Index
A3243 G mutation, 202See also Gene mutations
Abdominal compartment syndrome, 177See also Acute renal failure (ARF)
Abdominal decompression byparacentesis, 177
Abdominal flat plate, 114See also Hypercalcemia
ABG, see Arterial blood gasesABPM, see Ambulatory BP monitoringAbscess, perirectal, 49ACE inhibitors
for BP, 147for CHF, 158for CKD, 292, 294, 310for fibrillary glomerulonephritis, 262for FSGS, 242–243for hypertension, 154, 161–162for hypertensive kidney disease, 290for IgA glomerulonephritis, 307for membranous glomerulonephritis, 244for MPGN, 240for non-diabetic kidney disease, 293for PKD, 296for proteinuria reduction, 256post-transplantation anemia and, 357serum creatinine levels and, 162with diuretic, 148–150
ACEI/ARB for proteinuria, 269Acetate dialyzers, cellulose, 339Acetazolamide
for hypercapnia, 15, 16hypokalemia and, 16
Acetylcystein, 136Acid base disturbances
adrenoleukodystrophy, 95AG metabolic acidosis, 79–80arterial pH and, 69–70blood gas drawing aspects and, 70–73
blood products transfusion and, 23diagnosis, 74–75
metabolic acidosis, 72, 75, 77metabolic alkalosis, 72–73,
76–77respiratory acidosis, 72, 76respiratory alkalosis, 72–73,
75, 77urinary aldosterone excretion, 74urinary chloride excretion, 74
ethanol intoxication, 84ethylene glycol intoxication, 84hyperchloremia and, 88hyperkalemia and, 82–83hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, 85–86hyponatremia and, 85metabolic acidosis, 78metabolic alkalosis, 78methanol intoxication, 84mixed metabolic acidosis
and alkalosis, 87and respiratory alkalosis, 89respiratory alkalosis, and metabolic
alkalosis, 88mixed metabolic alkalosis and respiratory
acidosis, 87propylene glycol toxicity and, 55respiratory alkalosis, 78–79uncomplicated metabolic
acidosis, 92alkalosis, 81, 93
uncomplicated respiratory acidosis, 90Acid base transporters, genetic disorder
and, 217Acid excretion, 128
See also Calcium stone diseaseAcid loading test, 96Acidic urine pH, 2Acidification, renal, 81
377
378 Index
AcidosisCKD and, 304metabolic, 72, 75, 77–78, 304renal tubular acidosis (RTA), 80–81respiratory, 72, 76, 87See also Alkalosis
Acute allograft rejection, 369Acute brain injury, 199–200
See also RRTAcute contrast nephropathy, 182
See also Acute renal failure (ARF)Acute hyponatremia, 58Acute interstitial nephritis
eosinophilia and, 280fenoprofen and, 280hydrochlorothiazide and, 280renal biopsy, 280
Acute kidney injury (AKI), 198Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 19Acute pancreatitis, 341–342
See also HemodialysisAcute renal failure (ARF), 167
anti-phospholipid antibodies and, 254abdominal compartment syndrome and, 177abdominal decompression by paracentesis
and, 177acute brain injury and, 199–200acute contrast nephropathy, 182acute uric acid nephropathy, 195after cardiac surgery, 189–190AIDS and, 176AIN and, 174AKI, 198albumin and, 199ampicillin for, 174anemia management and, 179antibiotic therapy for, 173aristocholic acid and, 178ATN and, 170, 176atorvastatin and, 176beta-blocker and, 192cancer associated, 198chemotherapy and, 198chromium picolinate and, 178congestive heart failure and, 187continuos dialysis and, 189CPK and, 187creatine phosphokinase and, 187CRRT and, 189CVVH and, 190cyprinol and, 178dialysis-requiring, 173dopamine for, 179, 184, 192, 196
drug abuse and, 172furosemide and, 188, 190, 192, 196, 199gentamicin for, 174glycyrrhetic acid and, 178HAART-related nephropathies in
HIV-infected patients, 184hepatorenal syndrome, 194hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), 178, 183, 191hypokalemia-induced rhabdomyolysis
and, 178in HIV infected patients, 176in rhabdomyolysis, 175indinavir and, 172, 176intermittent dialysis and, 189IV contrast and, 293loop-acting diuretics in, 168mannitol for, 175, 190nesiritide infusion and, 190norepinephrine and, 196octreotide for, 183ornipressin for, 183PEEP and, 196peritoneal dialysis and, 182postoperative arterial fibrillation and, 184prerenal azotemia and, 191propofol causing, 186propofol infusion syndrome, 186radiocontrast administration and, 173RCN and, 173, 181, 183, 186recumbent human erythropoietin (rHuEpo)
and, 180RRT and, 168, 170, 180, 182, 187, 193saline for, 188, 192septic shock and, 196, 198serum
bicarbonate and, 187creatinine and, 187potassium and, 187
spironolactone for, 184splenorenal shunt and, 194tenofovir and, 176, 185terlipressin for, 183thyroxin and, 171trimethoprin-sulfamethozazole and, 176urine pH, 187urine uric acid to creatinine ratio, 195vancomycin for, 174vasoconstrictor therapy and, 194ventilation settings and, 196zidovudine and, 167, 176
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN), 170–171ARF and, 176azotemia and, 285
Index 379
ischemic, 181, 184low-dose dopamine and, 184nephrotoxic, 178renal failure and, 284RRT and, 181See also Dopamine
Acute uric acid nephropathy, 195ADAMTS-13
cleaving enzyme, 274gene mutations, 223
Addison crisis, 95Adenopathy, 114ADH, see Antidiuretic hormoneADPKD, see Autosomal dominant polycystic
kidney diseaseAdrenal adenoma, 13Adrenal disorders, urine chloride excretion, 3Adrenal insufficiency, 27Adrenergic receptor, alpha, 50Adrenergic stimulation
beta, 50hyperkalemia and, 50hypokalemia and, 50
Adrenoleukodystrophy, 95See also Acid base disturbances
AE1 mutations, 216African-American, 159–160
CKD in, 287collapsing FSGS in, 250FSGS in, 243hemodialysis patients, 316, 347HIV
associated nephropathy in, 249infected patients, 277
hypertension and, 148–149idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in,
238–239kidney disease in, 287, 290mortality rates (hemodialysis patients), 347systemic lupus erythematosus in, 244
African-American Study of Kidney diseaseand hypertension (AASK) trial, 287, 290
AG metabolic acidosis, 75, 77, 92AIDS, 176
See also HIVAIN, see Allergic interstitial nephritisAir trapping, PEEP, 196AKI, see Acute kidney injuryAlanine glyoxalate aminotransferase, 144
See also Gene mutationsAlbumin
and ARF, 199for diuretic resistance, 9
for hepatorenal syndrome, 59serum, 128See also Calcium stone disease
Albumin-corrected AG, 79Alcoholic ketoacidosis, 71, 84Aldosterone, 5
deficiency, 28excretion, urinary, 74hypertension and, 157hypokalemia and, 41plasma, 17renin ratio, 164
See also Hypertensionresistance distal RTA, 83serum, 41
Aldosterone receptor antagonist, 155See also Hypertension
Aldosteronismglucocorticoid-remediable, 213, 228hypertension and, 157
Alendronate, 102, 116Alfa-1 microglobulin, 260Alkaline pH, 2, 72Alkaline phosphatase levels, hypocalcemia
and, 105Alkaline urine pH, 2Alkalinization, urinary, 210Alkalosis
metabolic, 1, 2, 3, 72–74, 76–78, 87respiratory, 72–73, 75, 77–78,
79, 85See also Acidosis
Allergic interstitial nephritis (AIN), 174See also Acute renal failure (ARF)
Allograftrecipients, post-transplant disbetes mellitus
and, 360rejection, acute, 369survival, 356, 365See also Renal transplantation
Allopurinol, 82, 198Alpha actinin-4 mutations, 212Alpha-adducin gene, 147
See also HypertensionAlport syndrome, 201, 218
COL4A3 or COL4A4 gene mutationsand, 204
genetic testing for, 206hearing loss and, 204renal transplant in patients with, 204skin biopsy and, 225X-linked, 219, 225See also Hearing loss
380 Index
Alstrome syndrome, 201–202See also Diabetes
Aluminium-containing phosphate binders forCKD, 304
Ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), 157AME, see Apparent mineralocorticoid excessAMG 073, calcimimetic agent, 321Amiloride, 11, 42, 51
hypertension and, 52Liddle’s syndrome and, 42
Aminoaciduria, 217Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity, 174Amitriptyline hydrochloride, 31Ammonia
genesis, 297plasma, 21
Ammonium chloride, oral, 15Ammonium excretion, nephrolithiasis and,
132–133Ampicillin, for ARF, 174Amyelodysplastic syndrome, 300Analgesic nephropathy, 308Analgesics, IV, 126Anaphylaxis, rasburicase therapy and, 135Anasarca, 15ANCA
c-ANCA, 271cytoplamic, 269peripheral, 269test, 257
antigen-specific tests and, 257azathioprine and, 258cyclophosphamide and, 258
ANCA-associated crescentic glomerulonephri-tis, 254–255
ANCA-associated vasculitis, 255, 271–272azathioprine for, 271cyclophosphamide for, 271mupirocin for, 258mycophenolate mofetile for, 258prednisone for, 255
ANCA-positive polyangiitis, 247azathioprine and, 247cyclophosphamide and, 247
AnemiaCKD and, 300, 301, 303, 308hemodialysis patients and, 343left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and,
303, 309left-ventricular failure and, 301management, 179post-transplantation, 357See also Acute renal failure (ARF)
Angiitis, pulmonary, 248Angiofibromas, facial, 207Angiogram, 281Angiography, 281Angiomyolipomas, 233, 281Angioplasty
flow in hemodialysis grafts after, 343–344hemodialysis grafts after, 343–344vascular access blood flow after, 343
Angiotensin converting enzyme, see ACEinhibitors
Angiotensin IIfor non-diabetic kidney disease, 293receptor antagonist for FSGS, 242–243
Angiotensin receptor blocker, see ARBAngiotensin system blocker, 163
See also HypertensionAnion gap (AG), 88, 94, 96
albumin-corrected, 79acidosis, 47hypokalemia and, 80, 96See also Ketoacidosis
Anion gap metabolic acidosis, 55, 71, 79–80,87, 96
Antenatal sonogram, 222Antibiotic therapy for ARF, 173Antibodies
anti-GBM, 257anti-MPO, 269anti-phospholipid, 254anti-PR3, 269donor-specific, 370panel reactive antibody (PRA), 353, 363to ADAMTS-13, 273
Antibody-mediated rejection, 369–371AntiC1q antibody, SLE and, 272–273Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 4, 24
release, hyponatremia and, 38secretion
hypersecretion of, 25–26inappropriate, 26–27
See also Fluid and electrolyte disordersAnti-GBM antibodies, 257Antigen-specific tests, 257Antihypertensive drug, 145–148
alpha-adducin gene and, 147for BP controlling, 155for CKD, 294See also Hypertension
Anti-lymphocytic induction therapy, 355–356See also Renal transplantation
Anti-MPO, see Antimyeloperoxidaseantibodies
Index 381
Antimyeloperoxidase antibodies(anti-MPO), 269
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, seeANCA
Antinucleosome antibody, SLE and, 272, 273Antiphospholipids antibody, 254, 272–273Antiphospholipids syndrome, 273Anti-PR3-antibodies, 269, 271Antiretroviral therapy, 277
See also HIVANAntiSm antibody, SLE and, 272–273AOL4A4 protein, 201Aphasia, mild excessive, 82Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME), 5,
40, 42Appendectomy, 65AQP-2 gene mutation, 11ARB (angiotensin receptor blockers),
145–146, 256for CKD, 287, 292, 294for fibrillary glomerulonephritis, 262for hypertension, 146, 150for IgA glomerulonephritis, 307post-transplantation anemia and, 357
Aristocholic acid, 178See also Acute renal failure (ARF)
ARPKD, see Autosomal recessive polycystickidney disease
Arrhythmias, arterial, 184Arterial arrhythmias, 184Arterial blood gases (ABG), 15Arterial BP, 165Arterial fibrillation, postoperative, 184
See also Acute renal failure (ARF)Arterial pH, 69–70, 74
See also Acid base disturbancesArteriopathy, calcific uremic, 313Arteriovenous grafts, 339–340
See also Renal transplantationArthritis, rheumatoid, 80Ascites, ARF and, 194Ascorbate, kidney stones and, 143Ascorbic acid intake, 131Asian-American mortality rates (hemodialysis
patients), 347Asphyxia, 232Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia, 231Aspirin
overdose, 46–47uric acid excretion and, 46, 47
Atheroembolic disease, 323See also Calciphylaxis
ATN, see Acute tubular necrosis
Atorvastatin, ARF and, 176Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
(ADPKD), 203, 205, 221genetic testing for, 206imaging, 205Type 1, 219Type 2, 219, 220See also Autosomal recessive polycystic
kidney disease (ARPKD)Autosomal dominant pseudohypoaldostero-
nism Type 1, 213–215, 228Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
(ARPKD), 203, 220See also Autosomal dominant polycystic
kidney disease (ADPKD)Autosomal recessive pseudohypoaldostero-
nism Type I, 213AVP, see Plasma arginine vasopressinAzathioprine
ANCA-positive polyangiitis and, 247for ANCA testing, 258for ANCA-associated vasculitis, 271, 272for hyperlipidemia, 360
Azathioprine, 246See also Lupus nephritis
Azithromycin, 365See also Renal transplantation
Azotemiaacute tubular necrosis and, 285prerenal, 188, 191
Bacteremiagentamicin/citrate catheter lock, 347prophylaxis against dialysis catheter-related,
347–348Bacterial peritonitis, 32, 59Band keratopathy, 112–113
See also HypercalcemiaBardet Biedl syndrome, 202, 222Barnes syndrome, 232Bartter’s syndrome, 1, 3, 13, 47
diuretic abuse and, 119divalent ion metabolism disorder
and, 118, 119fluid and electrolyte disorders and, 13hypercalciuria and, 211hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, 85, 86
Basolateral anion exchange AE1, 216B-cell cross-match, 364
See also Renal transplantationBenign tumors, 111Berger’s disease, 283Beta adrenergic effect, 192
