Geodata origin
2009/2010 CGI�GIRS©
Geo data initiative
Within 1 year of the date of this order, agencies shall adopt a schedule, developed in consultation with the FGDC, for documenting, to theextent practicable, geospatial data previously collected or produced, either directly or indirectly, and making that data documentation electronically accessible to the Clearinghouse network." This standard is the data documentation standard referenced in the executive order.
Executive Order 12906, "Coordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: The National Spatial Data Infrastructure," was signed on April 11, 1994, by President William Clinton. Section 3, Development of a National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse, paragraph (b) states: "Standardized Documentation of Data. Beginning 9 months from the date of this order, each agency shall document all new geospatial data it collects or produces, either directly or indirectly, using the standard under development by the FGDC, and make that standardized documentation electronically accessible to the Clearinghouse network.
http://geology.usgs.gov/tools/metadata/standard/overview.html
Content
� Existing geodata
� Sources
� Framework data
� Metadata
� Standards
� Creating geodata
Geo�information process
Application domains
Users
� One of the most critical elements underpinning decision making for many domains/disciplines
� Agriculture
� Urban and Rural Planning
� Military and Security Service
� Health, Care andDevelopment Aid
� Emergency Service
� Retail, Transport, etc
Spatial Data interest
� Spatial data/information is one of the most critical elements underpinning decision making for many disciplines
� ± 90% of all information used by government has spatial characteristics
� Very high costs for spatial data collection and maintenance(70�80% cost of many GIS projects)
� same data sets collected by different agencies again and again
Geo Data in Use
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)
� SDI is an initiative necessary for the effective collection, management, access, delivery and utilization of spatial data
� SDI is the whole about facilitation and coordination of the exchange and sharingsharing of spatial data
A spatial data infrastructure is an related set of standards, agreements, policies, datasets and technologies to support the use of geo-information..
INSPIRE
Infrastructure Spatial Information in Europe
� Collect once
� Combine various information seamlessly
� Collect at one level use by other levels of government
� Data needed for good governance should be available without restricting conditions
� It should be easy to discover what data is available
INSPIRE
http://geoportal.jrc.it/geoportal/
Nature of SDI
DataData
Technology Access Network
Policy (Inst.Framework)
Standards
PeoplePeople
dynamical
Data: fundamental datasetsPeople: communication, partnerships
Institutional Framework: policy, legislationTechnology: access, distribution, storage
Standards: data models, metadata, transfer
• Datasets– Geodetic – Cadastre
– Topography
– Administration– Land Use
– Hydrology
– Environment– Other ... …
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(VicMap VicMap, Land Victoria 2001)
Data
People Policy Data
Standards
Access Networks
People
• users, providers, administrators, custodians, value added resellers, corporate or individual
• public or private
• partnerships, collaboration
People Policy Data
Standards
Access Networks
• administration
• coordination
• policy
• legislation
• organisational partnerships and collaboration
People Policy Data
Standards
Access Networks
Policy (Institutional Framework)
• access and distribution networks, clearinghouses
• GIS, relational databases
• Web enabled, online GIS
• storage, data warehouse
• data acquisition, integration, maintenance, enhancement
• interoperability, open systems
People Policy Data
Standards
Access Networks
Technology (Access network)
NCGI (NL) structure
WWW traffic
• data models
• metadata standards
• spatial data transfer standard
• open GIS, interoperability
• consistent policy – pricing, access, value added resellers (VAR) restrictions
People Policy Data
Standards
Access Networks
Standards
Geo data availability � 1998
Clearinghouses for Spatial Data
How to search
Geographical extent (where)
Thematical domain ( what)
Temporal dimension (when)
Spatial Data Clearinghouse
� Electronic facility for making spatial data accessible to the general public and promoting data sharing (for multiple application domains/disciplines/purposes)
� Facility for searching, viewing, transferring, ordering, advertising and/or disseminating spatial data from numerous sources (agencies) via the Internet
� Yellow pages for spatial data on the Internet
Clearinghouses
Continental
GovernmentalN – S America
Australia
Europe
Africa
National US
UK
Swiss
Japan
NLclick green box
http://geodiscover.cgdi.ca/
http://www.anzlic.org.au/
http://geoportal.jrc.it/geoportal/
http://www.agirn.org/index.php
http://gos2.geodata.gov/wps/portal/gos
http://www.gigateway.org.uk/
http://www.geocat.ch/
http://www.nsdipa.gr.jp/english/index.html
http://www.nationaalgeoregister.nl
National Clearinghouse
Ireland Slovenia UK
� Clearinghouse at national/federal level recognized by the national government as the country’s main access network
Clearinghouses worldwide
Clearinghouse quality
Geo Data Portals
FAO
UNEP
NASA
ESA
Governmental
Non Governmental
Business
SCAR
AFRIGIS
SLASHGEO
ESRI
TELE ATLASclick green box
http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/main.home`
http://www.unep.org/
http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GOS.html
http://www.esa.int/esaCP/index.html
http://www.antsdi.scar.org/eggi
http://www.afrigis.co.za/
http://slashgeo.org/
http://www.geographynetwork.com/
http://www.teleatlas.com/index.htm
http://www.grs.wur.nl/UK/GeoDesk/
Framework data
� Geodetic control
� Orthoimagery
� Elevation
� Transportation
� Hydrography
� Governmental units
� Cadastral information
Core of core datasets
� Register of persons (GBA)
� Register of enterprises (BBR)
� Register of buildings (BGR)
� Base map 1:10000
� Register of standardized addresses (BRA)
� Cadastral register
� Large scale base map (GBKN)
Dutch framework KNAW/NCG – Geodetic control http://www.ncg.knaw.nl/Subcommissies/Infrastructuur/coordinatenstelslels.html
KADASTER/TDN – Orthoimagery/Topography http://www.kadaster.nl/?inhoud=/zakelijk/producten/
WUR/LGN – Orthoimagery/ Landuse http://www.lgn.nl/
RWS/ � Elevation – AHN http://www.ahn.nl/index.php
RWS/AVV � Transportation http://www.rws�avv.nl/servlet/page?_pageid=117&_dad=portal30&_schema=PORTAL30
RWS/ � Hydrography http://www.donarweb.nl/pub/home/index.html
KADASTER � Cadastral http://www.tdn.nl/
CBS/CENSUS – Governmental units http://www.cbs.nl/nl�NL/default.htm
click green box
Metadata
� Metadata (data about data)
� Metadata information system
� National and International collection of metadata and data (clearinghouse)
� Book description (data aboutbooks)
� Library information system
Why to describe spatial datasets?
