Geodata origin

2009/2010 CGI�GIRS©

Geo data initiative

Within 1 year of the date of this order, agencies shall adopt a schedule, developed in consultation with the FGDC, for documenting, to theextent practicable, geospatial data previously collected or produced, either directly or indirectly, and making that data documentation electronically accessible to the Clearinghouse network." This standard is the data documentation standard referenced in the executive order.

Executive Order 12906, "Coordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: The National Spatial Data Infrastructure," was signed on April 11, 1994, by President William Clinton. Section 3, Development of a National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse, paragraph (b) states: "Standardized Documentation of Data. Beginning 9 months from the date of this order, each agency shall document all new geospatial data it collects or produces, either directly or indirectly, using the standard under development by the FGDC, and make that standardized documentation electronically accessible to the Clearinghouse network.

http://geology.usgs.gov/tools/metadata/standard/overview.html

Content

� Existing geodata

� Sources

� Framework data

� Metadata

� Standards

� Creating geodata

Geo�information process

Application domains

Users

� One of the most critical elements underpinning decision making for many domains/disciplines

� Agriculture

� Urban and Rural Planning

� Military and Security Service

� Health, Care andDevelopment Aid

� Emergency Service

� Retail, Transport, etc

Spatial Data interest

� Spatial data/information is one of the most critical elements underpinning decision making for many disciplines

� ± 90% of all information used by government has spatial characteristics

� Very high costs for spatial data collection and maintenance(70�80% cost of many GIS projects)

� same data sets collected by different agencies again and again

Geo Data in Use

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)

� SDI is an initiative necessary for the effective collection, management, access, delivery and utilization of spatial data

� SDI is the whole about facilitation and coordination of the exchange and sharingsharing of spatial data

A spatial data infrastructure is an related set of standards, agreements, policies, datasets and technologies to support the use of geo-information..

INSPIRE

Infrastructure Spatial Information in Europe

� Collect once

� Combine various information seamlessly

� Collect at one level use by other levels of government

� Data needed for good governance should be available without restricting conditions

� It should be easy to discover what data is available

INSPIRE

http://geoportal.jrc.it/geoportal/

Nature of SDI

DataData

Technology Access Network

Policy (Inst.Framework)

Standards

PeoplePeople

dynamical

Data: fundamental datasetsPeople: communication, partnerships

Institutional Framework: policy, legislationTechnology: access, distribution, storage

Standards: data models, metadata, transfer

• Datasets– Geodetic – Cadastre

– Topography

– Administration– Land Use

– Hydrology

– Environment– Other ... …

&

&

&

&&&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&&&

&&&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&&& &&&

&&&

&

&&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&

&&

&&&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&&

&&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&&

&& &

&&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&&&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&&&

&&&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&&& &&&

&&&

&

&&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&

&&

&&&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&&

&&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&&

&& &

&&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&&&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&&&

&&&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&&& &&&

&&&

&

&&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&

&&

&&&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&&

&&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&&

&& &

&&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&&

&

&

&

(VicMap VicMap, Land Victoria 2001)

Data

People Policy Data

Standards

Access Networks

People

• users, providers, administrators, custodians, value added resellers, corporate or individual

• public or private

• partnerships, collaboration

People Policy Data

Standards

Access Networks

• administration

• coordination

• policy

• legislation

• organisational partnerships and collaboration

People Policy Data

Standards

Access Networks

Policy (Institutional Framework)

• access and distribution networks, clearinghouses

• GIS, relational databases

• Web enabled, online GIS

• storage, data warehouse

• data acquisition, integration, maintenance, enhancement

• interoperability, open systems

People Policy Data

Standards

Access Networks

Technology (Access network)

NCGI (NL) structure

WWW traffic

• data models

• metadata standards

• spatial data transfer standard

• open GIS, interoperability

• consistent policy – pricing, access, value added resellers (VAR) restrictions

People Policy Data

Standards

Access Networks

Standards

Geo data availability � 1998

Clearinghouses for Spatial Data

How to search

Geographical extent (where)

Thematical domain ( what)

Temporal dimension (when)

Spatial Data Clearinghouse

� Electronic facility for making spatial data accessible to the general public and promoting data sharing (for multiple application domains/disciplines/purposes)

� Facility for searching, viewing, transferring, ordering, advertising and/or disseminating spatial data from numerous sources (agencies) via the Internet

� Yellow pages for spatial data on the Internet

Clearinghouses

Continental

GovernmentalN – S America

Australia

Europe

Africa

National US

UK

Swiss

Japan

NLclick green box

http://geodiscover.cgdi.ca/

http://www.anzlic.org.au/

http://geoportal.jrc.it/geoportal/

http://www.agirn.org/index.php

http://gos2.geodata.gov/wps/portal/gos

http://www.gigateway.org.uk/

http://www.geocat.ch/

http://www.nsdipa.gr.jp/english/index.html

http://www.nationaalgeoregister.nl

National Clearinghouse

Ireland Slovenia UK

� Clearinghouse at national/federal level recognized by the national government as the country’s main access network