382 Index
Beta blockerfor ARF and, 192for hypertension, 146, 149–150, 161, 290
Bicarbonate, 84, 85concentration
acute tubular necrosis and, 284plasma, 4, 91–92serum, 93, 117
doses and inherited distal RTA, 217for acute brain injury-associated ARF,
199–200sodium (for AKI in tumor lysis
syndrome), 198Birt-Hogg-Dube disease, 207Bisphosphonate
for bone loss, 325hypercalcemia treatment and, 100–101
BK virus-associated nephropathy, 374–375cidofovir for, 375leflunomide for, 374, 375
Blood gas, 70–73, 107See also Acid base disturbances
Blood group compatibility, transplantationand, 370
Blood pH, 84Blood products transfusion, 23
See also Acid base disturbancesBone
biopsy, 317disease
after renal transplantation, 332calciphylaxis and, 322–323hemodialysis patients and, 317
loss, 304after renal transplantation, 325, 332calcium loss, 304calcium therapy for, 325prophylactic bisphosphonate treatment
for, 325vitamin D use for, 325steroid-induced, 101
resorption, 108, 123Bone densitometry, 116Bone density, 143, 319
See also OsteoporosisBone metabolism, NKF-K/DOQI, 327Bone pain, 108, 121
FGF-23, 320hemodialysis patients and, 317
BOR, see Branchiootorenal (BOR) syndromeBP (blood pressure)
ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), 157arterial, 165
CKD and, 309diabetes and, 146JNC-7 recommendations, 146kidney disease and, 146lowering, 145proteinuria and, 309systolic, 155, 161See also Hypertension
BP controlling, 149ACE inhibitor with diuretic, 149antihypertensive medications for, 155CKD and, 287icodextrin for, 349MPGN and, 240reduction aspects, 159stroke and, 164therapeutic goals and, 153thiazide diuretic for, 150, 152Type 2 diabetes and, 152
Brachiobasilic fistula, transposed, 339–340Brachiocephalic fistula, 339–340Brain injury, acute, 199–200
See also RRTBrain myoinositol levels, 61Brain tumor, 44, 45Branchiootorenal (BOR) syndrome, 201Bronchitis, chronic, 76Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 81
C1q nephropathy, 268Calcidiol
hypocalcemia and, 105–106low levels, 106–107
dietary deficiency of vitamin D, 106–107dilantin, 106–107liver disease, 106–107malabsorption, 106–107
Calcific uremic arteriopathy, 313Calcific vasculopathy, 323Calcifications
cardiac valvular, 323on EBCT, 335vascular, 334–335
CalcimimeticsAMG 073, 321PTH levels and, 328parathyroid gland and, 322serum calcium levels and, 328
Calcineurin inhibitorscardiovascular risk after renal transplantation
and, 160for post-transplant diabetes mellitus
(PTDM), 360
Index 383
Calciphylaxis, 313, 315atheroembolic disease and, 323bone disease and, 322–323hypercalcemia and, 323hyperparathyroidism and, 323hyperphosphatemia and, 323vasculitis and, 323
Calcitonin, hypercalcemia and, 112Calcitriol
for CKD, 303, 305for hemodialysis patients, 317, 332granulomatous disease and, 114hypercalcemia and, 114measurement, 114oncogenic osteomalacia and, 110
Calciumacetate
for CKD, 330Sevelamer treatment and, 330
based phosphate binders for hemodialysispatients, 314
cinacalcet and, 329concentration
dialysate, 345plasma, 326serum, 128
deposition, interstitial, 113diet, low, 115dietary, 142excretion, 123
kidney stone formation and, 138PYHrP and, 123urinary, 118, 128, 138
extravascular deposition of, 106for acute brain injury-associated ARF,
199–200in kidneys, 97intravenous, 103kidney stone formation and, 142loss from bone, 304metabolism, protein diet and, 98oxalate, 143recurrent urolithiasis and, 138serum, 117, 128, 327serum ionized, 107supplements, oral, 141surgery and serum, 117therapy for bone loss, 325
Calcium channel blockers (CCB), 146–147See also Hypertension
Calcium containing phosphate binders(CCPB), 319–320
See also Hypercalcemia; Phosphate binders
Calcium gluconate, 10, 22See also Hyperkalemia
Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, 126, 130–131,133, 142
ascorbic acid intake and, 131fluid intake, 127hydrochlorothiazide for, 130hyperoxaluria and, 131hypocitraturia and, 133indinavir and, 131IV analgesics for, 126IV fluids for, 126management, 126metabolic work-up and, 127oral fluid intake and, 126potassium citrate therapy for, 130serum collections measurement, 128urine collections measurement, 128urine pH, increased, 130urine straining and, 126See also Nephrolithiasis
Calcium oxalate stone, 137See also Kidney stonesgene mutations and, 208recurrent, 140sodium citrate for, 140
Calcium phosphate product, 321, 333See also Sevelamer
Calcium receptor (CaR), 326, 328Calcium stone disease, 128–129
See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasisC-ANCA, 271Cancer, ARF and, 198Capropril
for cystinuria, 136RCN and, 181
Carafate, 45Carbonate, lanthanum, 334Cardiac arrest in dialysis, 346Cardiac rhabdomyomas, 233Cardiac surgery, ARF after, 189–190Cardiac valvular calcifications, 323
See also HemodialysisCardiomyopathy, severe, 14Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
in CKD ptients, 288–289homocystein levels and, 289hyperuricemia and, 135
Cardiovascular risks, 145, 154–155See also HypertensionCKD and, 278dialysis patients, 151renal failure and, 160
384 Index
CARE study, 330Caroli’s disease, 203
See also Gene mutationsCat’s claw, 137Catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome, 254Catheter
lock, gentamicin/citrate, 347related bacteremia, prophylaxis against
dialysis, 347, 348tunneled-cuffed hemodialysis, 341
Caucasian mortality rates (hemodialysispatients), 347
CAVHDF, see Continuous arteriovenoushemodiafiltration (CAVHDF)
CCPB, see Calcium containing phosphatebinders
Cefazolin, 341Celecoxib
causing nephritic syndrome, 263RCN and, 181
Cellulose acetate dialyzers, 339Cerebral edema, 21Cerebral hemorrhage, 21Cerebral pontine myelinolysis, 21Cerebral salt wasting syndrome, 45–46
See also HyponatremiaCerebral steal phenomena, 164Chelating therapy, 210
See also CystinuriaChemotherapy, ARF and, 198Chest pain, 72, 348CHF, see Chronic heart failureChildren with FSGS, 275Chinese herb nephropathy, 178Chloride
urinary, 1, 3, 51, 74, 86, 93–94potassium, 2
Cholesterol, see Cardiovascular disease (CVD)diet, low, 244
See also Membranous glomerulonephritisLDL, 278–279, 291lipoprotein x, 17serum, 16, 291
Chromium picolinate and ARF, 178Chronic bronchitis, 76Chronic glomerulonephritis, 308, 309Chronic heart failure (CHF)
ACE inhibitors for, 158hyponatremia and, 29
Chronic hemodialysis, 280Chronic hormonal replacement therapy, 45Chronic hyponatremia, 20–21, 27–28
See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders
Chronic interstitial fibrosis, 178Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 278
ACE inhibitor for, 292, 310acidosis and, 304ACR inhibitor for, 287aluminium-containing phosphate binders
for, 304anemia and, 300–301, 303, 308antihypertensives for, 294ARB for, 287, 292, 294BP controlling and, 309, 287calcitriol for, 303, 305calcium acetate for, 330cardiovascular disease (CVD) in, 288–289cardiovascular risk and, 278dietary phosphorous restriction, 303dietary protein restriction and, 310–311dihydropyridine CCBs for, 287EDTA and, 258–259ESRD and, 289erythropoietin, 303erythropoietin therapy and, 300–301from IgA nephropathy, 293, 306from Type 1 diabetes, 305GFR in, 326hyperkalemia and, 310hyperlipidemia and, 311hyperparathyroidism and, 303hypertension and, 309IgA nephropathy and, 289, 293, 306in African-American, 287intravenous contrast and, 292LDL cholesterol and, 291loop diuretic for, 294low-protein diets and, 310NKF-K/DOQI guidelines, 327non-calcium-containing phosphate binders
for, 304NSAID for, 308phosphate-binding agents and, 330PTH secretion and, 326pure red blood cell aplasia (PRCA) and, 352RCN and, 186serum cholesterol and, 291serum phosphorous and, 305serum PTH and, 324Sevelamer for, 330SHARP study, 292stage 3, 302–303, 308stage 4, 287stage 5, 327statin for, 278–279, 292Type 2 diabetes and, 301
Index 385
vascular calcification and, 334–335See also Renal failure Chronic lung diseaseacid base disturbace and, 90SIADH and, 35
Chronic obstructive lung disease, 35Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), 15, 34–35, 76See also Hyponatremia
Chronic pancreatitis, 179Chronic renal failure, 231, 258–259Chronic RRT (CRRT), 169Cidofovir for BK virus-associated
nephropathy, 375Cinacalcet
hemodialysis patients and, 329PTH level and, 329
Cirrhosis, Wilson disease-induced, 101Citrate
alkalinizing effect, 23catheter lock, bacteremia and, 347excretion, 128for calcium oxalate stones, 140potassium, 128–130sodium, 140urine, 80See also Calcium stone disease
CKD, see Chronic kidney diseaseClarithromycin, kidney transplantation
and, 364Clavulanate, 54CLCN5 gene, 209CLDN16 mutations, 226CMV
in renal transplantation, 358infection, congenital, 230retinitis, 107
CNS disorder, 21Cochlear defect, 201
See also Hearing lossCognitive dysfunction, 112–113
See also HypercalcemiaCOL4A3/A4 gene mutations, 204
See also Alport syndromeCOL4A3/A4/A5 protein, 201
See also Hearing lossCOL4A5 mutation, 225Colitis, ulcerative, 132Collagen mutation, Type IV, 266
See also HematuriaCollapsing FSGS, 250, 263, 276Congenital CMV infection, 230Congenital hepatic fibrosis, 203, 206, 220Congenital nephritic syndrome, 234
Congenital nephrotic syndrome, 230Congenital syphilis, 230Congestive heart failure (CHF), 15, 29
ARF and, 187eplerenone and, 18hypertension and, 158recurrent, 158spironolactone and, 19
Constipation, 112–113See also Hypercalcemia
Continuos dialysis, 189See also CRRT
Continuos venovenous hemofiltration(CVVH), 169, 189–190
ARF and, 190for acute brain injury-associated ARF,
199–200Continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration
(CAVHDF), 169Continuous positive airway pressure (C-PAP)
mask, 151Continuous renal replacement therapy
(CRRT), 182Continuous venovenous hemodialysis
(CVVHD), 169Contrast agents
gadolinium, 348iodinated radiographic, 348radiographic, 348
COOPERATE study, 256, 269, 293, 307COPD, see Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseaseCortical thick ascending limb (CTAL), 118Corticosteroids
for fibrillary glomerulonephritis, 261for HIVAN, 278for post-transplant diabetes mellitus
(PTDM), 360hyperlipidemia and, 360low dose, 115oral, 259withdrawal after renal transplantation, 356See also Hypercalcemia
Cortisol, 41for adrenoleukodystrophy, 95plasma, 16to cortisone ratio measurement, 43See also Hypokalemia
Cortisol replacementmyelinolysis and, 56SIADH and, 56
COX II inhibitors, 263See also Interstitial nephritis
386 Index
C-PAP, see Continuous positive airwaypressure (C-PAP) mask
Craniopharyngioma, 45C-reactive protein (CRP), 289, 343Creatine
phosphokinase, 187stone formation and, 137
Creatinine, 89acute contrast nephropathy and, 182ARF and, 187CKD and, 310excretion, 128hypomagnesemia and, 118protein-to-creatinine ratios, 291serum, 162, 294, 310, 365uric acid to, 195urine, 109calcium stone disease and, 128See also Hypophosphatemia
Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), 175, 187See also Acute renal failure (ARF)
Crescentic glomerulonephritis, 257, 265CRP, see C-reactive proteinCRRT, 189
peritoneal dialysis and, 182SLED and, 197
Crush injury, 175See also Acute renal failure (ARF)
Crystalloid-induced transcapillary ultrafiltra-tion (UF), 349
CT scan, 16abdomen, 17EBCT, 334for ADPKD, 205ionized calcium concentration and, 107nephrolithiasis and, 125noncontrast-enhanced helical CT
scanning, 125tomographyunenhanced helical computed
tomography (UHCT), 141CTAL, see Cortical thick ascending limbCTNS mutations, cystinosis and, 226Cushing’s syndrome, 85, 264CVD, see Cardiovascular diseaseCVVH, see Continuos venovenous
hemofiltrationCVVHD, see Continuous venovenous
hemodialysisCyclophosphamide
for ANCAassociated vasculitis, 255, 271, 272positive microscopic polyangiitis, 247testing, 258
for CKD, 294for fibrillary glomerulonephritis, 261for FSGS, 243for lupus nephritis, 245–246for pulmonary hemorrhage, 271for steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephritic
syndrome, 237oral, 246–247, 255, 264, 272
Cyclosporinefor familial FSGS, 212for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, 239hyperlipidemia and, 360IgA nephropathy and, 268IV, 276kidney transplantation and, 364–365oral, 243phosphate wasting and, 318
Cyprinol and ARF, 178Cystic disease, renal, 223Cystic fibrosis, 33, 35Cystin solubility, 136Cystine kidney stones, 210Cystinosis, 218, 226Cystinuria, 136
chelating therapy and, 210fluid intake and, 210penicillamine for, 210tropronin for, 210urinary alkalinization and, 210See also Nephrolithiasis
Cysts, kidney, 233Cytoplasmic-ANCA, 269
See also Renal vasculitis
D5W infusion, 12DASH, see Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension (DASH) dietDDAVP, see DesmopressinDeafness, see Hearing lossDehydration, 94Delayed referral, kidney failure aspects
of, 296Demeclocycline, 14Dense deposits disease, 265Densitometry, bone, 116Dent’s disease, 209, 218, 226