� search (content summary )
� use (content details, quality)
� exchange (format)
� manage (storage and change)
Uniform � International standards
� National eg. USA, NL (FGDC / GeoNovum)
� Europe (CEN)
� International (ISO)
FGDC : Federal Geographic Data Committee http://www.fgdc.gov/
GeoNovum: Raad voor Advies Vastgoed Informatie http://www.geonovum.nl/
CEN : Centre Europeen de Normalisation http://www.cen.eu/cenorm/homepage.htm
ISO : International Standardisation Organisation http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm
Identification
Quality
Spatialreference Meta-data
reference
Classification
Administr.meta-data
Overview CENmeta-data
DatadefinitionCEN
meta-data
Extent
CEN meta data standards
Geo�Information model standards
ISO Standards and Technical Reports
ISO 6709:1983 Standard representation of latitude, longitude and altitude for geographic point locations
ISO 19101:2002 Geographic information — Reference model
ISO 19105:2000 Geographic information — Conformance and testing
ISO 19107:2003 Geographic information — Spatial schema
ISO 19108:2002 Geographic information — Temporal schema
ISO 19111:2003 Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates
ISO 19113:2002 Geographic information — Quality principles
ISO 19115:2003 Geographic information — MetadataISO/TR 19120:2001 Geographic information — Functional standards
ISO/TR 19121:2000 Geographic information — Imagery and gridded data
ISO standards
ISO 19115
� 1 General information
� 2 History
� 3 Data identification
� 4 Spatial information
� 5 Distribution
� 6 Meta�information reference
Metadata conclusion
� Describing spatial data�sets with meta�data is essential to keep the data accessible in the future.
� For (inter)national exchange the use of a standard is a must.
� Because of the differences between perception(interest) and the organisational requirements, definition of meta�data is difficult.
Creating new data
� Surveying
� Enquiries and Questionnaires
� Photogrammetry
� Remote sensing
� Digitizing maps
Geo�information process
Terrestrial
Acquiring information about a phenomenon by measuring it physically
Acquiring information about a phenomenon by measuring it physically
Good old times
Modern times
Land surveying techniques
Total station
Total Station
GPS
Remote sensing
� Acquiring information about an object without contacting it physically. Methods include aerial photography, radar, and satellite imaging.
Landsat TM (30m) G(4)+R(5)+SWIR(7)
Multi spectral bands
Photogrammetry
Stereo-photographs, normally made from aeroplanes are also a good data source. Not only for geometric data but also for attribute data.
Photogrammetry is the technique to retrieve the data from the images. Most topographic map series are produced by this technique
Stereo pairs:determination of object coordinates, position + elevation
- Central versus Orthogonal projection- Optical versus symbolic image
Optical image /central projectionSymbolic image / orthogonal projection
Photogrammetry
Scanning
Digitizing coordinates
Digitizing
Data acquisition strategy
•PROJECT DEFINITION
•GEO-DATA REQUIREMENTS
• SDI (clearinghouse – portal) search
• MAP search
•DIGITISING / SCANNING
• HARD COPY IMAGES search
•PHOTOGRAMMETRY
•1st ORDER DATA ACQUISITION
•REMOTE SENSING
•TERRESTRIAL
Summary
� Existing Geo Data
� Spatial data infrastructure (SDI)
� Clearinghouses – geo data portal
� Metadata – standards
Geo�information process
� Creating Geo Data
� Terrestrial
� Remote sensing
� Photogrammetry
� Digitizing
Study materials:
© Wageningen UR
Theory Chang, 2008
Chapter 5.1, 5.2, 5.4
Practical: Exercise Module 1 ‘Working with ArcCatalog’Exercise ‘SDI�concepts’