>r Jm{‹S>`m| b‹S>H$s b‹S>{H$`m|
(vi) `mo-g§~moYZ H$aVo g_` BH$mam§V eãXm| _| "`mo' H$m g_mdoe hmo OmVm h¡& O¡go -
_w{Z _w{Z`mo! ^mB© ^mB`mo !
b‹S>H$s b‹S>{H$`mo ! {gnmhr {gnm{h`mo ! *****
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{deofU (Adjective)
{ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| aoIm§{H$V eãXm| (nXm|) na Ü`mZ Xr{OE :
1. _XZ H$mbr H$_rµO nhZH$a ñHy$b Am`m&
2. _oam N>moQ>m ^mB© ~hþV eamaVr h¡&
3. AmnHo$ {bE do _rR>o g§Vao boH$a AmE h¢&
Cn`w©ŠV dmŠ`m| _| "H$mbr', "N>moQ>m' VWm "_rR>o' eãX AnZr-AnZr g§kmAm| Ho$ JwU ~Vm aho h¢ {H$ H$_rµO H$m a§J H$mbm h¡, ^mB© N>moQ>m h¡ VWm g§Vamo§ H$m ñdmX _rR>m h¡& "nm±M brQ>a', "Wmo‹S>r - gr' eãX AnZr-AnZr g§kmAm| H$m n[a_mU (_mÌm) ~Vm ahr h¢& "Xg-~mah' go _µOXÿam| H$s g§»`m H$m nVm Mb ahm h¡ VWm "_oam' ~oQ>o Ho$ {df` _| ~Vm ahm h¡ {H$ dh {H$gH$m ~oQ>m h¡& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© h¡ {H$ o g_ñV eãX {H$gr-Z-{H$gr ê$n _| AnZo AmJo AmZo dmbr g§kmAm| H$s {H$gr-Z-{H$gr {deofVm H$mo àH$Q> H$a aho h¢& ì`mH$aU _| `o eãX g§km Ho$ nyd© bJH$a CgH$s {deofVm ~VmVo h¢& AV… BÝh| "{deofU' H$hm OmVm h¡&
Omo eãX g§km `m gd©Zm_ H$s {deofVm (JwU, g§»`m, _mÌm `m n[a_mU Am{X) ~VmVo h¢, "{deofU' H$ho OmVo h¢&
{deofU eãX {Og eãX (g§km m gd©Zm_) H$s {deofVm ~VmVo h¢, CZ eãXm| H$mo "{deoî`' Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& O¡go-b‹S>H$s, gabm, aKw, dh Am{X&
Bg àH$ma h_ nmVo h¢ {H$ {deofU Ho$ à`moJ go {deoî` dñVw H$m `WmW© n[aM` Vmo {_bVm hr h¡, gmW hr gmW ^mfm ^r à^mdembr hmo
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202
OmVr h¡& "{deofU' ì`{ŠV, n«mUr, dñVw, Am{X H$m ñdê$n ñnï> H$a, Cgo CgHo$ dJ© go AbJ Xem©H$a CgH$s {deofVmAm| H$m n[aM` XoVm h¡&
{deofU Ho$ ^oX
AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go {deofU Ho$ _w»` Mma ^oX h¢ :
{deofU
JwUdmMH$ {deofU
g§»`mdmMH$ {deofU
n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofU
gmd©Zm{_H${deofU
{ZpíMV g§§»`mdmMH$
A{ZpíMV g§§»`mdmMH$
{ZpíMV n[a_mUdmMH
A{ZpíMV n[a_mUdmMH$
1. JwUdmMH$ {deofU
2. g§»`mdmMH$ {deofU
3. n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofU
4. gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU
1. JwUdmMH$ {deofU-g§km `m gd©Zm_ Ho$ JwU `m Xmof H$m ~moY H$amZo dmbo eãX "JwUdmMH$ {deofU' H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go - dh ì`[º$ X`mdmZ h¢& AÝ` Hw$N> CXm : AÀN>m, XmZr, H$mbm, b§~m Am{X&
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203
JwUdmMH$ {deofU Ho$ A§VJ©V {ZåZ{b{IV àH$ma Ho$ {deofU
nmE OmVo h¢:
1. JwU~moYH$ - AÀN>m, XmZr, Ý`m`r, H¥$nmbw&
2. Xmof~moYH$ - PyR>m, nmnr, Xþï>, H§$Oyg, A{^_mZr&
3. ñdmX~moYH$ - IQ²>Q>m, _rR>m, H$‹S>dm, VrIm, Z_H$sZ&
4. J§Y~moYH$ - Iwe~yXma, gwJ§{YV, XþJª{YV, ~X~yXma&
5. a§J~moYH$ - H$mbm, nrbm, gwZham, Zrbm, ham&
6. AmH$ma~moYH$ - _moQ>m, b§~m, N>moQ>m, Mm¡H$moa, Jmob&
7. ñne©~moYH$ - H$R>moa, Za_, JwXmJwXm, _wbm`_, Za_, g»V&
8. Üd{Z~moYH$ - _Ywa, H$H©$e&
9. H$mb~moYH$ - H$b, nagm|, nwamZr, àmMrZ, ZdrZ,
j{UH$, X¡{ZH$, gmám{hH$, _m{gH &
10. ñWmZ~moYH$ - J«m_rU, ehar, {dXoer, O`nwar, MrZr&
11. Xem~moYH$ - amoJr, {ZamoJr, é½U, ~r_ma, {~J‹S>m hþAm&
12. pñW{V~moYH$ - AJbm, {nN>bm, nhbm, nm±Mdm±, A§{V_&
13. {Xem~moYH$ - nydu, npíM_r, CËVar, ^rVar, ~mhar&
14. AdñWm~moYH$ - Jrbm, gyIm, Z_, ewîH$, Vbm hþþAm,
Obm hþAm&
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204
2. g§»`mdmMH$ {deofU - {OZ {deofU eãXm| go g§km `m gd©Zm_ H$s g§»`m H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡, dh "g§»`mdmMH$ {deofU' H$hbmVo h¢& g§»`mdmMH$ {deofU Ho$ Xmo ^oX h¢ :
(H$) {ZpíMV g§§»`mdmMH$ (I) A{ZpíMV g§§»`mdmMH$
(H$) {ZpíMV g§§»`mdmMH$ - {OZgo {ZpíMV g§»`m H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡, do "{ZpíMV g§§»`mdmMH$ {deofU' H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go-Xg {dX²`mWu, nm±M
Ho$bo, Mma d¥j Am{X&
(I) A{ZpíMV g§§»`mdmMH$ - BZgo {Z[íMV g§»`m H$m ~moY Zht hmoVm& O¡go -Hw$N> Am_, Wmo‹S>o Ho$bo, Hw$N> b‹S>Ho$, H$B© Xe©H$ Am{X&
3. n[a_mUdmMH$ - _mÌm `m Vmob ~VmZo dmbo {deofUm| H$mo "n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofU' H$hVo h¢& O¡go-Xg {H$bmo Mmdb, Mma {H$bmo AmQ>m, Mma JµO µO_rZ, Wmo‹S>m AZmµO Am{X&
n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofU Ho$ ^r Xmo ^oX h¢ -(H$) {ZpíMV n[a_mUdmMH$, (I) A{ZpíMV n[a_mUdmMH$