proteinuria and, 209x-linked disorders, 226
Desalinated, infusate, 6Desmopressin (DDAVP), 45
acetate, 45for diabetes insipidus, 59for hyponatremia, 20
Index 387
hepatorenal syndrome and, 60hyponatremia and, 7–8
Dextran, iron, 342Dextrose
for peritoneal dialysis (PD), 349hypernatremia and, 62, 63hypotonic hyponatremia and, 6in NaCl infusion, 6in water, 11
DGDH mutations, 208–209Diabetes
Alstrome syndrome and, 202BP goals for, 146CKD and, 301hepatitis C with post-renal transplant, 373hypertension and, 161MODY5, 202Type 1, 305Type 2, 152, 301
Diabetes insipidus, 7, 20, 45DDAVP and, 59desmopressin for, 59nephrogenic, 19
Diabetes mellitushyperglycemia and, 202insulin-dependent, 52NSAID for, 308RCN and, 186Type 1, 308Type 2, 22
Diabetic ketoacidosis, 55, 60–61Diabetic kidney disease, 299Diabetic nephropathy, 302Diabetic patient, acute contrast nephropathy
in, 182Dialysate
calcium concentration, QT dispersionand, 345
potassium concentration, dialysis and, 346Dialysis
and cardiovascular risk, 151ARF, 173catheter-related bacteremia, prophylaxis
against, 347–348cardiac arrest and sudden death in, 346CVVHD, 169EDD, 169hypertension and, 151intermittent, 197peritoneal (PD), 182, 349SLED, 169, 197urea clearance and, 344See also under Hemodialysis
Dialyzers, cellulose acetate, 339Diazepam, 43, 65Diet
pills, 74protein, 98starvation, 77
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension(DASH) diet
for African-American, 161for Caucasian women, 161
Dietary calciumkidney stone formation and, 142restriction, recurrent urolithiasis and, 138
Dietary deficiency of vitamin D, low calcidiollevels and, 106, 107
Dietary history, hypokalemia and, 42Dietary phosphorous
CKD and, 303hyperphosphatemia and, 319restriction, 303
Dietary potassium, 148, 161See also Hypertension
Dietary protein, 98osteoporosis risk and, 143restriction
CKD and, 310, 311kidney disease progression and, 299
Dietary sodiumhypertension and, 148, 161intake, 349restriction, 91, 128–129
Diffuse mesangeal glomerulosclserosis, 230Diffuse mesangial proliferative glomeru-
lonephritis, 252Diffuse mesangial sclerosis
(DMS), 234Digoxin, 29Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers
(CCB), 146, 287Dilantin, 82Dilantin, low calcidiol levels and,
106, 107Dilutional hyponatremia, 26Dippers, 151
See also Cardiovascular riskDistal RTA, 81
aldosterone-resistance, 83genetic disorders and, 216hyperkalemia, 83inherited, 217Type 1, 96voltage-dependent, 83See also Proximal RTA
388 Index
Diuresisosmotic, 19–20, 44polyuria and, 19–20saline, 45solute, 45
Diureticsabuse, 1
Bartter’s syndrome and, 119diagnosis, 1divalent ion metabolism disorder and,
118–119hypertension, 41hypokalemia and, 40initial therapy, 2potassium chloride for, 2urine pH and, 2
albumin, 9edema refractory to, 9for Gitelman’s syndrome, 120for hypertension, 146, 148, 149, 150furosemide, 9hypokalemia and, 168K-sparing, 120loop, 54loop-acting, 168resistance, 9screen, 119thiazide, 11, 23, 152, 162See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders
Divalent ion metabolism disorder, 97Bartter’s syndrome and, 118–119calcidiol levels (low), 106–107calcimimetic agents and, 321calcium, 98diuretic abuse and, 118–119Gitelman’s syndrome and, 119–120HVDRR, 102hypercalcemia, 98, 100–101, 111–113hypercalciuria, 101hypocalcemia, 99, 103, 105–107hypomagnesemia, 97, 103hypoparathyroidism, 103hypophosphatemia, 103idiopathic hypercalciuria, 100muscle weakness, 108renal failure patients, 321rhabdomyolysis and, 104tumor lysis syndrome and, 104x-linked hypophosphatemia and, 121–122
DMS, see Diffuse mesangial sclerosisDobutamine, 181Donors
heart beating, 366–367
kidney, 366, 367live, 371non-heart beating, 366specific antibodies, 370
DopamineARF and, 184, 192, 196ATN and, 170causing hypothyroidism, 184hepatorenal syndrome and, 60low-dose, 179, 184RCN and, 173
Doppler ultrasonography, 322See also Imaging
Doxercalciferol therapy, 332See also Hemodialysis
Drash syndrome, 234See also Renal failure
Drug abuse, ARF and, 172Dyslipidemia, 292Dysplasia
asphyxiating thoracic, 231bronchopulmonary, 81kidney, 303
Dyspnea, 48
EBCT, see Electron beam computedtomography
ECF volume contraction, 113See also Renal failure
EDD, see Extended daily dialysisEdema
cerebral, 21hyponatremia and, 31pulmonary, 14refractory to diuretics, 9
EDTA (erythrocyte aminolevulinate dehydraseactivity), 258–259
Elavil, 31Electrolytes, 1
serum, 96urinary, 48, 51muscle weakness and, 108osmolar clearance, 33See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders
Electron beam computed tomography(EBCT), 334
Electron dense deposits, 265ELISA assays, 269Ellis-van-Creveld syndrome, 232ENA, see Extractable nuclear antigenEncephalopathy, 21Encephalopathy, hepatic, 64Endocapillary glomerulonephritis, 265
Index 389
Endocarditisassociated glomerulonephritis, 173streptococcus viridans, 174
Endocrine neoplasia, 223Endopeptidase
enzyme, 122mutation, 320
Endothelial dysfunction, smoking and, 165See also Hypertension
End-stage renal disease, 337HBV infection and, 350hemodialysis and, 337See also Renal disease
Eosinophilia and acute interstitialnephritis, 280
Ephedra, 178Ephedrine, 137
See also Nephrolithiasis; stoneEplerenon
CHF and, 18hyperkalemia and, 19
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-related PTLD, 353Erythematosus, lupus, 244Erythematosus, systemic lupus, 259Erythrocyte aminolevulinate dehydrase activity
(EDTA), 258–259Erythrocyte basophilic stippling, 259Erythromycin, kidney transplantation and, 364Erythropoietin
CKD and, 300–301, 303proteinuria and, 300recombinant human (rHuEPO), 351
Erythropoietin resistancehemodialysis patient and, 345L-carnitine supplementation and, 345
ESRDC1q nephropathy and, 268cardiovascular disease (CVD) in CDK
and, 288CKD and, 289due to FSGS, 49hemodialysis patients and, 329IgM nephropathy and, 253
Ethanolinjection, 322intoxication, 84
Ethylene glycolintoxication, 84levels, 16See also Acid-base disturbances
European vasculitis Study Group(EUVAS), 272
Euvolemic, 65–66
Euvolemic hyponatremia, 34, 38Excessive emesis, 1Excrete maximally dilute urine, ability to, 11Exogenous Cushing syndrome, 264Extended daily dialysis (EDD), 169Extracellular volume expansion, nonhypotonic
hyponatremia and, 21Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA), 261Extravascular deposition of calcium, 106
See also HypocalcemiaExtremities weakness, 8Ezetimibe, 292
See also Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Fabry’s disease, 208See also Genetic testing
Facial angiofibromas, 207Familial FSGS, 207, 212
cyclosporine for, 212following renal transplantation, 212methylprednisolone for, 212See also Nephritic syndrome
Familial hyperkalemic hypertension, 213–214Familial hyperparathyroidism, 223Familial hypomagnesemia, 97, 211, 226Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria
and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC), 211Familial juvenile hyperuricemic
nephropathy, 215Familial juvenile nephronophthisis (JNPH),
229, 232Fanconi syndrome, 109, 185, 226
Lowe syndrome and, 217, 226renal, 209, 217, 227
FCNS, 234Fechtner syndrome, 201
See also Hearing lossFenoldopam
for hypertension, 153intravenous, 153RCN and, 173
Fenoprofen and acute interstitial nephritis, 280Ferritin, 300
anemia and, 343serum, 343
Fetal renal enlargement, 222FGF-23, 110, 320FHHNC, see Familial hypomagnesemia with
hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosisFibrillary
glomerulopathy, 263GN, 264growth factor 23 (FGF-23), 320
390 Index
Fibrillary glomerulonephritis, 262ACE inhibitors for, 262ARB for, 262corticosteroid for, 261cyclophosphamide for, 261See also Immunotactoid glomerulopathy
Fibrofolliculomas, 207Fibromas, subungual, 207Fibrosis
ARPKD and, 220chronic interstitial, 178congenital hepatic, 203, 220cystic, 33, 35hypocellular interstitial, 251tubulointerstitial, 139, 282
Fish gallbladders, ingestion of, 178Fistula
brachiocephalic, 339–340transposed brachiobasilic, 339–340
Fistulography, 343Fludrocortisone, 37, 95Fluid and electrolyte disorders, 1
ADH secretion, inappropriate, 26–27Bartter syndrome, 13chronic hyponatremia, 20–21diuretic
abuse, 1–2resistance, 9
eccessive Gatorade intake, 3–4Gordon’s syndrome, 12–13hypercapnia, 15–16hyperglycemia, 12hyperkalemia, 22hypertonic saline administration and, 18hypoalbuminemia, 9hypokalemia, 5hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 8–9hyponatremia, 14–18, 20, 27–29
chronic, 21, 27–28management, 7–8nonhypotonic, 21post operative, 25–26
hypotonic hyponatremia, 6–7maximally dilute urine excretion, 11metabolic alkalosis after liver transplanta-
tion, 23nonhypotonic hyponatremia, 21polyuria, 19–20reset osmostat, 27–28septic shock and, 4–5serum potassium concentration, lowering
of, 10SIADH, 25–26, 28
vasopressin infusion for, 4–5vomiting, 2–3
Fluid intakecalcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, 127cystinuria and, 210IV, 126
Fluphenazine hydrochloride, 30Focal proliferative glomerulonephritis, 283Follicle stimulating hormone, 17Foscarnet, 107
See also HypocalcemiaFracture, hemodialysis patients and, 316Free water
clearance, 32–33intake, hypernatremia and, 36
FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis),242, 274
ACE inhibitor for, 242–243after renal transplantation, 368angiotensin II receptor antagonist for,
242–243children with
African-American, 275renal transplantation, 275
collapsing, 250, 263, 276cyclophosphamide for, 243ESRD due to, 49familial, 207, 212following renal transplantation, 368genetic mutations and, 274glucosteroids for, 243HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN)
and, 250idiopathic, 243in African-American, 243, 275in kidney biopsy, 306NPHS2 mutations and, 224pamidronate causing, 263podocin mutations and, 212proteinuria and, 262renal
failure in, 262transplantation in, 275, 368
steroid therapy for, 243Furosemide, 6, 9, 29, 77
acute hyponatremia and, 58ARF and, 188, 190, 192, 196, 199–200for acute brain injury-associated ARF, 200for AKI in tumor lysis syndrome, 198for diuretic resistance, 9for hyponatremia, 14–15hypotonic hyponatremia, 6–7, 65–67induced hypovolemia, 192
Index 391
induced prerenal azotemia, 188urine concentration and, 23
Gadodiamide (Omniscan)-induced spurioushypocalcemia, 333–334
Gadoliniumcontrast agent in hemodialysis, 348induced pseudohypocalcemia, 99
Gain of function mutations in V2 receptor,56, 57
Gastric fluid losses, hypernatremia and, 36Gastrointestinal losses, hypokalemia and, 40Gatorade intake, excessive, 3–4
See also Fluid and electrolyte disordersGBM, see Glomerular basement membraneGene mutations
11–HSD, 5ADAMTS13, 223AE1, 216alanine glyoxalate aminotransferase, 144alpha actinin-4, 212AQP-2, 11calcium oxalate stones and, 208COL4A3, 204COL4A4, 204COL4A5, 225CTNS, 226DGDH, 208, 209HNF-1beta, 202mitochondrial tRNA gene, 202NBC1, 216NCCT, 215NPH-1, 229NPH-2, 229NPH-3, 229NPHS-1 gene, 230NPHS2, 224, 274paracellin gene, 97paracellin-1, 210PKD1, 203PKD2, 203PKHD1, 203podocin, 207, 212, 224, 274, 368polycystin-1, 219polycystin-2, 219PRKCSH, 203renal failure and, 209SLC4A4, 227TSC2, 203UMOD, 215V2, 11WNK1, 214WNL4, 214
Genetic disorders, 201acid-base transporters and, 217ADPKD, 205Alstrome syndrome, 202autosomal dominant pseudohypoaldostero-
nism Type 1, 213–215familial hypomagnesemia, 211Fechtner syndrome, 201FSGS and, 274Gitleman syndrome and, 211hyperurecemia, 211hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and, 211hypomagnesemia, 211inherited distal RTA, 216metabolic acidosis and, 227Nail-patella syndrome, 201nephrocalcinosis, 211OFD syndrome, 202polyuria, 211pseudohypoaldosteronism Type I, 213–215VHL, 206von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease
activity and, 223Genetic testing
Fabry’s disease, 208for VHL, 206hypokalemia and, 43primary hyperoxaluria, 208steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic
syndrome, 207Gentamicin
catheter lock, 347for ARF, 174
GFRin CKD, 326PTH secretion and, 326
GI tract potassium loss, hypokalemia and, 40Gitelman’s syndrome, 12–13, 47, 214
genetic disorder and, 211hyperuricosuria and, 212hypocalciuria and, 119hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and, 211hypomagnesemia and, 211K-sparing diuretics for, 120Na-Cl co-transporter defect and, 120oral magnesium for, 120
Globulinuria, 260See also Glomerulonephritis
Glomerular basement membrane (GBM), 249Glomerular capillary hypertension, 242Glomerular disease, tubulointerstitial disease
and, 298, 306Glomerular filtration rate, reduced, 209
392 Index
Glomerulonephritis, 159, 254, 255, 271ANCA-associated crescentic, 254, 255chronic, 308–309cresentic, 257diffuse mesangial proliferative, 252endocapillary, 265endocarditis-associated, 173fibrillary, 262focal proliferative, 283granulomatous, 113IgA, 307immunotactoid, 261membrano proliferative, 240, 252,
