Index

A3243 G mutation, 202See also Gene mutations

Abdominal compartment syndrome, 177See also Acute renal failure (ARF)

Abdominal decompression byparacentesis, 177

Abdominal flat plate, 114See also Hypercalcemia

ABG, see Arterial blood gasesABPM, see Ambulatory BP monitoringAbscess, perirectal, 49ACE inhibitors

for BP, 147for CHF, 158for CKD, 292, 294, 310for fibrillary glomerulonephritis, 262for FSGS, 242–243for hypertension, 154, 161–162for hypertensive kidney disease, 290for IgA glomerulonephritis, 307for membranous glomerulonephritis, 244for MPGN, 240for non-diabetic kidney disease, 293for PKD, 296for proteinuria reduction, 256post-transplantation anemia and, 357serum creatinine levels and, 162with diuretic, 148–150

ACEI/ARB for proteinuria, 269Acetate dialyzers, cellulose, 339Acetazolamide

for hypercapnia, 15, 16hypokalemia and, 16

Acetylcystein, 136Acid base disturbances

adrenoleukodystrophy, 95AG metabolic acidosis, 79–80arterial pH and, 69–70blood gas drawing aspects and, 70–73

blood products transfusion and, 23diagnosis, 74–75

metabolic acidosis, 72, 75, 77metabolic alkalosis, 72–73,

76–77respiratory acidosis, 72, 76respiratory alkalosis, 72–73,

75, 77urinary aldosterone excretion, 74urinary chloride excretion, 74

ethanol intoxication, 84ethylene glycol intoxication, 84hyperchloremia and, 88hyperkalemia and, 82–83hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, 85–86hyponatremia and, 85metabolic acidosis, 78metabolic alkalosis, 78methanol intoxication, 84mixed metabolic acidosis

and alkalosis, 87and respiratory alkalosis, 89respiratory alkalosis, and metabolic

alkalosis, 88mixed metabolic alkalosis and respiratory

acidosis, 87propylene glycol toxicity and, 55respiratory alkalosis, 78–79uncomplicated metabolic

acidosis, 92alkalosis, 81, 93

uncomplicated respiratory acidosis, 90Acid base transporters, genetic disorder

and, 217Acid excretion, 128

See also Calcium stone diseaseAcid loading test, 96Acidic urine pH, 2Acidification, renal, 81

377

378 Index

AcidosisCKD and, 304metabolic, 72, 75, 77–78, 304renal tubular acidosis (RTA), 80–81respiratory, 72, 76, 87See also Alkalosis

Acute allograft rejection, 369Acute brain injury, 199–200

See also RRTAcute contrast nephropathy, 182

See also Acute renal failure (ARF)Acute hyponatremia, 58Acute interstitial nephritis

eosinophilia and, 280fenoprofen and, 280hydrochlorothiazide and, 280renal biopsy, 280

Acute kidney injury (AKI), 198Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 19Acute pancreatitis, 341–342

See also HemodialysisAcute renal failure (ARF), 167

anti-phospholipid antibodies and, 254abdominal compartment syndrome and, 177abdominal decompression by paracentesis

and, 177acute brain injury and, 199–200acute contrast nephropathy, 182acute uric acid nephropathy, 195after cardiac surgery, 189–190AIDS and, 176AIN and, 174AKI, 198albumin and, 199ampicillin for, 174anemia management and, 179antibiotic therapy for, 173aristocholic acid and, 178ATN and, 170, 176atorvastatin and, 176beta-blocker and, 192cancer associated, 198chemotherapy and, 198chromium picolinate and, 178congestive heart failure and, 187continuos dialysis and, 189CPK and, 187creatine phosphokinase and, 187CRRT and, 189CVVH and, 190cyprinol and, 178dialysis-requiring, 173dopamine for, 179, 184, 192, 196

drug abuse and, 172furosemide and, 188, 190, 192, 196, 199gentamicin for, 174glycyrrhetic acid and, 178HAART-related nephropathies in