(H$) {ZpíMV n[a_mUdmMH$ - {OZ eãXm| go {ZpíMV n[a_mU H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡, do "{ZpíMV n[a_mUdmMH$' {deofU H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go-Mma {H$bmo Xmb, Xmo _rQ>a H$n‹S>m Am{X&
(I) A{ZpíMV n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofU - {OZ eãXm| go n[a_U H$s A{ZpíMVVm H$m ~moY hmo, do A{ZpíMV n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofU H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go-Hw$N> Xmb, Wmo‹S>m AmQ>m, ~hþV MrZr Am{X&
g§»`mdmMH$ {deofU Am¡a n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofU _| A§Va - g§»`mdmMH$ {deofU H$m à`moJ JUZr` dñVwAm| Ho$ {bE hmoVm h¡, O~H$s
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205
n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofU H$m à`moJ AJUZr` dñVwAm| Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm h¡& go~, n|{gb, b‹S>Ho$ Am{X JUZr` dñVw h¢ Vmo Mmdb, H$n‹S>m, ‹O_rZ Am{X AJUZr` dñVw&
4. gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU - {OZ gd©Zm_m| H$m à`moJ {deofU Ho$ ê$n _| hmoVm h¡, do gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go -
dh b‹S>H$m ^bm h¡&
H$moB© ñÌr X²dma na AmH$a I‹S>r h¡&
`h nwñVH$ Vwåhmar h¡&
BZ dmŠ`m| _| dh, H$moB©, VWm `h gd©Zm_ hmoVo hþE ^r {deofU Ho$ ê$n _| à`wŠV {H$E JE h¢& Bg{bE `o gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU H$hbmVo h¢& nwéfdmMH$ (_¢, h_, Vy, Vw_) VWm {ZOdmMH$ (Amn) gd©Zm_m| Ho$ Abmdm eof g^r gd©Zm_, gmd©Zm{_H$ ê$n _| à`moJ _| bmE OmVo h¢& nm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ nwéfdmMH$ VWm {ZOdmMH$ gd©Zm_ Ho$ g§~§YH$maH$s` ê$n {deofU Ho$ g_mZ à`wº$ {H$E Om gH$Vo h¢& O¡go-_¢ go _oam, _oar; Vw_ go Vwåhmam, Vwåhmar VWm h_ go h_mam, h_mar&
5. gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU VWm gd©Zm_ - Hw$N> bmoJ gd©Zm_ VWm gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofUm| _| A§Va Zht H$aVo& dñVwV: XmoZm| ê$n-aMZm Ho$ ñVa na g_mZ hmoVo h¢, Ho$db dmŠ` _| à`moJ Ho$ ñVa na XmoZm| _| A§Va hmo OmVm h¡&
"gd©Zm_' Ho$ {df` _| Amn OmZVo hr h¢ {H$ `o do eãX h¢ Omo g§km Ho$ ñWmZ na à`wº$ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a dhr àH$m`© (function) H$aVo h¢ Omo dh g§km H$a ahr Wr& O¡go- "_mohZ B©_mZXma b‹S>H$m h¡& dh H$^r PyR>
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Zht ~mobVm& CgHo$ {nVmOr AÜ`mnH$ h¢'& bo{H$Z O~ gd©Zm_ {H$gr g§km ({deoî`) Ho$ gmW bJH$a Cg g§km H$s {deofVm ~VmVo h¢ V~ do gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU H$ho OmVo h¢, O¡go -
(H$) {H$gH$s {H$Vm~ Mmoar hþB© Wr?
(I) _oao ^mB© A_o[aH$m Om aho h¢&
(J) CZHo$ nmg ImZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ^r gm_mZ Zht h¡&
{deofU eãXm| H$s aMZm - Hw$N> eãX _yb ê$n _| hr {deofU hmoVo h¢& bo{H$Z Hw$N> eãXm| (g§km, gd©Zm_ VWm {H«$`m) H$s aMZm CngJ© VWm àË`` bJmH$a H$s OmVr h¡& O¡go-df© go dm{f©H$, A§H$ go A§{H$V, nwîn go nwpînV&
CngJmoª go {deofU aMZm
eãX _| "A' Omo‹S>H$a :
A + g_W© = Ag_W©, A`mo½`, A~moY&
eãX _| "g' Omo‹S>H$a :
g + nyV = gnyV, gOb, g\$b, gOrd&
{Z Omo‹S>H$a :
"{Z': + Xmof = {ZXm}f, {Z_©_, {ZJ©wU, {Z_©b, {ZîRw>a&
"~o' Omo‹S>H$a :
~o + B©_mZ = ~oB©_mZ, ~odHy$\$, ~oMmam, ~oH$gya&
"bm' Omo‹S>H$a :
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207
bm + BbmO = bmBbmO, bmMma, bmdm[ag, bmOdm~&
àË``m| go {deofU aMZm
eãX {deofU eãX - {deofU
BH$ Y_© - Ym{_©H$ Ab§H$ma - Amb§H$m[aH$
AmË_m - AmpË_H$ bmoH$ - bm¡{H$H$
H$éUm - H$mé{UH$ g§àXm` - gm§àXm{`H$
_mg - _m{gH$ BÀN>m - Eo{ÀN>H$
ZJa - ZmJ[aH$ gámh - gmám{hH$
n[adma - n[adm[aH$ _wI - _m¡{IH$
nj - nm[jH$
BV² Üd{Z - Üd{ZV An_mZ - An_m{ZV
bú` - b[jV `moOZm - `mo{OV
Cnojm - Cno[jV Va§J - Va§{JV
{H«$`m
{Og eãX go H$m`© H$m H$aZm `m hmoZm nm`m OmE, Cgo {H«$`m H$hVo h¢& O¡go :
(H$) ~{~Vm ImZm Im ahr h¡& (I) ~ÀMo Iob aho h¢&
`{X BZ dmŠ`m| Ho$ gmW h_ "Š`m H$aVm h¡' `m "Š`m H$a ahm h¡'? Am{X àíZm| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a CZH$m CÎma T>±yT|> Vmo H«$_e: "ImZm Im ahr h¡'
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208
VWm "Iob aho h¢' CÎma àmá hm|Jo& Bg àH$ma `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ dmŠ` H$m Omo A§e BZ àíZm| H$m CÎma XoVm h¡, Cgo {H«$`m H$hVo h¢& {~Zm {H«$`m Ho$ H$moB© ^r dmŠ` nyU© Zht hmoVm& {H«$`m H$mo XoIH$a hr H$Vm© `m H$_© H$m AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gH$Vm h¡& H$Vm© EH$dMZ h¡ `m ~hþdMZ, nw{ëb§J h¡ `m órqbJ, gOrd h¡ `m {ZOud, CÎm_ nwéf _|, _Ü`_ nwéf _| `m AÝ` nwéf _| h¡, BgH$s OmZH$mar ^r {H«$`m Ho$ X²dmam hr hmoVr h¡& H$mb H$m kmZ ^r {H«$`m go hr hmoVm h¡&