265, 283membranous, 244mesangial proliferative, 238pauci-immune crescentic, 265post-transplant, 218, 219See also Glomerulopathy
Glomerulopathyfibrillary, 263immunotactoid, 261obesity-related, 242
GlomerulosclerosisFSGS, 212segmental, 252
Glucocorticoidsphosphate wasting and, 318remediable aldosteronism, 213–214, 228therapy for steroid-sensitive idiopathic
nephritic syndrome, 237Gluconate, iron, 342Glucose
for serum potassium concentrationlowering, 10
tolerance, 160See also Hypertension
Glucosteroids, 243for FSGS, 243oral cyclosporine for, 243
Gly170Arg mutations, 144Glycine metabolites, 21Glycyrrhetic acid, 178
See also Acute renal failure (ARF)Gordon’s syndrome
fluid and electrolyte disorders and,12–13, 213
hydrochlorothiazide for, 214hypertension and, 228–229thiazide diuretics for, 214
Graftarterioveous, 339–340loss, 364, 369–370
survival, 356–357donor characteristics, 366immunosuppressives for, 357
See also Renal transplantationGranulomatosis, Wegener’s, 258, 270Granulomatous disease, 114Granulomatous glomerulonephritis, renal
failure and, 113Graves’s disease, hypokalemic periodic
paralysis and, 80
HAART, see Highly active antiretroviraltherapy
HBV, see Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infectionsHCO3, 75, 77Headaches, tension-type, 74
See also HypertensionHearing loss, 201–202
Alport syndrome and, 204cellulose acetate dialyzers and, 339sensorineural, 204See also Nail-patella syndrome
Heart beating donors, 366–367Helical CT scan, 125, 126Hemangioblastoma, 206Hemangiopericytoma, 12–13, 111Hemartomatous tumor, 281Hematemesis, 54, 83Hematuria, 220, 280
idiopathic nephrotic syndrome associatedwith, 238–239
IgA nephropathy, 241, 246persistent isolated, 266persistent microscopic, 248PKD and, 295renal failure and, 241Type IV collagen mutation and, 266without proteinuria, 225
Hemiplegia, 82Hemodiafiltration, 169Hemodialysis, 22, 121, 182
chronic, 280, 344–345CVVHD, 169end-stage renal disease and, 337gadolinium contrast agent in, 348grafts after angioplasty, 343–344HBV patients and, 350IgA nephropathy, 241intermittent, 189, 197, 200patients, 314
acute pancreatitis and, 341–342African-American, 316anemia and, 343
Index 393
Hemodialysis (cont.)bone pain and muscle weakness, 317calcific uremic arteriopathy, 313calcitriol therapy and, 317, 332calcium-based phosphate binders for, 314cardiac valvular calcifications and, 323cinacalcet for, 329doxercalciferol therapy and, 332erythropoietin resistance and, 345ERSD and, 329fracture and, 316gadodiamide (Omniscan)-induced
spurious hypocalcemia and, 333–334hypercalcemia and, 328hyperparathyroidism and, 321–322hyperphosphatemia and, 315, 328intradialytic hypotension in, 339iron dextran reaction and, 342L-carnitine supplementation and, 345mortality rates, 347of different ethnicities, 347osteodystrophy and, 317parathyroidectomy and, 315–316, 318,
322, 328paricalcitol therapy and, 332PTH assays and, 330–331skin necrosis and, 322–323vaccine recommendations for, 337vitamin D therapy and, 331
QT interval dispersion during, 345–346renal disease requiring, 10tunneled-cuffed, 341urea clearance and, 344
Hemodilution, 84Hemofiltration, 169, 182, 189–190
See also Renal failureHemoglobin (Hb) level
ARF and, 180PD and, 351CKD and, 303See also Blood gas
Hemolysisintradialytic acute, 342rasburicase therapy and, 135
Hemorrhage, pulmonary, 271Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), 253, 313Hepatic cirrhosis, 61, 64Hepatic encephalopathy, 64Hepatic fibrosis, congenital, 203, 220Hepatitis B
end-stage renal disease and, 350patients mortality after transplantation, 359
Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infections, 350
Hepatitis C, 139in renal transplant, 372–373infection, 177patients mortality after transplantation, 359viral infection, 61, 191, 252with post-transplant diabetes in renal
transplant, 373Hepatocelluar carcinoma, 61Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF), 202Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), 59,
177, 191ARF and, 178, 191, 194DDAVP and, 60hyperoncotic albumin for, 191liver transplantation and, 194midodrine and octreotide for, 59midodrine for, 191, 194octreotide for, 191, 194terlipressin for, 183TIPS placement and, 191vasopressin for, 194See also Renal disease
Hepatosplenomegaly, 70Herbal medicine, nephropathy
and, 251Hereditary nephritis, 201, 221Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets
(HVDRR), 102Heritability, nephrolithiasis, 142Hexadactyly, 222HGPRT, see Hypoxanthine guanine
phosphoribosyl-transferaseHighly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART),
48, 130, 139, 172, 184–185, 278See also HIV
Hip fracture, hemodialysis patients and, 316Hispanic mortality rates (hemodialysis
patients), 347Histocompatibility, 370
See also Renal transplantationHIV, 130, 139, 172
associated renal disease in African-American, 277
infection associated renal disease, 277nephropathy, 185
HIV associated nephropathy (HIVAN),249–250, 276–277
corticosteroids for, 278renal biopsy and, 250renal failure and, 277–278
HLA-matched kidneys, 361HLA-mismatched kidneys, 361HNF, see Hepatocyte nuclear factor
394 Index
Homocystein levelsCKD and, 289CVD and, 289
Hormonal replacement therapy, 45Hospitalization, calcium oxalate nephrolithia-
sis and, 126HRS, see Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS)HSP, see Henoch-Schonlein purpuraHuman herpes virus 6 or 7, 372Humoral hypercalcemia, PTHrP and, 324, 325Humoral rejection in kidney transplanta-
tion, 371HVDRR, see Hereditary vitamin D-resistant
ricketsHydrochloric acid (HCl), intravenous, 15Hydrochlorothiazide, 36, 81, 102, 111,
128–130and acute interstitial nephritis, 280for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, 130for Gordon’s syndrome, 214for hypertension, 154for nephrolithiasis, 128–129hyponatremia, 43hyponatremia and, 44hypotonic hyponatremia and, 67–68
Hydrocortisone, 45Hydronephrosis, obstructive, 95Hyperaldosteronism, 1, 3, 40
hypertension and, 157primary, 1, 40–41, 213secondary, 40, 41See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders
Hyperalimentation, 44Hypercalcemia, 98, 111, 114–115, 123
abdominal flat plate and, 114bisphosphonates treatment, 100–101calciphylaxis and, 323calcitonin for, 112calcitriol level and, 114calcium diet, low, 115corticosteroid therapy, low dose, 115hemodialysis patients and, 328humoral, 324, 325induced renal vasoconstriction, 113intravenous saline for, 112leukemia and, 123on CCPB, 319oxalate diet, low, 115nephropathy, 113pamidronate for, 112parathyroidectomy and, 98, 318, 328primary hyperparathyroidism and, 116PTH level and, 114
PTHrP and, 324–325renal failure and, 113stone and, 137symptomatic, 112symptoms, 112, 113
band keratopathy, 112–113cognitive dysfunction, 112–113constipation, 112–113polyuria, 112–113Q-T interval shortening, 112–113
tanning salon and, 114–115treatment, 115urine concentration and, 23vitamin D toxicity and, 122zolendronate for, 112See also Hypocalcemia
Hypercalciuria, 97, 113, 128–129, 137,209, 228
Bartter syndrome and, 211idiopathic, 36, 100, 142kidney stone formation and, 139nephrolithiasis, X-linked, 209osteoporosis and, 142surgery for, 116tacrolimus-induced, 101treatment, 115
Hypercapnia, 91acetazolamide for, 15–16metabolic alkalosis, post, 54See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders
Hyperchloremia, acid-base disturbancesand, 88
Hyperglycemia, 26dextrose in water and, 12diabetes mellitus and, 202See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders
Hyperkalemia, 4, 22acid-base disorder and, 82, 83adrenergic stimulation, 50calcium gluconate for, 22CKD and, 310distal RTA, 83distal RTA and
aldosterone-resistance, 83voltage-dependent, 83
eplerenon and, 19fluid and electrolyte disorders and, 22Gordon’s syndrome and, 214hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, 228hypertension and, 12insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and, 52intravenous insulin for, 22Katexalate for, 22
Index 395
lactic acidosis, 49malignant hyperthermia and, 50phenylephrine and, 50potassium and, 53rhabdomyolysis and, 49salt-wasting and, 53See also Hypokalemia
Hyperlipidemia, 26azathioprine for, 360corticosteroids for, 360immunosuppressive agents for, 360mycophenolate mofetile for, 360renal disease and, 311sirolimus therapy and, 360
Hypermagnesemia, 121See also Hypomagnesemia
Hypermagnesuria, 97Hypernatremia, 59
chronic, 12correction, 12dextrose and, 62–63free water intake and, 36hypotonic sodium loss, 63lactulose and, 64osmotic diuresis, 44saline administration, 63–64sodium and potassium content, 64water and gastric fluid losses, 36See also Hyponatremia
Hyperoncotic albumin for hepatorenalsyndrome, 191
Hyperoxaluria, 131calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and, 131primary, 134, 144
Type 1 (PH1), 209Type 2 (PH2), 209
Hyperparathyroidism, 102, 108, 113calciphylaxis and, 323CKD and, 303familial, 223hemodialysis patients and, 321–322parathyroidectomy and, 322parathyroidectomy for, 315–316phosphate excretion and, 109primary, 98, 114, 116, 123refractory, 321surgery, 116See also Hypoparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumorsyndrome, 222
Hyperphosphatemia, 198, 200calciphylaxis and, 323dietary phosphorus and, 319
hemodialysis patients and, 315, 328parathyroidectomy and, 318, 328See also Hypophosphatemia
Hyperproteninemia, 26Hypertension, 5, 43, 67, 111, 145
ACE inhibitor for, 146–148, 154, 161diuretics, 148, 150thiazide diuretic, 162
aldosterone receptor antagonist and, 155aldosteronism and, 157ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM)
and, 157Amiloride and, 52angiotensin-system blocker for, 163antihypertensive drug, 146antihypertensive medications and, 145ARB for, 146–147, 150beta-blocker for, 146, 149–150, 161BP
controlling and, 147, 153lowering and, 145reduction aspects of, 164
cardiovascular risk and, 145, 154–155CCB for, 147CKD and, 309congestive heart failure and, 158C-PAP and, 151DASH diet and, 161diabetes risk and, 161dialysis and, 151diuretic abuse and, 41diuretics for, 146, 148–150familial hyperkalemic, 213–214glomerular capillary, 242glucose tolerance and, 160Gordon syndrome and, 228, 229hydrochlorothiazide for, 154hyperaldosteronis, 157hyperkalemia and, 12hyperuricemia and, 135hypokalemia and, 39, 41hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and,
52, 157IgA nephropathy and, 283in African-American, 148–149, 159–160intravenous fenoldopam for, 153intravenous labetalol for, 153kidney disease and, 155, 163Liddle syndrome, 52, 157MRA for renal vascular, 156office, 158overweight aspects, 148plasma aldosterone and, 164
396 Index
Hypertension (cont.)potassium
levels and, 165supplementation and, 156
renaldisease and, 155risk and, 154vascular, 156
resistant, 165serum
creatinine levels and, 162potassium and, 155sodium levels and, 165
sleep apnea and, 151, 157–158sodium and, 155spironolactone and, 52stage 2, 163stroke and, 164systolic, 157thiazide diuretic for, 149–150, 163titrate for, 150tobacco smoking and, 165white coat, 158See also Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Hypertensive kidney disease, 287–290ACE inhibitors for, 290beta-blocker for, 290See also Renal disease
Hypertensive nephrosclerosis, 290Hyperthermia, malignant, 50Hyperthyroidism, 51
acid-base disturbance and, 80urine electrolytes and, 51
Hypertonic saline, 18acute hyponatremia and, 58for acute hyponatremia, 58See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders
Hyperuricemia, 104cardiovascular disease and, 135common cause of, 134–135conditions associated with, 135genetic disorders and, 210–211hypertension and, 135renal insufficiency and, 135serum uric acid level and, 134uric acid excretion and, 134–135
Hyperuricosuria, 137, 212See also Gitleman syndrome
Hypoalbuminemia, 9See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders
Hypoaldosteronism, 46, 83Hypocalcemia, 99, 102–105, 121, 200
alkaline phosphatase levels, 105
calcidiol levels and, 105calcidol levels, 106calcium, extravascular deposition of, 106gadodiamide (Omniscan)-induced spurious,
333–334gadolinium-induced pseudohypocal-
cemia, 99hypermagnesemia and, 121hypomagnesemia and, 106ionized calcium concentration and, 107plasma magnesium level and, 121PTH levels, 103, 105See also Hypercalcemia; Hypokalemia
Hypocalciuria, 132Gitelman’s syndrome and, 119nephrolithiasis and, 132
Hypocellular interstitial fibrosis with tubularatrophy, 251
Hypochloremia, 84Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, 89Hypocitraturia, 128–129
calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and, 133medullary sponge kidney (MSK) and, 133nephrolithiasis and, 132recurrent nephrolithiasis and, 133See also Hyponatremia
Hypocomplementemia, 240Hypocortisolism, 56Hypodipsia, 62Hypokalemia, 1–2, 5, 39, 117