HIV-infected patients, 184hepatorenal syndrome, 194hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), 178, 183, 191hypokalemia-induced rhabdomyolysis

and, 178in HIV infected patients, 176in rhabdomyolysis, 175indinavir and, 172, 176intermittent dialysis and, 189IV contrast and, 293loop-acting diuretics in, 168mannitol for, 175, 190nesiritide infusion and, 190norepinephrine and, 196octreotide for, 183ornipressin for, 183PEEP and, 196peritoneal dialysis and, 182postoperative arterial fibrillation and, 184prerenal azotemia and, 191propofol causing, 186propofol infusion syndrome, 186radiocontrast administration and, 173RCN and, 173, 181, 183, 186recumbent human erythropoietin (rHuEpo)

and, 180RRT and, 168, 170, 180, 182, 187, 193saline for, 188, 192septic shock and, 196, 198serum

bicarbonate and, 187creatinine and, 187potassium and, 187

spironolactone for, 184splenorenal shunt and, 194tenofovir and, 176, 185terlipressin for, 183thyroxin and, 171trimethoprin-sulfamethozazole and, 176urine pH, 187urine uric acid to creatinine ratio, 195vancomycin for, 174vasoconstrictor therapy and, 194ventilation settings and, 196zidovudine and, 167, 176

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN), 170–171ARF and, 176azotemia and, 285

Index 379

ischemic, 181, 184low-dose dopamine and, 184nephrotoxic, 178renal failure and, 284RRT and, 181See also Dopamine

Acute uric acid nephropathy, 195ADAMTS-13

cleaving enzyme, 274gene mutations, 223

Addison crisis, 95Adenopathy, 114ADH, see Antidiuretic hormoneADPKD, see Autosomal dominant polycystic

kidney diseaseAdrenal adenoma, 13Adrenal disorders, urine chloride excretion, 3Adrenal insufficiency, 27Adrenergic receptor, alpha, 50Adrenergic stimulation

beta, 50hyperkalemia and, 50hypokalemia and, 50

Adrenoleukodystrophy, 95See also Acid base disturbances

AE1 mutations, 216African-American, 159–160

CKD in, 287collapsing FSGS in, 250FSGS in, 243hemodialysis patients, 316, 347HIV

associated nephropathy in, 249infected patients, 277

hypertension and, 148–149idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in,

238–239kidney disease in, 287, 290mortality rates (hemodialysis patients), 347systemic lupus erythematosus in, 244

African-American Study of Kidney diseaseand hypertension (AASK) trial, 287, 290

AG metabolic acidosis, 75, 77, 92AIDS, 176

See also HIVAIN, see Allergic interstitial nephritisAir trapping, PEEP, 196AKI, see Acute kidney injuryAlanine glyoxalate aminotransferase, 144

See also Gene mutationsAlbumin

and ARF, 199for diuretic resistance, 9

for hepatorenal syndrome, 59serum, 128See also Calcium stone disease

Albumin-corrected AG, 79Alcoholic ketoacidosis, 71, 84Aldosterone, 5

deficiency, 28excretion, urinary, 74hypertension and, 157hypokalemia and, 41plasma, 17renin ratio, 164

See also Hypertensionresistance distal RTA, 83serum, 41

Aldosterone receptor antagonist, 155See also Hypertension

Aldosteronismglucocorticoid-remediable, 213, 228hypertension and, 157

Alendronate, 102, 116Alfa-1 microglobulin, 260Alkaline pH, 2, 72Alkaline phosphatase levels, hypocalcemia

and, 105Alkaline urine pH, 2Alkalinization, urinary, 210Alkalosis

metabolic, 1, 2, 3, 72–74, 76–78, 87respiratory, 72–73, 75, 77–78,

79, 85See also Acidosis

Allergic interstitial nephritis (AIN), 174See also Acute renal failure (ARF)

Allograftrecipients, post-transplant disbetes mellitus

and, 360rejection, acute, 369survival, 356, 365See also Renal transplantation

Allopurinol, 82, 198Alpha actinin-4 mutations, 212Alpha-adducin gene, 147

See also HypertensionAlport syndrome, 201, 218

COL4A3 or COL4A4 gene mutationsand, 204

genetic testing for, 206hearing loss and, 204renal transplant in patients with, 204skin biopsy and, 225X-linked, 219, 225See also Hearing loss