YmVw - YmVw H$m AW© h¡ : _yb `m ~rOmja& {H$gr {H«$`m Ho$ {d{^Þ ê$nm| _| Omo A§e g_mZ ê$n go {_bVm h¡, Cgo Cg {H«$`m H$s YmVw H$hm OmVm h¡& Bg àH$ma ""{H«$`m Ho$ _yb ê$n "H$mo' YmVw H$hVo h¢''& {Og àH$ma gmoZm, Mm±Xr, Am{X YmVwAm| go hma, H§$JZ, Pw_Ho$, ~m{b`m±, ZW, BË`m{X Am^yfU ~ZmE OmVo h¢, Cgr àH$ma "Mb' YmVw go MbZm, Mbm, Mbo, Mbmo, Mb|Jo; "n‹T>' YmVw go n‹T>Zm, n‹T>o, n‹T>oJm, BË`m{X {H«$`m nX ê$n ~ZmE OmVo h¢& Am, Om, Im, nr, Mb, gwZ, XoI, n‹T>, Am{X àË`oH$ YmVw Ho$ _yb ê$n _| "Zm' Omo‹S>H$a {H«$`m H$m gm_mÝ` ê$n ~Zm`m OmVm h¡& O¡go-AmZm, OmZm, ImZm, nrZm, MbZm, gwZZm, XoIZm, n‹T>Zm, Am{X& `o "{H«$`mE± g§km' H$m ^r H$m_ H$aVr h¢ Am¡a H$_© H$m ^r& Eogo ê$nm| H$mo {H«$`mW©H$ g§km H$hm OmVm h¡& BZ {H«$`mAm| _| go "Zm' {ZH$mb XoZo go {H«$`m nwZ… YmVw _| n[ad{V©V hmo OmVr h¡&
n‹T> + Zm = n‹T>Zm, _ma + Zm = _maZm, CR> + Zm = CR>Zm&
_yb YmVw H$m à`moJ _mÌ "Vy' Ho$ gmW AmkmW©H$ {H«$`m Ho$ ê$n _| hr {H$`m OmVm h¡& O¡go-Vy _oao gmW Mb; Vy ImZm Im; Vy H$hmZr gwZ& Hw$N> YmVwAm| H$m à`moJ ewX²Y ^mddmMH$ g§km H$s Vah hmoVm h¡ O¡go-g_P, byQ>, S>a, _ma, _m±J, Am{X&
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209
CXmhaU :
(H$) `h ~mV CgH$s g_P _| Zht AmB©&
(I) Mmoa Ka H$mo byQ> H$a Mbo JE&
{H«$`m H$s aMZm
{H«$`m H$s aMZm VrZ àH$ma Ho$ eãXm| go hmoVr h¡ :
YmVw go - n‹T> = n‹T>Zm, n‹T>Vm&
Im = ImZm, ImVm, Im`m&
g§km go - Ambñ` = AbgmZm, AbgmVm&
\$aH$ma = \$Q>H$maZm, \$Q>H$maVm&
{deofU go - {Q>_{Q>_ = {Q>_{Q>_mVm, {Q>_{Q>_mZm&
{^Z{^Z = {^Z{^ZmZm, {^Z{^ZmVm&
à`moJ Ho$ AmYma na {H«$`m Ho$ ^oX -
gH$_©H$ AH$_©H$
EH$H$_©H$ {ÛH$_©H$
à`moJ H$o AmYma na {H«$`m Ho$ ^oX
à`moJ Ho$ AmYma na {H«$`m Ho$ _w»` Xmo ^oX h¢ :
1. gH$_©H$ 2. AH$_©H$
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210
1. gH$_©H$ - gH$_©H$ H$m AW© h¡ - H$_© Ho$ gmW& {Og {H«$`m H$m \$b H$Vm© H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a H$_© na n‹S>o, dh {H«$`m gH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$hbmVr h¡, O¡go-~ÀMm XÿY nr ahm h¡&
amYm {H$Vm~ n‹T> ahr h¡&
BZ dmŠ`m| Ho$ H$Vm© Am¡a {H«$`m Ho$ ~rM `{X "Š`m' àíZ {H$`m OmE, Vmo CËVa ñdê$n H«$_e: "XÿY' VWm "{H$Vm~' AmVo h¢& O¡go - ~ÀMm Š`m nr ahm h¡, XÿY; amYm Š`m n‹T> ahr h¡, "{H$Vm~' gH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$s g~go ~‹S>r nhMmZ `hr h¡&
H$_© Ho$ AmYma na gH$_©H$ {H«$`m Ho$ {ZåZ{b{IV Xmo ^oX h¢ :
(H$) EH$H$_©H$ - {Og {H«$`m H$m _mÌ EH$ hr H$_© hmoVm h¡, dh "EH$H$_©H$' {H«$`m H$hbmVr h¡& O¡go :
amYm H$‹nS>o Ymo ahr h¡& _m± ImZm ~Zm ahr h¡&
(I) {ÛH$_©H$ - {Og {H«$`m Ho$ Xmo H$_© hmoVo h¢, dh "{ÛH$_©H$ {H«$`m' H$hbmVr h¡& BZ Xmo H$_m] _| àW_ H$_© àmUrdmMH$ VWm {ÛH$_©H$ H$_© AàmUrdmMH$ hmoVm h¡& àmUrdmMH$ H$_© Jm¡U H$_© VWm AàmUrdmMH$ H$_© àm`: _w»` H$_© hmoVm h¡& _w»` H$_© {d^{º$ {Mh²Z am{hV VWm Jm¡U H$_© {d^{º$ {Mh²Z g{hV hmoVm h¡& O¡go :
_mbm Zo amYm H$mo nwñVH$ Xr& {nVm Zo nwÌ H$mo n¡go {XE&
BZ dmŠ`m| H$s {H«$`m Ho$ gmW `{X "Š`m', "{H$go' Am¡a "{H$gH$mo' àíZm| H$mo {H$`m OmE Vmo CÎma H«$_e: "nwñVH$' Am¡a "amYm' VWm "n¡go' Am¡a "nwÌ' AmVo h¢& O¡go - _mbm Zo amYm H$mo nwñVH$ Xr& Š`m Xr? nwñVH$ Xr& {H$go Xr? amYm H$mo Xr& {ÛH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$s g~go ~‹S>r nhMmZ `hr h¡&
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211
Hw$N> à_wI AH$_©H$ {H«$`mE± :
AH$‹S>Zm, Sy>~Zm, AmZm, CJZm, OmZm, CN>bZm, Hy$XZm, {JaZm, ~¡R>Zm, Xm¡‹S>Zm, R>haZm, gmoZm, OmJZm, ~‹T>Zm, Am{X&
AH$_©H$ go gH$_©H$ {H«$`m ~ZmZm :
AH$_©H$ gH$_©H$ AH$_©H$ gH$_©H$
R>haZm - R>hamd Hy$XZm - Hy$Xm
boQ>Zm - boQ>mZm h±gZm - h±gr
{JaZm - {JamZm, {JamdQ> V‹S>nZm - V‹S>nmZm
Aì``
"Aì``' eãX H$m AW© h¡, {Og eãX H$m Hw$N> ^r ì`` Z hmoVm hmo& AV… Aì`` do eãX h¢ {OZHo$ ê$n _| qbJ, dMZ, nwéf, H$mb, Am{X ì`mH$a{UH$ H$mo{Q>`m| Ho$ à^md go H$moB© n[adV©Z Zht hmoVm& AV… Aì`` eãXm| H$mo A{dH$mar eãX ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& AmO, H$b, VoO, Yrao, Amoh, qH$Vw, na, Vm{H$ Am{X Aì`` Ho$ CXmhaU h¢&
Aì`` eãXm| Ho$ ^oX
{H«$`m{deofU g§~§Y~moYH$ g_wÀM`~moYH$ {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ {ZnmV
Aì``
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212
1. {H«$`m{deofU
{ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| _moQ>o eãXm| na Ü`mZ Xr{OE -
(H$) ~ÀMo Yrao-Yrao Mb aho Wo&
(I) do bmoJ amV H$mo nhÿ±Mo &
(J) Amn `hm± ~¡{R>E&
(Y) ~ÀMm ~hþV amo`m&
_moQ>o eãX, {H«$`m Ho$ nhbo bJH$a CgH$s {deofVm àH$Q> H$a aho h¢& AV…