acetazolamide and, 16acid-base disturbance, 96adrenergic stimulation and, 50anion gap metabolic acidosis and, 80, 96cortisol to cortisone ratio measurement, 43dietary history and, 42diuretic abuse and, 40diuretic therapy and, 168genetic testing, 43hypertension and, 39hypomagenesemia and, 118induced rhabdomyolysis, 178Liddle’s syndrome and, 40, 42mineralocorticoid excess and, 41plasma aldosterone concentration and, 41primary hyperaldosteronism and, 40renin activity and, 41RTA and, 217secondary hyperaldosteronism and, 40upper GI loss and, 40urinalysis, 39urinary
concentration and, 23
Index 397
losses and, 40potassium excretion, 39–40
See also Hyperkalemia; HypocalcemiaHypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, 47, 52, 54,
85, 117Bartter’s syndrome, 85, 86genetic disorders and, 211Gitleman syndrome and, 211hypertension and, 52, 157non-reabsorbable anion and, 54urinary potassium excretion and, 85
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 8,47, 51
fluid and electrolyte disorders, 8–9Graves’s disease and, 80
Hypomagnesemia, 41, 97, 103, 117creatinine and, 118familial, 97, 211, 226genetic disorders and, 211Gitelman syndrome and, 211hypocalcemia and, 106hypokalemia and, 118nephrocalcinosis and, 226–227renal magnesium wasting and, 118urinary calcium excretion and, 118See also Divalent ion metabolism disorder;
HypermagnesemiaHyponatremia, 1, 2, 7–8, 14–18, 27, 29,
37, 84acid-base disturbance and, 85acute, 58ADH release and, 38CHF and, 29chronic, 20, 27–28COPD and, 34correction, water restriction for, 30DDAVP administration and, 7–8, 20dilutional, 26edema, patients with or without, 31euvolemic, 34, 38extracellular volume expansion and, 21free water clearance and, 32–33furosemide for, 14–15hydrochlorothiazide and, 43–44hyperglycemia, 26hypertonic saline and, 58hypothyroidism and, 34hypotonic, 6–7, 66–68indomethacin and, 34management, 7–8myoinositol levels and, 62non-edematous patient, 31nonhypotonic, 17, 21
normovolemic hypotonic, 38oxcarbazepine and, 26patients with SIADH and, 30plasma aldosterone test for, 17–18post operative, 25pseudo, 16–17psychogenic polydipsia and, 31reset osmostat and, 34, 38salt wasting syndrome and, 45–46serum cholesterol level and, 16–17SIADH and, 34vasopressin levels and, 57See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders;
Hypernatremia; HypocitraturiaHypoparathyroidism, 103, 109
See also HyperparathyroidismHypophosphatemia, 103–104, 108
creatinine collection aspects, 109phosphate collection aspects, 109post-renal transplant, 318See also Hyperphosphatemia
Hypophosphatemic rickets, 109,217, 320
Hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked, 109Hypopituitarism, 18, 46, 56Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, 83Hypotension, 24, 338Hypothyroidism, 28, 34
dopamine causing, 184hyponatremia and, 34
Hypotonic fluid, 7–8See also Hypertonic saline
Hypotonic hyponatremiadue to SIADH, 67fluid and electrolyte disorders, 6–7furosemide for, 65–67hydrochlorothiazide and, 67–68normovolemic, 38saline infusion, 65–68thiazide therapy and, 67–68water withholding and, 65–68See also Nonhypotonic hyponatremia
Hypotonic sodium loss, 63See also Hypernatremia
Hypouricemia, 46Hypovolemia, 188, 192Hypovolemic patient, 3Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl-
transferase (HGPRT), 235–236Hypoxia, 87
Ibuprofen, nephropathy and, 251Ichthyotoxism, 178
398 Index
Icodextrinfor BP controlling, 349for peritoneal dialysis (PD), 349–351on volume status, 349
Idiopathic FSGS, 243Idiopathic hypercalciuria, 36, 100, 142Idiopathic membranous nephropathy,
244, 260Idiopathic nephritic syndrome, 224
in childhood, 224steroid-resistant, 224
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, 238cyclosporine for, 239in Africa-American, 238, 239IV methylprednisone for, 239microscopic hematuria and,
238, 239prednisone for, 239steroid-sensitive, 237steroid-resistant, 207
IgA glomerulonephritisACE inhibitor for, 307ARB for, 307
IgA nephropathy, 240–241, 266–267, 278CKD and, 289, 292–293CKD from, 293, 306COOPERATE trial and, 256cyclosporine and, 268hematuria and, 246hematuria in, 241hemodialysis and, 241in children, 282–283kidney failure from, 296–297losartan for, 267methylprednisolone for, 267oral cyclophosphamide for, 246–247oral prednisone for, 246–247prednisone for, 267proteinuria associated with, 269renal transplantation and, 240–241TBMD and, 249treatment, 307with persistent proteinuria, 267with renal insufficiency, 246See also IgM nephropathy
IgG excretion and membranous nephropa-thy, 260
IgM deposition, 238See also Mesangial proliferative
glomerulonephritisIgM mesangial deposits, 252IgM nephropathy, 253
See also IgA nephropathy
ImagingADPKD, 205urinary tract, 140
Immunofluorescence assays, 269Immunoglobulins, IV, 271Immunosuppression
hyperlipidemia, 360PTDM, 359
Immunosuppressives, 357Immunotactoid glomerulonephritis
(ITGN), 261Immunotactoid glomerulopathy, 261
See also Fibrillary glomerulonephritisIndinavir, 130
ARF and, 172, 176calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and, 131kidney stone formation and, 282kindney stones and, 139nephrolithiasis, 282nephropathy, 139renal disease and, 139urolithiaisis, 139
Indium-111, octreotide labeled with, 110, 111Indomethacin, 34
See also HyponatremiaIngestion of fish gallbladders, 178
See also Acute renal failure (ARF)Inherited distal RTA, 216–217
See also Genetic disordersInsipidus, nephrogenic diabetes, 19Insulin
for serum potassium concentrationlowering, 10
intravenous, 22subcutaneous, 22See also Diabetes
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 52See also Hyperkalemia
Intermittent dialysis, 189Intermittent hemodialysis, 197Intermittent hemodialysis for acute brain
injury-associated ARF, 200Interstitial calcium deposition, 113Interstitial fibrosis
chronic, 178hypocellular, 251renal failure in FSGS and, 262
Interstitial nephritis, 83, 95, 113, 241, 251, 263acute, 280celecoxib and, 263
Intoxicationethanol, 84ethylene glycol, 84
Index 399
lead, 258methanol, 84salycilate, 84
Intra-aortic balloon pump, RCN and, 186Intradialytic acute hemolysis, 342Intradialytic acute symptoms, cellulose acetate
dialyzers use and, 339Intradialytic hypotension, 338–339
See also HemodialysisIntradialytic palpitation, 345Intravenous (IV) analgesics for calcium oxalate
nephrolithiasis, 126Intravenous calcium, 103Intravenous contrast
and CKD, 292and ARF, 293
Intravenous cyclophosphamidefor lupus nephritis, 246for steroid sensitive nephritic
syndrome, 264Intravenous cyclosporine
for nephritic syndrome, 276for proteinuria, 276
Intravenous fenoldopam for hypertension, 153Intravenous fluids for calcium oxalate
nephrolithiasis, 126Intravenous HCl, 15Intravenous immunoglobulins for pulmonary
hemorrhage, 271Intravenous insulin, 22
See also HyperkalemiaIntravenous labetalol for hypertension, 153Intravenous magnesium
See also Hypocalcemia, 103Intravenous methylprednisone for idiopathic
nephrotic syndrome, 239Intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide for lupus
nephritis, 245Intravenous saline, 24, 112
See also HypercalcemiaIntravenous sodium bicarbonate, 22Intravenous urography (IVU), 141Iodinated contrast, RCN and, 186Iodinated radiographic contrast
agents, 348Ion metabolism, divalent, see Divalent ion
metabolism disorderIonized calcium concentration, 107
See also HypocalcemiaIron
dextran, 342hemodialysis patients and, 342gluconate, 342
measurement, serum, 300sucrose, 342See also Anemia
Ischemic ATN, 181, 184Isotonic saline, 6, 56
for ARF, 175, 199for septic shock, 199for rhabdomyolysis, 175
Isotonic sodium chloride for AKI in tumorlysis syndrome, 198
Isotonic urine, 32–33ITGN, see Immunotactoid glomerulonephritisIvemark syndrome, 232IVIG therapy, 371
See also Renal transplantationIVU, see Intravenous urography (IVU)
Jaundice, 16Jaw Tumor syndrome, hyperparathy-
roidism, 222Jeune syndrome, 231–232
See also Renal failureJoint National Committee VII(JNC-7), BP
goals recommended by, 146Juvenile nephronophthisis (JNPH),
229, 232Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 279
Katexalate, 22See also Hyperkalemia
Ketoacidosis, 18, 88alcoholic, 71, 84diabetic, 55, 60starvation, 71
Ketonemia, 89Ketones, serum, 89Kidney cysts, 233Kidney dysplasia, 303Kidney stone, 111, 137, 141–143, 209
ascorbate and, 143cystine, 210indinavir use and, 139See also Nephrolithiasis
Kidney stone formation, 132, 282dietary calcium intake and, 142hypercalciuria and, 139indinavir and, 282recurrent calcium oxalate stone and,
137–138urinary calcium excretion, 138
K-sparing diuretics for Gitelman’ssyndrome, 120
Kyphosis, 70
400 Index
Labetalol for hypertension, 153Lactic acidosis, 49, 55, 71, 84
See also HyperkalemiaLactulose, 64
See also HypernatremiaLanthanum carbonate, 334
See also phosphate bindersLaurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, 232L-carnitine supplementation, 345
See also HemodialysisLDL cholesterol, 278, 279
CKD and, 291statin and, 292
Leadintoxication, 258toxicity, 82
Leflunomide for BK virus-associatednephropathy, 374–375
Left renal artery, stenting of, 158See also Hypertension
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), 309anemia treatment and, 301, 303, 309hypertension, 157
Leiomyomas, 207Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 235–236Leukemia, 123
acute lymphocytic, 19hypercalcemia and, 123
Levothyroxine sodium, 45Lglyceric acid excretion, urinary, 209Licorice
hypokalemia and, 5ingestion, 12–13, 47, 85
Liddle’s syndrome, 13, 40, 85, 213–214, 228amiloride and, 42cortisol to cortisone ratio measurement, 43genetic testing for, 43hypertension and, 52, 157hypokalemia and, 42sodium channel defects, 228See also Hypokalemia
Lipoproteinlow-density (LDL), 278x cholesterol, 17
Liposarcoma, 281See also Renal angiomyolipoma
Lisinopril, RCN and, 181Lithium therapy, urine concentration
and, 23Lithotripsy, 100
See also Idiopathic hypercalciuriaLiver disease, 59, 106–107
See also Lung disease; Renal disease
Liver transplantationhepatorenal syndrome and, 194metabolic alkalosis and, 23See also Renal transplantation
LMX1B transcription factor, 201Loop diuretics, 54
for CKD, 294in ARF, 168
Loop of Henle, 211Lorazepam, 54, 55Losartan for IgA nephropathy, 267Low density lipoprotein, see LDL cholesterolLow solute intake, 28Lowe syndrome, 218
Fanconi syndrome and, 217, 226x-linked disorders, 226
Lower and upper extremities, weaknessof, 8
Low-protein diets, CKD and, 310Ludiomil, 31Lung disease
acid-base disturbance and, 90chronic, 90chronic obstructive, 35SIDH with, 27See also Renal disease
Lupus erythematosus, systemic, 244, 259Lupus nephritis, 244–245, 353
azathioprine for, 246cyclophosphamide for, 246epidemiological features, 244–245intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide
for, 245IV cyclophosphamide for, 246maintenance therapy for, 246mycophenolate mofetile (MFF)
for, 246See also Nephritis
Lupus, membranous, 276LVH, see Left ventricular hypertrophyLymphadenopathy, 50Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s, 195, 198Lymphoproliferative disease, 261
See also Glomerulonephritis
Magnesiumexcretion, 118hypocalcemia, 103, 121hypomagnesemia and, 118intravenous, 103levels
plasma, 121serum, 103, 117
Index 401
oral, 120urinary, 118wasting, renal, 118See also Gitelman’s syndrome
Magnesium wasting, renal, 118Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 156
See also HypertensionMa-Huang
ARF and, 178extract, 137See also Nephrolithiasis
Maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis, 246Malabsorption, low calcidiol levels and,
106, 107Malignant hyperthermia, 50
See also HyperkalemiaMannitol
ARF and, 190, 199–200for acute brain injury-associated ARF,
199–200for ARF, 175RCN and, 173
Maprotiline hydrochloride, 31Maturity-onset diabetes of the young Type 5,
see MODY5Maximally dilute urine excretion, 11
See also Fluid and electrolyte disordersMCKD, JNPH and, 229Meat, phosphorus in, 319Mediastinal tumor, 66Medullary cystic kidney disease, 215, 221Medullary sponge kidney (MSK), 133, 233Melena, 83Mellaril, 30–31Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
(MPGN), 240, 265, 283ACE inhibitor for, 240SLE, 284Type I, 252, 263
Membranous glomerulonephritis, 244ACE inhibitor for, 244statin for, 244
Membranous lupus, 276See also Nephritic syndrome
Membranous nephropathy, 244, 248,249, 264
globulinuria and, 260idiopathic, 260IgG excretion and, 260microglobulin and, 260proteinuria in, 260renal biopsy and, 249See also Nephropathy
Mesangial immune deposits, 249Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephri-
tis, 238Metabolic acidosis, 72, 75, 77–78, 82, 84
anion gap (AG), 55, 71, 75AG-type, 92anion gap, 79, 80, 87genetic disorder and, 227hyperkalemic hyperchloremic, 228mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory
alkalosis, 89mixed respiratory alkalosis, metabolic