380 Index

Alstrome syndrome, 201–202See also Diabetes

Aluminium-containing phosphate binders forCKD, 304

Ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), 157AME, see Apparent mineralocorticoid excessAMG 073, calcimimetic agent, 321Amiloride, 11, 42, 51

hypertension and, 52Liddle’s syndrome and, 42

Aminoaciduria, 217Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity, 174Amitriptyline hydrochloride, 31Ammonia

genesis, 297plasma, 21

Ammonium chloride, oral, 15Ammonium excretion, nephrolithiasis and,

132–133Ampicillin, for ARF, 174Amyelodysplastic syndrome, 300Analgesic nephropathy, 308Analgesics, IV, 126Anaphylaxis, rasburicase therapy and, 135Anasarca, 15ANCA

c-ANCA, 271cytoplamic, 269peripheral, 269test, 257

antigen-specific tests and, 257azathioprine and, 258cyclophosphamide and, 258

ANCA-associated crescentic glomerulonephri-tis, 254–255

ANCA-associated vasculitis, 255, 271–272azathioprine for, 271cyclophosphamide for, 271mupirocin for, 258mycophenolate mofetile for, 258prednisone for, 255

ANCA-positive polyangiitis, 247azathioprine and, 247cyclophosphamide and, 247

AnemiaCKD and, 300, 301, 303, 308hemodialysis patients and, 343left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and,

303, 309left-ventricular failure and, 301management, 179post-transplantation, 357See also Acute renal failure (ARF)

Angiitis, pulmonary, 248Angiofibromas, facial, 207Angiogram, 281Angiography, 281Angiomyolipomas, 233, 281Angioplasty

flow in hemodialysis grafts after, 343–344hemodialysis grafts after, 343–344vascular access blood flow after, 343

Angiotensin converting enzyme, see ACEinhibitors

Angiotensin IIfor non-diabetic kidney disease, 293receptor antagonist for FSGS, 242–243

Angiotensin receptor blocker, see ARBAngiotensin system blocker, 163

See also HypertensionAnion gap (AG), 88, 94, 96

albumin-corrected, 79acidosis, 47hypokalemia and, 80, 96See also Ketoacidosis

Anion gap metabolic acidosis, 55, 71, 79–80,87, 96

Antenatal sonogram, 222Antibiotic therapy for ARF, 173Antibodies

anti-GBM, 257anti-MPO, 269anti-phospholipid, 254anti-PR3, 269donor-specific, 370panel reactive antibody (PRA), 353, 363to ADAMTS-13, 273

Antibody-mediated rejection, 369–371AntiC1q antibody, SLE and, 272–273Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 4, 24

release, hyponatremia and, 38secretion

hypersecretion of, 25–26inappropriate, 26–27

See also Fluid and electrolyte disordersAnti-GBM antibodies, 257Antigen-specific tests, 257Antihypertensive drug, 145–148

alpha-adducin gene and, 147for BP controlling, 155for CKD, 294See also Hypertension

Anti-lymphocytic induction therapy, 355–356See also Renal transplantation

Anti-MPO, see Antimyeloperoxidaseantibodies

Index 381

Antimyeloperoxidase antibodies(anti-MPO), 269

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, seeANCA

Antinucleosome antibody, SLE and, 272, 273Antiphospholipids antibody, 254, 272–273Antiphospholipids syndrome, 273Anti-PR3-antibodies, 269, 271Antiretroviral therapy, 277

See also HIVANAntiSm antibody, SLE and, 272–273AOL4A4 protein, 201Aphasia, mild excessive, 82Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME), 5,

40, 42Appendectomy, 65AQP-2 gene mutation, 11ARB (angiotensin receptor blockers),

145–146, 256for CKD, 287, 292, 294for fibrillary glomerulonephritis, 262for hypertension, 146, 150for IgA glomerulonephritis, 307post-transplantation anemia and, 357