Clearinghouses worldwide

Clearinghouse quality

Geo Data Portals

FAO

UNEP

NASA

ESA

Governmental

Non Governmental

Business

SCAR

AFRIGIS

SLASHGEO

ESRI

TELE ATLASclick green box

http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/main.home`

http://www.unep.org/

http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GOS.html

http://www.esa.int/esaCP/index.html

http://www.antsdi.scar.org/eggi

http://www.afrigis.co.za/

http://slashgeo.org/

http://www.geographynetwork.com/

http://www.teleatlas.com/index.htm

http://www.grs.wur.nl/UK/GeoDesk/

Framework data

� Geodetic control

� Orthoimagery

� Elevation

� Transportation

� Hydrography

� Governmental units

� Cadastral information

Core of core datasets

� Register of persons (GBA)

� Register of enterprises (BBR)

� Register of buildings (BGR)

� Base map 1:10000

� Register of standardized addresses (BRA)

� Cadastral register

� Large scale base map (GBKN)

Dutch framework KNAW/NCG – Geodetic control http://www.ncg.knaw.nl/Subcommissies/Infrastructuur/coordinatenstelslels.html

KADASTER/TDN – Orthoimagery/Topography http://www.kadaster.nl/?inhoud=/zakelijk/producten/

WUR/LGN – Orthoimagery/ Landuse http://www.lgn.nl/

RWS/ � Elevation – AHN http://www.ahn.nl/index.php

RWS/AVV � Transportation http://www.rws�avv.nl/servlet/page?_pageid=117&_dad=portal30&_schema=PORTAL30

RWS/ � Hydrography http://www.donarweb.nl/pub/home/index.html

KADASTER � Cadastral http://www.tdn.nl/

CBS/CENSUS – Governmental units http://www.cbs.nl/nl�NL/default.htm

click green box

Metadata

� Metadata (data about data)

� Metadata information system

� National and International collection of metadata and data (clearinghouse)

� Book description (data aboutbooks)

� Library information system

Why to describe spatial datasets?

� search (content summary )

� use (content details, quality)

� exchange (format)

� manage (storage and change)

Uniform � International standards

� National eg. USA, NL (FGDC / GeoNovum)

� Europe (CEN)

� International (ISO)

FGDC : Federal Geographic Data Committee http://www.fgdc.gov/

GeoNovum: Raad voor Advies Vastgoed Informatie http://www.geonovum.nl/

CEN : Centre Europeen de Normalisation http://www.cen.eu/cenorm/homepage.htm

ISO : International Standardisation Organisation http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm

Identification

Quality

Spatialreference Meta-data

reference

Classification

Administr.meta-data

Overview CENmeta-data

DatadefinitionCEN

meta-data

Extent

CEN meta data standards

Geo�Information model standards

ISO Standards and Technical Reports

ISO 6709:1983 Standard representation of latitude, longitude and altitude for geographic point locations

ISO 19101:2002 Geographic information — Reference model

ISO 19105:2000 Geographic information — Conformance and testing

ISO 19107:2003 Geographic information — Spatial schema

ISO 19108:2002 Geographic information — Temporal schema

ISO 19111:2003 Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates

ISO 19113:2002 Geographic information — Quality principles

ISO 19115:2003 Geographic information — MetadataISO/TR 19120:2001 Geographic information — Functional standards

ISO/TR 19121:2000 Geographic information — Imagery and gridded data

ISO standards

ISO 19115

� 1 General information

� 2 History

� 3 Data identification

� 4 Spatial information

� 5 Distribution

� 6 Meta�information reference

Metadata conclusion

� Describing spatial data�sets with meta�data is essential to keep the data accessible in the future.

� For (inter)national exchange the use of a standard is a must.

� Because of the differences between perception(interest) and the organisational requirements, definition of meta�data is difficult.

Creating new data

� Surveying

� Enquiries and Questionnaires

� Photogrammetry

� Remote sensing

� Digitizing maps

Geo�information process

Terrestrial

Acquiring information about a phenomenon by measuring it physically

Acquiring information about a phenomenon by measuring it physically

Good old times

Modern times

Land surveying techniques

Total station

Total Station

GPS

Remote sensing

� Acquiring information about an object without contacting it physically. Methods include aerial photography, radar, and satellite imaging.

Landsat TM (30m) G(4)+R(5)+SWIR(7)

Multi spectral bands

Photogrammetry

Stereo-photographs, normally made from aeroplanes are also a good data source. Not only for geometric data but also for attribute data.

Photogrammetry is the technique to retrieve the data from the images. Most topographic map series are produced by this technique

Stereo pairs:determination of object coordinates, position + elevation

- Central versus Orthogonal projection- Optical versus symbolic image

Optical image /central projectionSymbolic image / orthogonal projection

Photogrammetry

Scanning

Digitizing coordinates

Digitizing

Data acquisition strategy

•PROJECT DEFINITION

•GEO-DATA REQUIREMENTS

• SDI (clearinghouse – portal) search

• MAP search

•DIGITISING / SCANNING

• HARD COPY IMAGES search

•PHOTOGRAMMETRY

•1st ORDER DATA ACQUISITION

•REMOTE SENSING

•TERRESTRIAL

Summary

� Existing Geo Data

� Spatial data infrastructure (SDI)

� Clearinghouses – geo data portal

� Metadata – standards

Geo�information process

� Creating Geo Data

� Terrestrial

� Remote sensing

� Photogrammetry

� Digitizing

Study materials:

© Wageningen UR

Theory Chang, 2008

Chapter 5.1, 5.2, 5.4

Practical: Exercise Module 1 ‘Working with ArcCatalog’Exercise ‘SDI�concepts’