alkalosis, and, 88uncomplicated, 92See also Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis, 2, 3, 16, 47, 72–74,76–78, 82, 94
See also Respiratory alkalosisafter liver transplantation, 23and respiratory acidosis, mixed, 87fluid and electrolyte disorders and, 1hypochloremic, 89hypokalemic, 47, 54, 52, 85, 117mixed metabolic acidosis, respiratory
alkalosis, and metabolic alkalosis, 88post hypercapnic, 54uncomplicated, 81, 93
Metabolic work-up, 127–128See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis
Methanolintoxication, 84levels, 16See also Acid-base disturbances
Methemoglobinemia, rasburicase therapyand, 135
Methylprednisolonefor familial FSGS, 212for IgA nephropathy, 267for pulmonary hemorrhage, 271IV, 239
Metolazone, 14Metoprolol, 49MFF, see Mycophenolate mofetileMicroalbuminuria, 148, 150, 152, 162–163Microangiopathy, thrombotic, 273–274Microglobulin
and membranous nephropathy, 260alfa-1, 260
Microhematuria, 221Microscopic hematuria, renal biopsy
and, 248Midodrine for hepatorenal syndrome, 59,
191, 194
402 Index
Mineral acidosis, 61Mineralocorticoid, 5, 19
apparent, 5, 40, 42excess, 40
Mineralocorticoid excess syndrome,hypokalemia and, 41
Mitochondrial tRNA gene, 202Mixed metabolic acidosis
and respiratory alkalosis, 89respiratory alkalosis, metabolic alkalosis
and, 88See also Metabolic acidosis
MODY5, 202Mortality rates (hemodialysis patients), 347MPGN, see Membranoproliferative
glomerulonephritisMRA, see Magnetic resonance angiographyMRI
for ADPKD, 205for oncogenic osteomalacia, 110–111
MSK, see Medullary sponge kidneyMucormycosis, 317Multicystic kidney disease, 233Mupirocin for ANCA-associated
vasculitis, 258Muscle weakness, 108, 117, 121
FGF-23, 320hemodialysis patients and, 317See also Hypophosphatemia; osteomalacia
Mycophenolate mofetile (MMF)for ANCA-associated vasculitis, 258for graft survival, 357, 358for hyperlipidemia, 360for lupus nephritis, 246oral, 264post-transplantation anemia and, 357
Myelinolysiscerebral pontine, 21cortisol and, 56
MYHIIA protein, 201Myoinositol
hyponatremia and, 62levels, brain, 61
Myopathyproximal, 320zidovudine and, 167
NAC, see N-acetylcysteinN-acetylcysteamine and RCN, 183N-acetylcystein (NAC), 173
RCN and, 173Na-Cl co-transporter defect, 120
See also Gitelman’s syndrome
Nail-patella syndrome, 201See also Hearing loss
Natriuresis, excessive, 46Navane, 31NBC1 mutations, 216NCCT gene mutations, 215Necrosis, acute tubular, 284Neonate, 213Neoplasia, endocrine, 223Neosynephrine, 49Nephrectomy, renal angiomyolipoma, 281Nephrin, 230Nephritic syndrome, 72, 79, 251,
274, 297celecoxib and, 263congenital, 234familial FSGS following renal transplanta-
tion, 212idiopathic, 224in children, 290, 291IV cyclosporine for, 276membranous lupus and, 276oral cyclophosphamide for, 264oral prednisone for, 264, 276podocin mutations and, 207protein-to-creatinine ratios, 291steroid sensitive, 264steroid-resistant, 274steroid-sensitive idiopathic, 237See also Nephritis; Nephrotic syndrome
Nephritisacute interstitial, 280flares, 245hereditary, 201, 221interstitial, 83, 95, 113, 241, 251,
263, 280lupus, 244–245, 353tuberculous, 139
Nephrocalcinosis, 113, 114, 134,209, 210
FHHNC, 211genetic disorders, 211hypomagnesemia and, 226, 227renal failure and, 113See also Nephrolithiasis
Nephrocystin, 229Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 19Nephrolithiasis, 97
ammonium excretion and, 132–133calcium oxalate, see Calcium oxalate
nephrolithiasiscalcium stone disease, 128–129cystinuria and, 136
Index 403
dietary sodium restriction and,128–129
heritability of, 142hypocalciuria and, 132hypocitraturia and, 132indiavir, 282noncontrast-enhanced helical CT scan
for, 125oral acid load and, 132–133recurrent, 133, 138, 144recurrent urolithiasis, 138uric acid, 217water intake and, 128–129X-linked hypercalciuric, 209See also Nephrocalcinosis; Nephropathy;
Nephrotic SyndromeNephron suicide, 297Nephronophthisis, 232–233
familial juvenile, 232JNPH, 229kidney failure and, 221
Nephropathyacute contrast, 182acute uric acid, 195analgesic, 308BK virus-associated, 374, 375C1q, 268Chinese herb, 178diabetic, 302familial juvenile hyperuricemic, 215herbal medicine and, 251HIV associated, 185, 249–250, 276HIVAN, 277hypercalcemic, 113ibuprofen and, 251idiopathic membranous, 260IgA, 240–241, 246, 266–267, 278, 282–283,
292–293IgM, 253in SLE, 259indinavir and, 139membranous, 244, 249, 260, 264proteinuric, 139radio contrast nephropathy (RCN),
173, 181TBMD, 249thin basement membrane, 266tubulointerstitial, 202uric acid, 236See also Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrosclerosis, hypertensive, 290Nephrotic syndrome, 212, 230
congenital, 230
idiopathic, 238proteinuria and, 245See also Nephritic Syndrome; Nephrocalci-
nosis; Nephronophthisis;NephropathyNephrotoxicity
aminoglycoside, 174ATN, 178tenofovir, 185
Nesiritide infusion, ARF and, 190Neurocutaneous syndrome, 233Neurologic disorders, 82Neurotoxicity in uremic patients, 338
See also NephrotoxicityNKF K/DOQI guidelines
bone metabolism, 327PTH and, 331
Non-calcium-containing phosphate binders forCKD, 304
See also Phosphate bindersNoncontrast-enhanced helical CT
scanning, 125See also Nephrolithiasis
Non-diabetic kidney disease, 293ACE inhibitor for, 293angiotensin II for, 293dietary protein restriction, 299See also Renal transplantation
Nondippers, 151See also Cardiovascular risk
Non-edematous patient, hyponatremiaand, 31
Non-heart beating donors, 366See also Heart beating donors
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 195, 198Nonhypotonic hyponatremia, 17, 21
See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders;Hypotonic hyponatremia
Non-reabsorbable anion, 54See also Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAID), 308
for CKD, 308for Type 1 diabetes mellitus, 308
Non-thrombocytopenic purpura, 253Norepinephrine
administration, 4for ARF, 196
Normovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia, 38NPH-1 gene, 229NPH-2 gene, 229NPH-3 gene, 229NPH-4 gene, 230
404 Index
NPHS-1 gene, 230See also Nephritic syndrome
NPHS2 gene mutationsFSGS and, 224steroid-resistant nephritic syndrome
and, 274NSAID, see Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs
Obesity-related glomerulopathy, 242Obstructive hydronephrosis, 95Obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic,
15, 34Obtundation, 35, 62, 86Octreotide
for ARF, 183for hepatorenal syndrome, 59, 191, 194labeled with indium-111, 110–111
OFD, see Oro-facial-digital (OFD) syndromeOffice hypertension, 158Oliguria, 4, 94Oncogenic osteoblastoma, 122Oncogenic osteomalacia, 109–110, 122
calcitriol level and, 110MRI for, 110–111(OH)2 vitamin D treatment, 110–111oral phosphate treatment, 110–111phosphatonins and, 110scintigraphy for, 110–111
Oolong tea, 137Ophthalmoscopy, indirect, 107Oral acid load, 132–133
See also NephrolithiasisOral ammonium chloride, 15Oral calcium supplements, 141Oral corticosteroids for SLE, 259Oral cyclophosphamide
for IgA nephropathy, 246, 247for nephritic syndrome, 264
Oral cyclosporine for glucosteroids, 243Oral fluid intake, 126
See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasisOral magnesium for Gitelman’s syndrome, 120Oral mycophenolate mofetile (MMF) for
steroid sensitive nephritic syndrome, 264Oral phosphate treatment, 110–111
See also Oncogenic osteomalaciaOral prednisone
for IgA nephropathy, 246, 247for nephritic syndrome, 264, 276for proteinuria, 276
Oral surgery, 24Ornipressin for ARF, 183
Oro-facial-digital (OFD) syndrome, 202Osmolality
plasma, 17serum, 92urine, 34
Osmolar clearance, electrolyte, 33Osmolar gap, 92Osmostat, reset, 27–28Osmotic diuresis
due to protein catabolism, polyuria and,19, 20
hypernatremia, 44Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 305Osteoblastoma, oncogenic, 122Osteodystrophy
hemodialysis patients and, 317renal, 313
Osteomalacia, 108, 305hypophosphatemia and, 108oncogenic, 109–110, 122
Osteoporosis, 101, 108, 141dietary protein intake and, 143hypercalciuria and, 142
Overweight, hypertension and, 148Oxalate
diet, low, 115excretion, 128See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis;
HypercalcemiaOxalosis, systemic, 209Oxcabazepine, 25–26
See also Hyponatremia
Packed red blood cells transfusion,196, 199
Pain, SIADH associated with, 25–26Pamidronate
for collapsing FSGS, 263for hypercalcemia, 112
P-ANCA, see Peripheral ANCAPancreas transplantation, 354–355Pancreatitis
acute, 341–342chronic, 179
Panel reactive antibody (PRA), 353, 363Panhypopituitarism, 45Paracellin gene mutations, 97
See also Gene mutations; HypomagnesaemiaParacellin-1
function defects, 226mutations, 210
Paracentesis, abdominal decompressionby, 177
Index 405
Paralysishypokalemic periodic, 8, 9, 47, 51, 80thyrotoxic periodic, 9
Parathyroidgland hyperplasia and, 326hormone, see PTHtissue, transplantation of, 322
Parathyroidectomyfor hyperparathyroidism, 315, 316hemodialysis patients and, 318, 322, 328hypercalcemia and, 98, 318hyperparathyroidism and, 322hyperphosphatemia and, 318in RRT, 315
Paravirus B19, post-transplantation anemiaand, 357
Paricalcitol therapy, hemodialysis patientsand, 332
Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulone-phritis, 265
PCO2, 76, 77PCP, see Pneumocystis pneumoniaPCR, qualitative, 358PEEP, see Positive end-expiratory pressurePenicillamine for cystinuria, 210Pentamidine, potassium concentration and, 49Peripheral ANCA (p-ANCA), 269Perirectal abscess, 49Peritoneal dialysis (PD)
CRRT and, 182dextrose and, 349hemoglobin (Hb) level and, 351icodextrin for, 349–351See also Hemodialysis
Peritonitisbacterial, 59spontaneous bacterial, 32
Persistent isolated hematuria, 266See also Hematuria
PEX gene activity, 121See also X-linked hypophosphatemia
(X-LH)PH
alkaline, 72arterial, 69–70, 74blood, 84urine
acidic, 2alkaline, 2nephrolithiasis and, 132
Phe152Ile mutations, 144Phenotype match, 371
See also Renal transplantation
Phenylephrine, 49–50See also Hyperkalemia
Phenytoin, 65Phosphatase, alkaline, 105
See also HypocalcemiaPhosphate
cinacalcet and, 329collection, urine, 109excretion and hyperparathyroidism, 109oral, 110–111phosphate wasting, renal, 318serum, 327wasting, renal, 318See also Hypophosphatemia; Phosphorous
Phosphate binderscalcium containing, 319, 320CKD and, 304, 330hemodialysis patients and, 314lanthanum carbonate as, 334PTH and, 327Sevelamer as, 333
Phosphatonin, 122FG23, 110oncogenic osteomalacia and, 110renal phosphate wasting and, 318
Phosphokinase, creatinine, 175Phosphorous
dietary, 319in meat, 319serum, 305See also Phosphate
Pituitary tumor, 58PKD, see Polycystic kidney diseasePKHD1 gene mutations, 203Plasma aldosterone, 17
hypokalemia and, 41renin ratio and, 164See also Hypertension
Plasma ammonia, 21Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), 57Plasma bicarbonate concentration, 4, 92Plasma cortisol level, 16Plasma exchange
ANCA-associated vasculitis and, 255for pulmonary hemorrhage, 271vWF-cleaving protease activity and, 223
Plasma luteinizing hormone, 17Plasma magnesium level, 121
See also HypocalcemiaPlasma osmolality, 17Plasma sodium (PNa) concentration, 1, 29–30
raising of, 35SIADH and, 35
406 Index
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), 363See also Renal transplantation
Podocin mutations, 207, 224FSGS and, 212, 368nephritic syndrome and, 207steroid-resistant nephritic syndrome
and, 274Polyangiitis, 247, 271
ANCA-positive, 247Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), 233, 295
See also Chronic kidney disease (CKD)ACE inhibitors for, 296hematuria and, 295PKD1
ADPKD and, 205mutations, 203
PKD2ADPKD and, 205mutations, 203
therapy, 295Polycystin-1 gene mutations, 219Polycystin-2 gene mutations, 219Polydactyly, 232Polydipsia, 60
primary, 11, 32psychogenic, 31, 32vasopressin levels and, 56
Polyoma virus infection, 373Polyoma virus nephropathy, post-transplantat,
373–374Polyuria, 13, 19, 45, 58, 60, 210
genetic disorders, 211hypercalcemia and, 112–113osmotic diuresis due to protein catabolism,
19–20vasopressin levels and, 56See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders
Pontine myelinolysis, 21Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 196Postoperative arterial fibrillation, 184Postoperative SIADH associated with pain,
25–26Post-renal transplant hypophosphatemia, 318Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), 359
calcineurin inhibitors for, 360corticosteroids for, 360tacrolimus for, 360
Post-transplant glomerulonephritis,218–219
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease(PTLD), 353
Post-transplantation anemia, 357ACE-inhibitors and, 357
ARB and, 357mycophenolate mofetile and, 357
Potassiumconcentration
dialysate, 346pentamidine and, 49serum, 48, 117urine, 39, 51
dietaryhypertension and, 148
excretion, 39–40gradient, transtubular, 81hyperkalemia and, 50, 53hypernatremia and, 64hypertension and, 155