H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$
do A{dH$mar (Aì``) eãX Omo {H«$`m H$s {deofVm àH$Q> H$aVo h¢,
{H«$`m{deofU H$ho OmVo h¢&
{H«$`m H$s {deofVm àm`: Mma àH$ma go ~VmB© OmVr h¡& {H«$`m {H$g ar{V
go g§nÞ hmo ahr h¡, O¡go - Yrao-Yrao; Vo‹Or go& H$hm± K{Q>V hmo ahr h¡,
O¡go - `hm±, dhm±& H$~ K{Q>V hmo ahr h¡, O¡go - em_ H$mo, gw~h H$mo,
amV H$mo& BgHo$ Abmdm {H«$`m H$s _mÌmJV {deofVm ^r Wmo‹S>m, ~hþV,
H$m‹\$s Am{X eãXm| go ~VmB© Om gH$Vr h¡& BÝht AmYmam| na {H«$`m{deofU
Ho$ Mma ^oX hmo OmVo h¢ -
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213
ar{VdmMH$ ñWmZdmMH$ H$mbdmMH$ n[a_mUdmMH${H«$`m{deofU {H«$`m{deofU {H«$`m{deofU {H«$`m{deofU
{H«$`m{deofU
i) ar{VdmMH$ ii) ñWmZdmMH$
iii) H$mbdmMH$ iv) n[a_mUdmMH$
i) ar{VdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU - {OZ {H«$`m{deofUm| go {H«$`m Ho$
K{Q>V hmoZo H$s {d{Y `m ar{V go g§~§{YV {deofVm H$m nVm MbVm h¡, do
ar{VdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU H$hbmVo h¢& BgH$s nhMmZ Ho$ {bE {H«$`m na
"H¡$go/{H$g àH$ma' Ho$ àíZ H$aZo Mm{hE& BZHo$ CÎma _| Omo eãX àmá
hmoVm h¡, dh "ar[VdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU' h¡& O¡go -"Jm‹S>r Vo‹O Mb ahr
h¡' dmŠ` _| `{X nyN>m OmE H¡$go Mb ahr h¡? Vmo CÎma {_boJm "Vo‹O'&
AV… "Vo‹O' ar{VdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU h¡& ar{VdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU eãXm|
Ho$ AÝ` CXmhaU h¢ - AMmZH$, Vo‹Or go, ^br-^m±{V, OëXr go Am{X&
Xo{IE Hw$N> dmŠ` -
(H$) Jm‹S>r ßboQ>\$m_© na AMmZH$ Am JB©&
(I) _¢ CZgo ^br-^m±{V n[a{MV h±ÿ&
(J) Vw_ Vmo PQ>nQ> H$m_ H$amo&
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214
ii) ñWmZdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU - {H«$`m Ho$ K{Q>V hmoZo Ho$ ñWmZ Ho$
{df` _| ~moY H$amZo dmbo {H«$`m{deofU eãX ñWmZdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU
H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go-`hm±, dhm±, BYa, CYa, ZrMo, D$na, ~mha, ^rVa,
Amgnmg, Ka _|, ñQ>oeZ na Am{X&
`o Xmo àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¡§-
(H$) pñW{V~moYH$: O¡go-AmJo,nrN>o,Ama-nma, ^rVa, ~mha,
gd©Ì, nmg, Xÿa, `hm±, dhm± Am{X &
(I) {Xem~moYH$: O¡go-D$na H$s Amoa, ZrMo H$s Va\$,
BYa-CYa, Mmam| Amoa Am{X&
ñWmZdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofUm| H$s nhMmZ Ho$ {bE {H«$`m na "H$hm±'
àíZ H$aZm Mm{hE & BgHo$ CÎma _| Omo eãX àmá hmoVm h¡, dh
ñWmZdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU h¡& O¡go "H$_bm D$na ~¡R>r h¡'- dmŠ` _|
`{X nyN>m OmE-H$hm± ~¡R>r h¡ ? Vmo CÎma {_boJm "D$na' & AV… "CÎma'
ñWmZdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU h¡ &
(iii) H$mbdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU - do eãX Omo {H«$`m Ho$ K{Q>V hmoZo
Ho$ g_` go g§~§Y {deofVm H$mo ~VmVo h¢, H$mbdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU
H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go-AmOH$b, H$^r, à{V{XZ, amoµO, gw~h, AH$ga,
amV H$mo, Mma ~Oo, ha gmb Am{X& BZH$s nhMmZ Ho$ {bE {H«$`m
na "H$~' àíZ H$aZm Mm{hE & BgHo$ CÎma _| Omo eãX àmá hmoJm, dh
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215
H$mbdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU h¡ & O¡go-"Jwé Or A^r AmE h¢'- dmŠ`
_| `{X nyN>m OmE-H$~ AmE? Vmo CÎma {_boJm "A^r'& AV: "A^r'
H$mbdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU h¡&
H$mbdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU VrZ àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢-
(i) H$mb q~XþdmMH$ : àmV:, gm`§, AmO, A^r, A~ , O~
H$^r, H$b Am{X &
(ii) Ad{YdmMH$ : h_oem, bJmVa, AmOH$b, gX¡d, {XZ^a,
{ZË` Am{X &
(iii) Ad{YdmMH$ : {ZË`, amoµO, ha ~ma, ~hwYm, à{V{XZ Am{X &
(iv) n[a_mUdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU-{OZ {H«$`m{deofU go
{H«$`m Ho$ n[a_mU| `m _mÌm go g§~§{YV {deofVm H$m nVm MbVm h¡,
doX n[a_mUdmÀH$ {H«$`m{deofU H$hbmVo h¢ & BZ eãXm| go `h nVm
MbVm h¡ {H$ {H«$`m _mÌm _| hwB©& AV: BZH$s nhMmZ Ho$ {bE {H«$`m
na "{H$VZm/{H$VZr' àíZ H$aZm Mm{hE& Hw$N> CXmhaU XopIE-
1. dh XÿY ~hwV nrVm h¡ &
2. _¢ {OVZm ImVm hy±, CVZm _moQ>m hmoVm hy±&
3. dh Wmo‹S>m hr Mb gH$s &
BZ dmŠ`m| _| ñWybmja eãX n[a_mUdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofU h¢&
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216
{H«$`m{deofUm| H$s aMZm - {H«$`m{deofUm| H$s aMZm Xmo àH$ma
go hmoVr h¡-
(H$) _yb {H«$`m{deofU-Hw$N> eãX _ybV: {H«$`m{deofU hr