dietary potassium, 148supplementation, 156
hypokalemia and, 39hypokalemic periodic paralysis and, 9levels
diabetic ketoacidosis and, 61hypertension and, 165mineral acidosis and, 61
loss, GI tract, 40renal, 47urinary, 1, 47–48, 51wasting, 51, 74, 89
Potassium chloride, 2See also Diuretics
Potassium citrate, 128–129, 140for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, 130for nephrolithiasis, 128–129
Potassium wasting, renal, 51, 74, 89PRA, see Panel reactive antibodyPRCA, see Pure red blood cell aplasiaPrednisone, 243
ANCA-associated vasculitis and, 255,271–272
for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, 239for IgA nephropathy, 267oral, 246–247, 255, 264, 267, 276
Preemptive renal transplantation, 362Prerenal azotemia, 181, 188, 191
ARF and, 191furosemide-induced, 188
Pressure monitoring, abdominal compartmentsyndrome and, 177
See also BP controllingPrimary hyperaldosteronism, 40–41,
85, 213Primary hyperoxaluria, 134, 144
genetic testing of, 208renal failure and, 134
Index 407
Type 1 (PH1), 209Type 2 (PH2), 209
Primary hyperparathyroidism, 98, 114,116, 123
Primary polydipsia, 11, 32PRKCSH mutations, 203Procollagen-icarboxy-terminal propeptide, 317
See also BoneProlixin, 30–31Prophylactic bisphosphonate treatment for
bone loss, 325Prophylaxis against dialysis catheter-related
bacteremia, 347–348Propofol
causing ARF, 186infusion syndrome, 186
Propranolol, 9–10See also Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
Propylene glycol toxicity, 55See also Acid-base disturbances
Proteimuria, 251Protein
catabolism, osmotic diuresis due to, 19, 20dietary, 98, 143
calcium metabolism and, 98low-protein, 310restriction, 299
Protein-to-creatinine ratiosnephritic syndrome and, 291proteinuria and, 291
Proteinuria, 139, 159, 217, 221, 243, 248, 252ACEI/ARB for, 269BP and, 309Dent’s disease and, 209erythropoietin therapy and, 300FSGS and, 262hematuria without, 225IgA nephropathy and, 267, 269, 283in children, 290, 291IV cyclosporine for, 276membranous nephropathy and, 260nephrotic syndrome, 245oral prednisone for, 276protein-to-creatinine ratios and, 291reduction
ACE inhibitor for, 256ARB for, 256
renal disease progression and, 298renal failure in FSGS and, 262
Proteinuric nephropathy, 139Proximal myopathy, 320Proximal RTA, 80, 81, 217, 227
See also Distal RTA
Pruritis, 16Pseudohyperaldosteronism, 157
See also PseudohypoaldosteronismPseudohyperkalemia, 53
See also PseudohyponatremiaPseudohypoaldosteronism
Type I, 53autosomal dominant, 213–215autosomal recessive, 213
Type II, 12, 213See also Pseudohyperaldosteronismc
Pseudohypocalcemia, gadolinium-induced, 99Pseudohyponatremia, 16–17, 26, 28
hyperlipidemia, 26hyperproteninemia, 26
Psychogenic polydipsia, 31–32See also Hyponatremia
PTDM, see Post-transplant diabetesmellitus
PTH (parathyroid hormone)assays, 330expression regulator, 326granulomatous disease and, 114hemodialysis patients and, 330–331hypercalcemia and, 324–325hypocalcemia and, 103, 105levels
cinacalcet and, 329calcimimetics and, 328hypocalcemia and, 105primary hyperparathyroidism and, 116
NKF K/DOQI guidelines and, 331parathyroid gland hyperplasia and, 326phosphate binders and, 327plasma calcium concentration and, 326PTHrP and, 324–325secretion
CKD and, 326GFR and, 326
therapeutic approaches for, 326–327vitamin D and, 327
PTHrP (PTH-related protein), 123humoral hypercalcemia and,
324, 325PTH and, 324
PTLD, see Post-transplant lymphoproliferativedisease
Pulmonary diseaseangiitis and trimethoprin-
sulfamethoxazole, 248chronic obstructive, 15, 33edema, 14hemorrhage
408 Index
Pulmonary disease (cont.)cyclophosphamide for, 271methylprednisone for, 271plasma exchange for, 271vasculitis and, 271
Pulmonary embolism, 72, 73Pulse cyclophosphamide, 246Pure red blood cell aplasia (PRCA), 351
CKD and, 352rHuEPO and, 352
PurpuraHenoch-Schonlein, 253, 313non-thrombocytopenic, 253
PYHrP protein, 123Pyridoxine, 144, 209, 144
See also Nephrolithiasis
QT intervaldispersion
dialysate calcium concentration and, 345during hemodialysis, 345, 346
shortening, 112–113See also Hypercalcemia
Qualitative PCR, CMV in renal transplantationand, 358
Radio contrast nephropathy (RCN)angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
and, 181ARF and, 173, 181, 186captopril and, 181celecoxib and, 181lisinopril and, 181N-acetylcysteamine and, 183volume expansion with saline and, 183See also Contrast agents
Radiocontrast administration and ARF, 173Radiographic contrast agents, 348Radiological analysis, renal
angiomyolipoma, 281Radiolucent stones, 137
See also Nephrolithiasis; StonesRasburicase
anaphylaxis and, 135for AKI in tumor lysis syndrome, 198
Raynaud’s phenomenon, 273, 274RCN, see Radio contrast nephropathyRecombinant human erythropoietin
(rHuEPO), 351ARF, 180pure red blood cell aplasia (PRCA)
and, 35Recurrent calcium oxalate stones, 140Recurrent CHF, 158
Recurrent kidney stone disease, 133Recurrent nephrolithiasis, 133, 144Recurrent primary FSGS following renal
transplantation, 368Recurrent urolithiasis, 138Red blood cells transfusion, packed,
196, 199Reduced glomerular filtration rate, 209Referral, kidney failure aspects of delayed, 296Refractory hyperparathyroidism, 321Rejection
allograft, 369antibody-mediated, 370, 371humoral, 371See also Kidney transplantation
Rejection, antibody-mediated, 369, 370Renal acidification, 81Renal angiomyolipoma, 281Renal artery stenosis, 12–13Renal biopsy
acute interstitial nephritis, 280FSGS in, 306HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN)
and, 250membranous nephropathy and, 249microscopic hematuria and, 248steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephritic
syndrome and, 237tubulointerstitial disease in, 306
Renal calcium wasting, 138Renal cell carcinoma, 281, 281Renal cystic disease, 223Renal disease, 10
acidosis aspects, 304ADPKD, 203, 205autosomal recessive polycystic kidney
disease (ARPKD), 203BP goals for, 146calcific uremic arteriopathy, 313cardiovascular risk and, 278chronic kidney disease (CKD), 278COOPERATE trial and, 256diabetic, 299dietary protein restriction and, 299end-stage, 337, 350HIV infection associated, 277hyperlipidemia and, 311hypertension and, 155, 163, 287–290in African Americans, 287, 290indinavir and, 139medullary cystic, 221medullary cystic kidney disease Type 2, 215multicystic, 233
Index 409
non-diabetic, 293, 299polycystic (PKD) , 233, 295systolic BP and, 155See also Hemodialysis; Renal Failure
Renal enlargement, fetal, 222Renal failure, 159
acute, see Acute renal failureacute tubular necrosis and, 284calcimimetic agents and, 321cardiovascular risk and, 160chronic, 231delayed referral aspects, 296divalent ion metabolism and, 321Drash syndrome and, 234ECF volume contraction and, 113from IgA nephropathy, 296–297gene mutations and, 209granulomatous glomerulonephritis
and, 113hematuria and, 241HIV and, 277, 278HIVAN and, 277, 278hypercalcemia and, 113in FSGS, 262Jeune syndrome and, 231nephronophthisis and, 221primary hyperoxaluria and, 134tubulointerstitial disease and, 298See also Chronic kidney disease (CKD);
Hemodialysis; Renal transplantationRenal Fanconi syndrome, 209, 217, 227Renal insufficiency, 217, 221, 308
hyperuricemia and, 135IgA nephropathy with, 246
Renal magnesium wasting, 118Renal osteodystrophy, 313Renal phosphate wasting
cyclosporine and, 318glucocorticoids and, 318phosphatonin and, 318
Renal potassium wasting, 47, 51, 74, 89Renal replacement therapy (RRT), 168, 180
acute brain injury and, 199, 200acute tubular necrosis and, 181ARF and, 170, 182, 187, 190, 193chronic (CRRT), 169CRRT, 182, 189CVVH and, 169for ARF after cardiac surgery, 190parathyroidectomy in, 315timing, 193
Renal risk, hypertension and, 154Renal salt wasting, 53
Renal transplantation, 355acute allograft rejection, 369allograft survival, 365Alport syndrome and, 204antibody-mediated rejection and, 369–371anti-lymphocytic induction therapy and, 356azithromycin and, 365B-cell cross-match and, 364bone disease after, 325, 332clarithromycin and, 364CMV in, 358corticosteroids withdrawal after, 356cyclosporine and, 364–365donor characteristics, 366donor-specific antibodies, 370erythromycin and, 364familial FSGS following, 212graft loss, 369, 370heart beating donors, 366–367hepatitis B patients mortality after, 359hepatitis C in, 359, 372–373HLA-matched kidneys, 361HLA-mismatched, 361humoral rejection in, 371IgA nephropathy and, 240, 241in children with FSGS, 275non-heart beating donors, 366–367pancreas-kidney transplant, 354phenotype match, 371parathyroidectomy and, 316PCP associated with, 363post-transplant
hepatitis C with post-transplant diabetesin, 373
hypophosphatemia, 318glomerulonephritis and, 218polyoma virus nephropathy, 373, 374
preemptive, 362recurrent primary FSGS following, 368shipping of kidneys for, 361skin cancer after, 367sirolimus and, 364tacrolimus and, 364T-cell cross-match and, 364Type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 355See also Chronic kidney disease (CKD);
Renal failureRenal tubular acidosis (RTA), 49, 80
distal, see Distal RTAinherited, 217proximal, 80, 81, 217, 227Sogren’s syndrome and, 81Type-4, 95
410 Index
Renal tabular acidosis (RTA) (cont.)urine citrate and, 81voltage-dependent, 83
Renal vascular hypertension, 156Renal vasculitis
c-ANCA and, 269c-ANCA/anti-PR3 patients and, 269p- ANCA/anti-MPO patients and, 269
Renal vasoconstriction, hypercalcemiainduced, 113
Renal wasting of calcium, 138Renin
activity, hypokalemia and, 41ratio, 164See also Hypertension
Renin-angiotensin–ldosterone system, 145Renin-angiotensin system, 242Reset osmostat, 27
hyponatremia and, 34, 38SIADH and, 27, 28volume contraction and, 28See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders
Resistant hypertension, 165See also Hypertension
Respiratory acidosis, 72, 76mixed metabolic alkalosis and, 87uncomplicated, 90See also Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis, 47, 72–75, 77–79, 85,88–90
mixed metabolic acidosis and, 89mixed metabolic acidosis, metabolic
alkalosis, and, 88See also Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory distress, 90Retinal hemangioblastoma, VHL and, 206Retinitis
CMV, 107pigmentosa, 202
Rhabdomyolysis, 49, 50ARF in, 175cardiac, 233hyperkalemia and, 49hypokalemia-induced, 178ion metabolism disorder and, 104zidovudine and, 167See also Malignant hyperthermia
Rheumatoid arthritis, 80RhuEPO, see Recombinant human
erythropoietinRickets, 209
HVDRR, 102hypophosphatemic, 109, 217, 320
x-linked, 109, 320RRT, see Renal replacement therapyRTA, see Renal tubular acidosis
Salicylates, 47, 90See also Aspirin
Salineadministration
hypernatremia and, 63–64hypotonic hyponatremia, 65–68
diuresis, 45for acute brain injury-associated ARF,
199, 200for ARF, 175, 188, 192, 199–200hypertonic, 18intravenous, 24, 112isotonic, 6, 175
Salt wasting syndromecerebral, 45, 46hyperkalemia and, 53
Salycilate intoxication, 84SBP, see Systolic BPSchizophrenia, 30Scintigraphy for oncogenic osteomalacia,
110–111Sclerosing cholangitis, ARF and, 194Sclerosis
diffuse mesangial sclerosis (DMS), 234tuberous, 233
Screen, diuretic, 119SCUF, see Slow continuous ultrafiltrationSecondary hyperaldosteronism, 40–41Secondary hypoparathyroidism, 109Segmental glomerulosclerosis, 212, 252Seizures, 3Sensorineural hearing loss, 204Sepsis, 37Septic shock, 4, 198
ARF and, 196, 198fluid and electrolyte disorders, 4–5
Serum albumin concentration, calcium stonedisease and, 128
Serum aldosterone level, hypokalemiaand, 41
Serum bicarbonateARF and, 187concentration, 93, 117
Serum calcium (NKF-K/DOQIguidelines), 327
Serum calcium concentrationcalcimimetics and, 328calcium stone disease and, 128surgery and, 117
Index 411
Serum cholesterolCKD and, 291hyponatremia and, 16, 17statin and, 292
Serum collections measurement, 128See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis
Serum C-reactive protein, low transferingsaturation and, 343
Serum creatinineACE inhibitor and, 162acute contrast nephropathy and, 182allograft survival and, 365CKD and, 294renal failure in FSGS and, 262
Serum electrolytes, 96Serum ferritin, 343Serum ionized calcium, 107Serum iron measurement, 300Serum ketones, 89Serum magnesium, 103, 117
See also HypocalcemiaSerum osmolality, 92Serum phosphate (NKF-K/DOQI
guidelines), 327Serum phosphorous, CKD and, 305Serum potassium, 187
See also Acute renal failure (ARF)Serum potassium concentration, 48, 117
glucose and insulin administration,intravenous, 10
lowering of, 10pentamidine and, 49See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders
Serum PTH, CKD and, 324Serum sodium concentration, 11, 20, 21,
26–27, 165See also Hypertension; Reset osmosat
Serum triglyceride level, 16Serum uric acid level, 46, 134
See also HyperuricemiaSevelamer
as phosphate-binding agent, 333calcium acetate treatment