hmoVo h¢, AWm©V² {H$gr AÝ` eãX AWdm àË`` Ho$ `moJ Ho$ {~Zm hr
à`moJ _| bmE OmVo h¢ & O¡go-AmO, H$b, `ht, BYa, D$na, ZrMo,
R>rH$, Mmho Am{X &
(I) `m¡{JH$ {H«$`m{deofU-Hw$N> {H«$`m{deofUm| H$s aMZm
{H$gr Xÿgao eãX _| àË`` bJmH$a hmoVr h¡& BÝh| `m¡{JH$ {H«$`m{deofU
H$hVo h¢ & O¡go-`Wm + e{º$ = `Wme{º$, ào_ + nyd©H$=ào_nyd©H$,
ñd^md + V: - ñd^mdV:, AZ + OmZo- AZOmZo, {XZ + amV-
{XZamV, Yrao-Yrao, amV^a Am{X &
{deof- `X²`{n {H«$`m{deofU A{dH$mar eãX h¢ VWm{n H$^r-
H$^r {H«$`m{deofU eãXm| _| ^r Hw$N> n[adV©Z Am OmVm h¡ & O¡go-
(H$) Am_ AÀN>m nH$m h¡& brMr AÀN>r nH$s h¡ &
(I) H$moQ> AÀN>m Ywbm h¡& gm‹S>r AÀN>r Ywbr h¡ &
{H«$`m{deofU g§~§Yr Hw$N> _hËdnyU© q~Xþ :
* Hw$N> eãX Vmo _ybV: {H«$`m{deofU hr hmoVo h¢& H$b, AmO,
A~, V~, hm±, dhm±, D$na, ZrMo, h_oem Am{X & na§Vw Hw$N> AÝ` eãXm|
_| àË`` bJmH$a `m g_mg X²dmam ^r ~ZmE OmVo h¢ O¡go-AZOmZo,
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217
Ü`mZnyd©H$ Am{X & Eogo {H«$`m{deofU `m¡{JH$ {H«$`m{deofU H$hbmVo h¢ &
* AZoH$ eãX Eogo h¢ Omo {deofU VWm {H«$`m{deofU XmoZm| hr
ê$nm| _| àVwº$ hmoVo h¢ & AV: à`moJ Ho$ AmYma na hr h {ZU©` H$aZm
Mm{hE {H$ A_wH$ eãX {H«$`m{deofU h¡ `m {H«$`m{deofU & O¡go-
1. _wPo _rR>m Ho$bm ~hwV ng§X h¡& ({deofU)
2. dh ~hwV _rR>m JmVr h¡ & ({H«$`m{deofU)
3. dh EH$ AÀN>r b‹S>H$s h¡ & ({deofU)
4. dh _wPo AÀN>r bJVr h¡ & ({H«$`m{deofU)
* {Og àH$ma {deofUm| H$s {deofVm ~VmZo dmbo {H«$`m{deofU
eãX {deofUm| Ho$ nhbo bJVo h¢ Cgr Vah go à{deofUm| H$m à`moJ ~r
{H«$`m{deofUm| Ho$ nhbo {H$`m OmVm h¡& O¡go -
1. ~ÀMm ~hþV VoµOr go Xm¡‹S> ahm Wm&
2. AmO CgZo Wmo‹S>m H$_ Im`m&
qhXr _| H$mbdmMH$, arVrdmMH$ VWm ñWmZdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofUm|
H$m à`moJ EH$ hr dmŠ` _|
g§^d h¡ O¡go -
do em_ H$mo H$ma go Ka nhw±M|Jo &
H$mbdmMH$ ar{VdmMH$ ñWmZdmMH$
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218
g_wÀM`~moYH$
Omo Aì`` nX EH$ eãX H$m Xÿgao eãX go, EH$ dmŠ` H$m Xÿgao
dmŠ` go AWdm EH$ dmŠ`m§e H$m Xÿgao dmŠ`m§e go g§~§Y Omo‹S>Vo h¢,
do "g_wƒ`~moYH$ Aì``' `m "`moOH$' H$hmbmVo h¢ & O¡go-
amYm AmO AmEJr Am¡a H$b Mbr OmEJr &
g_wƒ`~moYH$ Ho$ Xmo à_wI ^oX h¢:
1. g_mZm{YH$aU g_wƒ`~moYH$
2. ì`m{YH$aU g_wƒ`~moYH$
g_wƒ`~moYH$
g_mZm{YH$aU g_wƒ`~moYH$ g_wƒ`~moYH$ ì`m{YH$aU
g§`moOH$ {d^mOH$ {damoYgyMH$ n[aUm_gyMH$
hoVw~moYH$ g§Ho$V~moYH$ ñdê$n~moYH$ CX²Xoí`~moYH$
1. g_mZm{YH$aU g_wƒ`~moYH$ Aì`` Ho$ {ZåZ{bpIV Mma
^oX h¢:
(A) g§`moOH$ (I) {d^mOH$ (J) {damoYgyMH$ (K) n[aUm_gyMH$
(H$) g§`moOH$ - Omo Aì`` nX Xmo eãXm|, dmŠ`m§em| `m g_mZ dJ©
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219
Ho$Xmo CndmŠ`m| _| g§ moJ àH$Q> H$aVo h¢, do "g§ moOH$' H$hmbmVo h¢&
O¡go-Am¡a, VWm, Ed§ Am{X&
(i) am_ Am¡a í`m_ ^mB©-^mB© h¢&
(ii) B{Vhmg Ed§ ^yJmob XmoZm| H$m AÜ``Z H$amo &
(iii) \w$Q>dmb VWm hmH$s XmoZmo _¡M Ioby±Jm &
(I) {d^mOH$ `m {dH$ën-Omo Aì`` nX eãXm|, dmŠ`m| `m
dmŠ`m§em| _| {dH$ën àH$Q> H$aVo h¢, do "{dH$ën' `m "{d^mOH$'
H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go-{H$, Mmho, AWdm, AÝ`Wm, `m, Zht, Vmo &
(i) Vw_ T>§J go n‹T>mo AÝ`Wm \o$b hmo OmAmoJo &
(ii) Mmho `o Xo Xmo Mmho dmo &
(J) {damoYgyMH$-Omo Aì`` nX nhbo dmŠ` Ho$ AW© go {damoY àH$Q>
H$a|, do "{damoYgyMH$' H$hmbmVo h¢& O¡go-na, na§Vw, qH$Vw&
(i) amo{Q>`m± _moQ>r qH$Vw ñdm{Xï> Wt &
(ii) dh Am`m na§Vw Xoa go&
(iii) _¢ Vmo Mbm OmD$±Jm, bo{H$Z Vwåh| ^r AmZm n‹S>oJm&
(K) n[aUm_gyMH$-O~ Aì`` nX {H$gr n[aUm_ H$s Amoa g§Ho$V
H$aVm h¢ Vmo "n[aUm_gyMH$ Aì``' H$hbmVm h¡& O¡go-Bg{bE, AVEd,
AV:, {Oggo, {Og H$maU&
(i) Vw_Zo _Zm {H$`m Wm Bg{bE _¢ Zht Am`m &
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220
(ii) _¢Zo `h H$m_ IË_ H$a {X`m {Oggo {H$ Vwåh| Amam_
{_b gHo$&
2. ì`m{YH$aU g_wÀM`~moYH$ Aì``-do g§`moOH$ Omo
EH$ _w»` dmŠ` _| EH$ `m AZoH$ Am{lV CndmŠ`m| H$mo Omo‹S>Vo h¢,
"ì`m{YH$aU g_wƒ`~moYH$' H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go-`{X _ohZV H$amoJo Vmo
\$b nmAmoJo &
ì`m{YH$aU g_wƒ`~moYH$ Ho$ _w»` Mma ^oX h¢&
(i) hoVw~moYH$ `m H$maU~moYH$,
(ii) g§Ho$V~moYH$,
(iii) ñdê$n~moYH$,
(iv) CX²Xoí`~moYH$ &
(H$) hoVw~moYH$ m H$maU~moYH$-Bg Aì`` Ho$ X²dmam dmŠ`
_| H$m`©-H$maU H$m ~moY ñnï> hmoVm h¡& O¡go-Š`m|{H$, My§{H$, Bg{bE,
{H$, Am{X&
(i) dh Ag_W© h¡ Š`m|{H$ dh n‹T>Vm Zht h¡ &
(ii) My±{H$ _wPo dhm± OëXr nhw±MZm h¡, Bg{bE OëXr OmZm
hmoJm&
(I) g§Ho$V~moYH$-àW_ CndmŠ` Ho$ `moOH$ H$m g§Ho$V AJbo
CndmŠ` _| nm`m OmVm h¡& `o àm`: Omo‹S>o _| à`wº$ hmoVo h¢& O¡go-Omo....
Vmo, `X²`{n....VWm{n, Mmho...na, O¡go.....V¡go&
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221
(i) Á`m|hr _¢Zo XadmOm Imobm Ë`m|hr {~„r A§Xa Kwg AmB© &
(ii) `X²`{n dh ~w{Õ_mZ h¡ VWm{n Ambgr ^r &
(J) ñdê$n~moYH$-{OZ Aì`` nXm| H$mo nhbo CndmŠ` _|
à`wº$ eãX, dmŠ`m§e `m dmŠ` H$mo ñnï> H$aZo hoVw à`moJ _| bm`m
OmE, Cgo "ñdê$n~moYH$' H$hVo h¢ & O¡go - `mZr, AWm©V², `hm± VH$
{H$, _mZmo Am{X &
(i) dh BVZr gw§Xa h¡ _mZmo Aßgam hmo &
(ii) _m± Zo H$hm {H$ A~ ImZm Im bmo &
(K) CX²Xoí`~moYH$-{OZ Aì`` nXm| go H$m`© H$aZo H$m
CX²Xoí` àH$Q> hmo, do "CX²Xoí`~moYH$' H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go-{Oggo {H$,
Vm{H$ Am{X &
(i) dh ~hwV _ohZV H$a ahm h¡ Vm{H$ g\$b hmo gHo$&
(ii) _ohZV H$amo {Oggo {H$ àW_ Am gH$mo &
g§~§Y~moYH$ Aì``
Omo Aì`` eãX g§km `m gd©Zm_ Ho$ ~mX à`wº$ hmoH$a dmŠ` _|
Xÿgao eãXm| go CgH$m g§~§Y ~VmVo h¢, CÝh| "g§~§Y~moYH$' `m "nagJ©'
H$hVo h¢& O¡go-
(i) pñ_Vm Ka Ho$ ^rVa ~¡R>r h¡ &
(ii) erV Ho$ H$maU Jar~ H$m ~wam hmb Wm&
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222
`hm± h_ nmVo h¢ {H$ BZ dmŠ`m| _| "Ho$ ^rVa' VWm "Ho$ H$maU'
eãX g§~§Y~moYH$ Aì`` h¢& BÝh| nagJu` eãX ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm
h¢& bo{H$Z g§~§Y~moYH$ Aì`` nagJ© a{hV ^r hmoVo h¢& O¡go-_¢ amV
^a OmJVm ahm& Bg àH$ma g§~§Y~moYH$ Aì`` Ho$ Xmo ê$n h_mao gm_Zo
AmVo h¢ :
(H$) nagJ© g{hV-Ho$ ~mao, Ho$ g_mZ, Ho$ {gdm & (I) nagJ©
a{hV-^a, {~Zm, nhbo, _mÌ, Anojm &
Bg àH$ma-nhbo, gm_Zo, AmJo, nmg, nao, X²dmam, {~Zm D$na,
ZrMo, ^rVa, A§Xa, Amoa, _Ü`, ~rM _|, ~mX, {ZH$Q>, H$maU, gmW,
{déX²Y, nümV², garIm, à{VHy$b, _mÌ, Cnojm, _m\©$V Am{X g§~§Y~moYH$
Aì`` H$s H$mo{Q> _| AmVo h¢&
AW© Ho$ AZwgma g§~§Y~moYH$ Aì`` Ho$ Hw$b AmR> ^oX h¢&
1. H$mb~moYH$, 2. ñWmZ~moYH$, 3. {Xem~moYH$,
4. gmYZ~moYH$ 5. {df`~moYH$ 6. gmX¥í`~moYH$,
7. {_ÌVm~moYH$, 8. {damoY~moYH$&
1. H$mb~moYH$-{OZ Aì`` eãXm| go H$mb H$m ~moY hmo, do
"H$mb~moYH$ Aì``' H$hmbmVo h¢ & O¡go- go nhbo, Ho$ bJ^J, Ho$
nümV²&
(i) Q²>oZ g_` go nhbo Am JB© &
(ii) CgHo$ OmZo Ho$ bJ^J EH$ N>§Q>o ~mX OmD$±Jm&
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223
2. ñWmZ~moYH$- {OZ Aì`` eãXm| go ñWmZ H$m ~moY hmo, do
"ñWmZ~moYH$ Aì``' H$hbmVo h¢& & O¡go-Ho$ nmg, Ho$ g_rn, go Xÿa &
(i) ñHy$b Ho$ nmg hr amOy H$m Ka h¡&
(ii) Vmbm~ Ho$ {H$Zmao hr ~JrMm h¡&
3. {Xem~moYH$-{OZ Aì`` eãXm| go {Xem H$m ~moY hmo, Cgo
"{Xem~moYH$ Aì``' H$hVo h¢& O¡go-H$s Am¡a, Ho$ Amg-nmg &
(i) AmJ H$s Amoa _V OmZm &
(ii) Ka Ho$ Amg-nmg hr ahZm &
4. gmYZ~moYH$ Aì``-{OZ Aì`` eãXm| go gmYZ Ho ~moY
hmo, CÝh| "gmYZ~moYH$ Aì``' H$hVo h¢ & O¡go-Ho$ X²dmam, Ho$ µO[aE,
Ho$ _m\©$V &
(i) AmnHo$ AmZo H$s gyMZm í`m_ Ho$ X²dmam {_br&
(ii) CgHo$ µO[aE `h H$m_ hmoJm &
5. {df`~moYH$-{OZ Aì`` eãXm| go {df` H$s OmZH$mar àmá
hmo, do "{df`~moYH$ Aì``', H$hbmVo h¢ O¡go-Ho$ ~mao, H$s ~m~V Am{X &
(i) Jm±YrOr Ho$ ~mao _| ~hwV H$hm J`m h¡&
(ii) _mohZ H$s ~m~V ~mV H$aZo Am`m hy± &
6. gmÑeX`~moYH$-{OZ Aì`` eãXm| go gmÑí` H$m ~moY
hmo, do "gmÑí`~moYH$ Aì`` H$hbmVo h¢ & O¡go-Ho$ g_mZ, H$s ^m±{V,
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224
Ho$ `mo½`, H$s Vah, Ho$ AZwê$n Am{X &
(i) Jm§Yr Or Ho$ g_mZ gË`dmXr ~Zmo &
(ii) AmXe© ì`{º$`m| H$s ^m±{V OrdZ OrAmo &
7. {_ÌVm~moYH$-{OZ Aì`` eãXm| go {_ÌVm H$m ~moY hmo, do
"{_V«Vm ~moYH$ Aì``' H$hbmVo h¢ & O¡go-Ho$ Abmdm, Ho$ {~Zm, Ho$
{gdm Am{J &
(i) _mohZ Ho$ {gdm _oam H$m¡Z h¡ &
(ii) g{dVm Ho$ {~Zm _¢ Zht OmD±$Jm &
8. {damoY~moYH$-{OZ Aì`` eãXm| go {damoY ì`º$ hmoVm h¡, do