and, 330for CKD, 330for hemodialysis patients, 314hydrochloride, 314See also Calcium-phosphate product
Shipping of kidneys for transplantation, 361See also Renal transplantation
Shockseptic, 4, 196, 198vasodilatoey, 4
SIADH, 1, 25, 26, 28associated with pain, postoperative,
25–26chronic obstructive lung disease and, 35cortisol replacement and, 56due to tumor, 29hyponatremia and, 30, 34plasma sodium concentration and, 35reset osmostat and, 27–28symptomatic hypotonic hyponatremia due
to, 67with primary lung disease, 27See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders;
HyponatremiaSickle cell disease, 82Simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK)
transplantation, 354, 355See also Renal transplantation
Sirolimushyperlipidemia and, 360kidney transplantation and, 364post-transplantation anemia and, 357
SIRS, see Systemic inflammatory responsesyndrome
Skinbiopsy, Alport syndrome and, 225cancer after renal transplantation, 367necrosis, hemodialysis patients and,
322, 323SLC4A4 mutations, 227SLE, see Systemic lupus erythematosusSLED, see Sustained low-efficiency dialysisSleep apnea, 151, 157, 158
See also HypertensionSlow continuous ultrafiltration
(SCUF), 190Smoking, arterial BP and, 165
See also BP controllingSodium, 2
channel defects, 228concentration
plasma, 1, 29, 30, 35serum, 11, 20, 21, 26, 37
dietary, 91, 128–129, 349excretion, 46hypernatremia and, 64hypertension and, 148, 155, 165intake, 349loss, hypotonic, 63restriction, dietary, 128, 129serum, 165urinary, 1, 48, 51See also Salt wasting syndrome
412 Index
Sodium (PNa) concentration, plasma, 30Sodium bicarbonate
for AKI in tumor lysis syndrome, 198intravenous, 22
Sodium bicarbonate transporter NBC1, 216Sodium chloride, 35Sodium citrate for calcium oxalate stones, 140Sogren’s syndrome, 81
See also Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)Solute
clearance, 344diuresis, 45intake, low, 28
Sonogram, antenatal, 222Sorbitol, 22Spironolactone, 42
CHF and, 19for ARF, 184hypertension and, 52
SPK, see Simultaneous pancreas and kidney(SPK) transplantation
Splenorenal shunt, ARF and, 194Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 32
See also PeritonitisStar fruit, 137, uremic patients and, 338Starvation
diet, 77ketoacidosis, 71
Statinfor CKD, 278–279, 292for LDL cholesterol, 292for membranous glomerulonephritis, 244for serum cholesterol, 292
Steal phenomena, cerebral, 164Stenting, 158
See also HypertensionSteroid
for FSGS, 243for glomerular disease, 294for pulmonary hemorrhage, 271induced bone loss, 101replacement, 56
Steroid-resistant idiopathic nephriticsyndrome, 207, 224
See also Genetic disorders; Steroid-sensitiveidiopathic nephritic syndrome
Steroid-resistant nephritic syndrome, 274See also Podocin; Steroid-sensitive nephritic
syndromeSteroid-sensitive idiopathic nephritic syndrome
cyclophosphamide for, 237glucocorticoid therapy for, 237renal biopsy and, 237
See also Steroid-resistant idiopathicnephritic syndrome
Steroid-sensitive nephritic syndrome, 264IV cyclophosphamide for, 264oral cyclophosphamide for, 264oral mycophenolate mofetile for, 264See also Steroid-resistant nephritic
syndromeStones, 131
calcium oxalate, see Calcium oxalatenephrolithiasis
heritability, 142kidney, 132, 133, 137, 141, 142, 143, 209,
210, 282cystine kidney, 210recurrent kidney stone, 133
Ma-Haung extract and formation of, 137radiolucent, 137uric acid, 133
Strain, urine, 126Streptococcus viridans endocarditis, 174Stroke
BP reduction and, 164hypertension, 164See also Cardiovascular risks
Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP)study, 292
See also Chronic kidney disease (CKD)Subcutaneous insulin, 22Subungual fibromas, 207Sucrose, iron, 342Sudden death in dialysis, 346Sulfisoxazole, 9Surgery
primary hyperparathyroidism and, 116renal cell carcinoma, 281
Surreptitious diuretic abuse, 1Sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED),
169, 197See also CRRT
Symptomatic hypercalcemia, 112Symptomatic hypotonic hyponatremia, SIADH
and, 67Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
hormone secretion, see SIADHSynthyroid, 45Syphilis, congenital, 230Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
(SIRS), 4Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 244, 259
antiC1q antibody and, 272–273antinucleosome antibody and, 272–273antiphospholipids antibody and, 272–273
Index 413
antiSm antibody and, 272–273corticosteroids for, 259in African American, 244membranoproliferative glomerulonephri-
tis, 284nephropathy in, 259
Systemic oxalosis, 209Systemic vasoconstriction, dopamine use
and, 179Systolic BP (SBP), 150
DASH and, 161enal disease and, 155
Systolic hypertension, 157
Tachycardia, 51Tacrolimus
for post-transplant diabetes mellitus(PTDM), 360
hyperlipidemia and, 360induced hypercalciuria, 101kidney transplantation and, 364vasoconstriction effect and, 365
Tamm-Horsfall protein, 215Tanning salon
avoidance, 115UV light toxicity from, 114See also Hypercalcemia
TBMD, see Thin basement membranenephropathy
TBW, see Total body waterT-cell cross-match, 364
See also Renal transplantationTenofovir
ARF and, 176, 185nephrotoxicity, 185
Tension-type headaches, 74Terlipressin
for ARF, 183for HRS, 60, 183
Thiazide diuretics, 11BP control, 152for Gordon’s syndrome, 214for hypertension, 149, 150, 162–163for hypotonic hyponatremia, 67–68urine concentration and, 23
Thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl co-transporterdefect, 120
Thin basement membrane nephropathy(TBMD), 248–249, 266
See also IgA nephropathyThiothixene hydrochloride, 31Thrombotic microangiopathy, 273, 274Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
(TTP), 223
Thyroidectomy, 102Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, 9Thyrotoxicosis, hypokalemic periodic
paralysis and, 9Thyroxin, ARF and, 171Ticarcillin, 54
See also Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosisTiopronin, 136TIPS, see Transjugular intrahepatic
portosystemic shuntTitrate, 162, 150
See also HypertensionTobacco smoking, 165
See also HypertensionTooth abscess, 24Total body sodium (TBNa), 30Total body water (TBW), 30Toxic ingestion, 71Toxicity
lead, 82UV light, 114vitamin D, 122
Transcription factor (LMX1B), 201Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
(TIPS), 191Transplanation
post-transplantationanemia, 357diabetes mellitus, 360
pancreas, 355, 354PTLD, 353SPK, 354–355Type 1 diabetes mellitus aspects, 354, 355See also Renal transplantation
Transposed brachiobasilic fistula, 339–340Transtubular K+ gradient, 81Trichodiscomas, 207Triglyceride level, serum, 16Trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole
ARF and, 176pulmonary angiitis and, 248
Trisodium phosphonoformate, 107TRNA gene, 202Tropronin for cystinuria, 210Trousseau’s sign, 77TSC, genetic testing for, 206TSC2 mutations, 203TTP, see Thrombotic thrombocytopenic
purpuraTuberculosis, 76Tuberculous nephritis, 139
See also NephritisTuberous sclerosis, 233
414 Index
Tubular atrophy, 251See also Hypocellular interstitial fibrosis
Tubular necrosis, 95See also Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)
Tubulointerstitial disease, 297–298glomerular disease and, 298, 306fibrosis, 139, 282nephrons and, 297nephropathy, 202renal biopsy and, 306See also Renal failure
TumorSIADH due to, 29benign, 111
Tumor lysis syndrome, 195, 198AKI in, 198ion metabolism disorder and, 104
Tunneled-cuffed hemodialysis, 341Type 1 diabetes, 305
See also Type 2 diabetesType 1 diabetes mellitus
NSAID for, 308transplantion and, 354–355See also Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Type 1 distal RTA, 96Type 2 diabetes, 152, 301
See also Type 1 diabetesType 2 diabetes mellitus, 22
See also Type 2 diabetes mellitusType IV collagen mutation, 266
See also HematuriaType IV renal tubular acidosis, 53
See also Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)
UHCT, see Unenhanced helical computedtomography
Ulcerative colitis, 132See also Colitis
Ultrafiltrationcrystalloid-induced transcapillary, 349intradialytic hypotension and, 338on PD, 351SCUF, 190
Ultrasonography, 113, 281, 322See also Imaging
UMOD gene encoding, 215Uncomplicated metabolic acidosis, 92Uncomplicated metabolic alkalosis,
81, 93Uncomplicated respiratory acidosis, 90Unenhanced helical computed tomography
(UHCT), 141See also CT scan
Urea clearance, 344See also Hemodialysis
Uremic patientsneurotoxicity in, 338Star fruit ingestion and, 338
Uric acid, 132excretion
and aspirin, 46–47calcium stone disease and, 128hyperuricemia and, 134–135
hyperuricemia and, 134nephropathy, 195, 236nephrolithiasis, 217stone, 133serum, 134See also under Urine
Urinalysis, hypokalemia and, 39Urinary aldosterone
excretion, 74hypertension and, 157
Urinary alkalinization, 210See also Cystinuria
Urinary diuretic screen, 74Urinary electrolytes, 48Urinary Lglyceric acid excretion, 209Urinary losses, hypokalemia and, 40Urinary tract imaging, 140Urine
anion gap, 96concentration, 11
furosemide and, 23hypercalcemia and, 23hypokalemia and, 23lithium therapy and, 23
excrete maximally dilute, 11isotonic, 32, 33pH
acidic, 2alkaline, 2ARF and, 187calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and, 130nephrolithiasis and, 132, 133
See also under Uric acidUrine calcium excretion
calcium stone disease and, 128hypomagnesemia and, 118kidney stone formation and, 138
Urine chloride, 3, 51, 86, 93, 94excretion, 3, 74high, 1
Urine citrate, 80calcium stone disease and, 128renal tubular acidosis (RTA) and, 81
Index 415
Urine collections measurement, 128See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis
Urine creatinine collection, 109Urine electrolytes, 51Urine magnesium excretion, 118Urine osmolality, high, 34Urine oxalate excretion
calcium stone disease and, 128ascorbate use of, 143
Urine phosphate collection, 109Urine potassium, 1, 47, 48
concentration, 51excretion, 39, 40, 85
See also Hypokalemiahypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
and, 85Urine sodium, 1, 48, 51, 284
See also Acute tubular necrosisUrine straining, 126
See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasisUrine uric acid to creatinine ratio, 195
See also Acute renal failure (ARF)Urography, intravenous, 141Urolithiaisis
indinavir for, 139recurrent, 138
Usher syndrome, 202UV light toxicity, 114
V1 receptors, 4V2
gene mutation, 11receptors, 4, 56–57
Vaccine recommendations for hemodialysispatients, 337
Vancomycin for ARF, 174Vascular access
See also Kidney diseaseblood flow after angioplasty, 343blood monitoring, 344recirculation, 340
Vascular calcification, 334–335See also Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
VasculitisANCA-associated, 271–272calciphylaxis and, 323EUVAS study group, 272pulmonary hemorrhage and, 271renal, 269
Vasculopathy, calcific, 323Vasoconstriction, 4
dopamine use and, 179hypertension and, 165
renal, 113systemic, 179tacrolimus and, 365therapy and ARF, 194
Vasodilatoey shock, 4Vasopressin, 4, 11, 25–26
AVP, 57hepatorenal syndrome and, 60, 194hypotonic hyponatremia and, 6levels
hyponatremia and, 57polydipsia and, 56polyuria and, 56
receptorsseptic shock and, 4–5VI-receptor, 60
gain of function mutations in, 56–57See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders
Vasopressor effect, 4Vasopressores, 5Ventilation settings and ARF, 196VHL, see von Hipple-Lindau diseaseVision, cellulose acetate dialyzers
and, 339See also Hearing loss
Vitamin Ddeficiency, 109
dietary, 106–107hypercalcemia and, 122
for bone loss, 325hemodialysis patients and, 331osteoporosis and, 143PTH and, 327resistant rickets, 102toxicity, 122
Voltage-dependent distal RTA, 83Volume
contraction, 87depletion, 213expansion with saline and RCN, 183status, icodextrin on, 349
Vomiting, 2–3, 47, 54, 72, 74, 89, 94See also Acid-base disturbances; Fluid and
electrolyte disordersVon Hipple-Lindau disease (VHL), 206
See also HemangioblastomaVonWillebrand factor, 273Von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease
(vWF-CP) activity, 223See also Plasma exchange
416 Index
Waterintake
compulsive, 31nephrolithiasis and, 128–129
hypernatremiawater losses and, 36water restriction for correcting, 30
withholding, hypotonic hyponatremia and,65–68
Wegener’s granulomatosis, 258, 270See also Granulomatosis
White coat hypertension, 158See also Hypertension
Wilms tumor, 230Wilson disease-induced cirrhosis, 101Winter’s formula, 71, 74WNK1 mutations, 214, 228
See also Gordon syndromeWNK4 mutations, 228WNL4 mutations, 214
X-LH, see X-linked hypophosphatemia(X-LH)
X-linked disordersadrenoleukodystrophy, 95Alport syndrome, 219, 225Dent disease, 226dominant disease, 204hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis, 209hypophosphatemic rickets, 109, 320Lowe syndrome, 226
X-linked hypophosphatemia (X-LH), 122
ZidovudineARF and, 167, 176myopathy and, 167rhabdomyolysis and, 167
Zolendronate, 112See also Hypercalcemia