"{damoY~moYH$ Aì``' H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go-Ho$ {déX²Y, Ho$ pIbm\$ Am{X &
(i) CgHo$ {déX²Y _V ~mobo &
(ii) _oao pIbm\$ H$moB© MwZmd Zht b‹S>oJm &
{dñ_`m{X~moYH$ Aì``
{dñ_`, hf©,emoH$, AmíM`©, K¥Um, {dfmX, Am{X ^mdm| H$mo àH$Q>
H$aZo dmbo A{dH$mar eãX "{dñ_`m{X~moYH$ Aì``' H$hbmVo h¢& BZ
eãXm| H$m dmŠ` go H$moB© ì`mH$a{UH$ g§~§Y Zht hmoVm& AW© H$s Ñ{ï>>
go BgHo$ _w»` AmR> ^oX h¢ :
1. {dñ_`gyMH$ - Aao!, Š`m!, gM! E|!, Amoh!, h¢ !
2. hf©gyMH$ - dmh!, Ahm!, em~me!, YÝ` !
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3. emoH$gyMH$ - Amoh!, hm`!, Ìm{h-Ìm{h!, hm` am_!
4. ñdrH$magyMH$ - AÀN>m!, ~hwV AÀN>m!, hm±-hm±!, R>rH$!
5. {VañH$magyMH$ - {YH²$$!, {N>:! hQ>! , Xÿa !
6. AZw_moXZgyMH$ - hm±-hm±!, R>rH$!, AÀN>m !
7. Amerdm©XgyMH$ - OrVo ahmo !, {Ma§Ordr hmo! XrKm©`w hmo !
8. g§~moYZgyMH$ - ho!, ao! Aao, Eo !
BZ g^r Ho$ Abmdm H$^r-H$^r g§km, gd©Zm_, {deofU, {H«$`m
Am¡a {H«$`m{deofU, Am{X H$m à`moJ ^r {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ Ho$ ê$n _| hmoVm
h¡. O¡go :
g§km - {ed, {ed!, ho am_! ~mn ao !
gd©Zm_ - Š`m! AÀN>m!, YÝ`!, R>rH$! gM!
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nÌm| Ho$ àH$ma nÌm| H$mo _w»` ê$n go {ZåZ{b{IV lo[U`m| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡: 1. AZm¡nMm[aH$ nÌ, 2. Am¡nMm[aH$ nÌ& 1. AZm¡nMm[aH$ nÌ - BÝh| _w»` ê$n go Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡: H$) nm[adm[aH$ - nÌ (I) ì`mdhm[aH$ - nÌ& (H$) nm[adm[aH$ - nÌ-`o nÌ AnZo na{dma Ho$ gXñ`m| VWm g§~§{Y`m| H$mo {bIo OmVo h¢& `o nÌ ì`{º$JV hmoVo h§¡ VWm BZ nÌm| _o§ ^oOZo dmbm| VWm nmZo dmbm| Ho$ ~rM JhZ AmË_r`Vm hmoVr h¡& `o nÌ ^mdZm go AmoV-àoV hmoVo h¡§& I) ì`mdhm[aH$ - nÌ-`o nÌ _w»` ê$n go Jwé, {_Ì, n‹S>mogr Am¡a AÝ` n[a{MV bmoJm| H$mo ^oOo OmVo h¢& `o {ZOr Zht hmoVo ~pëH$ Bg_| Am¡nMm[aH$Vm VWm AZm¡nMm[aH$Vm H$m Ü`mZ aIm OmVm h¡& {Z_§ÌU-nÌ, ~YmB©-nÌ, ghmZw^y{V-nÌ, A{^Z§XZ-nÌ VWm `mÌm H$m C„oI H$aZo dmbo nÌ Bg loUr Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVo h¢& 2. Am¡nMm[aH$ nÌ - BÝh| _w»` ê$n go {ZåZ{b{IV VrZ ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡: (H$) Am{YH$m[aH$ - nÌ (I) ì`mdgm{`H$-nÌ (J) H$m`m©b`rZ-nÌ (H$) Am{YH$m[aH$ nÌ - BgHo$ A§VJ©V _w»` ê$n go do nÌ AmVo h¢, Omo OZVm Ho$ gXñ`m| H$s Amoa go A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo {bIo OmVo h¢ AWdm A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ X²dmam OZVm Ho$ gXñ`m| Ho$ Zm_ {bIo OmVo h¢&
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AnZo {_Ì H$mo CgH$s df©Jm±R> na ~YmB© - nÌ210, E_0Or0 amoS>, \$moQ>©, _w§~B©&
{XZm§H$.....................{à` {_Ì A{Zb, gào_ Z_ñVo& df©Jm±R> Ho$ g§~§Y _| Vwåhmam {Z_§ÌU nÌ àmá hþAm& _¢ Vwåhmar df©Jm±R> ^ybm Wmo‹S>o hr Wm; Omo Vwåh| `mX {XbmZr n‹S>r& Vwåhmao nÌ {_bZo Ho$ nyd© hr _¢Zo Vwåh| EH$ N>moQ>m gm Cnhma ^oOm h¡& Bg AqH$MZ H$s Cg N>moQ>r gr ^|Q> H$mo `{X Vw_Zo gmZ§X ñdrH$ma {H$`m Vmo _¢ AnZr {_ÌVm H$mo gmW©H$ g_P±yJm& Š`m H$ê±$! _¢ Bg g_` Vw_go ~hþV Xÿa hÿ±& BÀN>m Vmo Wr {H$ EH$ ~ma AmH$a Vw_go {_b b±y, bo{H$Z [nVmOr Ho$ AñdñW hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `h g§^d Zht hmo gH$m h¡& _wPo {dídmg h¡ {H$ Vw_ ~wam Zhr§ _mZmoJo& Vwåh| A_o[aH$m Ho$ à{V gXm AH$f©U ahm h¡& Bgr go g§~§{YV EH$ nwñVH$ {Og_| dhm± H$s g{MÌ Pb{H$`m± ^r h¢, _¢Zo Vwåhmao {bE g~go C{MV Cnhma g_Pm& _wPo {dídmg h¡ {H$ Cg nwñVH$ go Vwåh| A_o[aH$m go g§~§{YV AZoH$ OmZH$m[a`m± àmá hm|Jr& Vw_ AnZr J_u H$s Nw>{Q²>Q>`m| H$s `moOZm Ho$ ~mao _| {bIZm& AÀN>m hmoJm {H$ Vw_ J{_©`m| _| _w§~B© Mbo AmAmo& `ht go H$moB© Am¡a H$m`©H«$_ ~ZmE±Jo& AnZo _mVmOr Am¡a {nVmOr H$mo _oam gmXa àUm_ H$hZm& AnZr df©Jm±R> > na nwZ: EH$ ~ma _oar hm{X©H$ ~YmB© ñdrH$ma H$aZm&
Vwåhmam {_Ì, AemoH$&
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~g _| Ny>Q>o hþE gm_mZ H$m nVm bJmZo Ho$ {bE {X„r n[adhZ {ZJ_ Ho$ à~§YH$ H$mo EH$ nÌ a_oe d_m©,gr-12/38, H$_bm ZJa,{X„r&
{XZm§H$ ...................godm _|,_w»` à~§YH$,{X„r n[adhZ {ZJ_,{X„r&_hmoX`,_¢Zo H$b em_ A_¥Vga go {X„r AmZo dmbr 7 ~OH$a 30 {_ZQ> H$s ~g nH$‹S>r Wr& _wPo H$Zm°Q> ßbog CVaZm Wm& ~g amñVo _| Iam~ hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU AnZo {ZYm©[aV g_` go EH$ K§Q>m Xoa go nhþ±Mr& g_` H$m‹\$s hmo MwH$m Wm, Bg{bE K~amhQ> _| _¢ _mÌ EH$ hr AQ>¡Mr boH$a ~g go CVa Am`m& _oao gmW EH$ N>moQ>m E`ado‹O H$m ~¡J ^r Wm& CgH$m a§J Jham Zrbm Wm& dh ~¡J _¢ Cgr ~g _| ^yb Am`m& gw~h _¢ ~g AS²>S>o J`m ^r Wm bo{H$Z Cg ~¡J H$m H$moB© nVm Z Mbm& H¥$n`m Amn Cgo Ty>±‹T> {ZH$mbZo H$m à`ËZ H$a|& _¢ AmnH$m {deof Am^mar ahÿ±Jm& `{X _oam ~¡J {_b OmE Vmo Cgo Cn`w©º$ nVo na {^OdmZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|&
^dXr`,a_oe d_m©&
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dmŠ`-aMZmdmŠ`: {H$gr ^md `m {dMma H$mo nyar Vah àH$Q> H$aZo dmbr
^mfm H$s N>moQ>r BH$mB© H$mo dmŠ` H$hVo h¢& dmŠ` _| eãX Am¡a nX-~§Y (Phrases) ahVo h¢& eãXm| Am¡a nX-~§Ym| Ho$ ~rM EH$ gw{ZpíMV Am¡a gmW©H$ g§~§Y hmoVm h¡& dmŠ` gab Am¡a ñnï> hmoVo h¢ Vmo ^md `m {dMma ~‹S>r gwJ_Vm go Xÿgam| VH$ nhþ±MVo h¢&
CndmŠ` : dmŠ` EH$ g§nyU© BH$mB© h¡& H$^r-H$^r EH$ dmŠ` b§~m hmoVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ gmW N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o dmŠ` ^r Ow‹S>o hmoVo h¢& Eogo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o dmŠ`m| H$mo CndmŠ` H$hVo h¢& "_wPo H$b _¡gya OmZm h¡'& `h EH$ nyU© dmŠ` h¡& A~ Xÿgam dmŠ` Xo{IE "_wPo H$b _¡gya OmZm h¡ Am¡a Cgr {XZ dhm± go D$Q>r OmZm h¡'& `h Xÿgam hr CndmŠ` h¡&
aMZm Ho$ AZwgma dmŠ` Ho$ àH$ma : dmŠ` Ho$ VrZ àH$ma `m ^oX h¢-gab dmŠ`, g§`wº$ dmŠ` VWm {_l dmŠ`&
gab dmŠ` : gab dmŠ` _| EH$ hr dmŠ` hmoVm h¡& dh N>moQ>m hmoVm h¡& Cg_| H$moB© CndmŠ` Zht hmoVm& dh AnZo Amn g§nyU© hmoVm h¡& CXm: ^r_ ~bdmZ h¡&
g§`wº$ dmŠ` : g§`wº$ dmŠ` _| Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ` hmoVo h¢& na nhbm dmŠ` àYmZ hmoVm h¡& Xÿgam `m Vrgam dmŠ` nhbo dmŠ` Ho$ ghm`H$ ~ZVo h¢& naÝVw dmŠ` EH$ hr h¡& g§`wº$ dmŠ` H$m AW© h¡ Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ dmŠ` EH$ gmW {_bH$a nyU© AW© H$m ~moY H$amZm&
CXm : ^r_ ~bdmZ h¡ Am¡a JwUdmZ ^r h¡& N>moQ>m dmŠ` àYmZ dmŠ` H$s _XX H$aHo$, CgH$s {deofVm àH$Q> H$aVm h¡& na XmoZm| dmŠ` ñdV§Ì hmoVo h¢&
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{_l dmŠ` : {_l dmŠ` _| Xmo dmŠ` hmoVo h¢& _Ja Xÿgam dmŠ` nhbo dmŠ` na AmYm[aV ahVm h¡& nhbo dmŠ` Ho$ {~Zm Xÿgao dmŠ` H$m ApñVËd Zht hmoVm&
CXm… r_ ~bdmZ h¡ _Ja H«$moYr h¡& h ñnï> h¡ {H$ "_Ja H«$moYr h¡'- "^r_ ~bdmZ h¡' Ho$ {~Zm AYyam h¡&
dmŠ`-aMZm gab, ñnï> Am¡a gw~moY hmoZr Mm{hE& M_H$s-bo-^‹S>>H$sbo eãXm| Ho$ `moJ go b§~o-b§~o dmŠ` {bIo Om`|Jo Vmo CÝh| g_PZm H${R>Z hmoJm& dmŠ`m| _| _whmdam| VWm H$hmdVm| H$m à`moJ hmo Vmo gmoZo _| gwhmJm& Bg{bE {dÚm{W©`m| H$mo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o, gab dmŠ`m| H$mo {bIZm Mm{hE&
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