Aristocholic acid, 178See also Acute renal failure (ARF)

ARPKD, see Autosomal recessive polycystickidney disease

Arrhythmias, arterial, 184Arterial arrhythmias, 184Arterial blood gases (ABG), 15Arterial BP, 165Arterial fibrillation, postoperative, 184

See also Acute renal failure (ARF)Arterial pH, 69–70, 74

See also Acid base disturbancesArteriopathy, calcific uremic, 313Arteriovenous grafts, 339–340

See also Renal transplantationArthritis, rheumatoid, 80Ascites, ARF and, 194Ascorbate, kidney stones and, 143Ascorbic acid intake, 131Asian-American mortality rates (hemodialysis

patients), 347Asphyxia, 232Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia, 231Aspirin

overdose, 46–47uric acid excretion and, 46, 47

Atheroembolic disease, 323See also Calciphylaxis

ATN, see Acute tubular necrosis

Atorvastatin, ARF and, 176Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

(ADPKD), 203, 205, 221genetic testing for, 206imaging, 205Type 1, 219Type 2, 219, 220See also Autosomal recessive polycystic

kidney disease (ARPKD)Autosomal dominant pseudohypoaldostero-

nism Type 1, 213–215, 228Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

(ARPKD), 203, 220See also Autosomal dominant polycystic

kidney disease (ADPKD)Autosomal recessive pseudohypoaldostero-

nism Type I, 213AVP, see Plasma arginine vasopressinAzathioprine

ANCA-positive polyangiitis and, 247for ANCA testing, 258for ANCA-associated vasculitis, 271, 272for hyperlipidemia, 360

Azathioprine, 246See also Lupus nephritis

Azithromycin, 365See also Renal transplantation

Azotemiaacute tubular necrosis and, 285prerenal, 188, 191

Bacteremiagentamicin/citrate catheter lock, 347prophylaxis against dialysis catheter-related,

347–348Bacterial peritonitis, 32, 59Band keratopathy, 112–113

See also HypercalcemiaBardet Biedl syndrome, 202, 222Barnes syndrome, 232Bartter’s syndrome, 1, 3, 13, 47

diuretic abuse and, 119divalent ion metabolism disorder

and, 118, 119fluid and electrolyte disorders and, 13hypercalciuria and, 211hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, 85, 86

Basolateral anion exchange AE1, 216B-cell cross-match, 364

See also Renal transplantationBenign tumors, 111Berger’s disease, 283Beta adrenergic effect, 192

382 Index

Beta blockerfor ARF and, 192for hypertension, 146, 149–150, 161, 290

Bicarbonate, 84, 85concentration

acute tubular necrosis and, 284plasma, 4, 91–92serum, 93, 117

doses and inherited distal RTA, 217for acute brain injury-associated ARF,

199–200sodium (for AKI in tumor lysis

syndrome), 198Birt-Hogg-Dube disease, 207Bisphosphonate

for bone loss, 325hypercalcemia treatment and, 100–101

BK virus-associated nephropathy, 374–375cidofovir for, 375leflunomide for, 374, 375

Blood gas, 70–73, 107See also Acid base disturbances

Blood group compatibility, transplantationand, 370

Blood pH, 84Blood products transfusion, 23

See also Acid base disturbancesBone

biopsy, 317disease

after renal transplantation, 332calciphylaxis and, 322–323hemodialysis patients and, 317

loss, 304after renal transplantation, 325, 332calcium loss, 304calcium therapy for, 325prophylactic bisphosphonate treatment

for, 325vitamin D use for, 325steroid-induced, 101

resorption, 108, 123Bone densitometry, 116Bone density, 143, 319

See also OsteoporosisBone metabolism, NKF-K/DOQI, 327Bone pain, 108, 121

FGF-23, 320hemodialysis patients and, 317

BOR, see Branchiootorenal (BOR) syndromeBP (blood pressure)

ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), 157arterial, 165

CKD and, 309diabetes and, 146JNC-7 recommendations, 146kidney disease and, 146lowering, 145proteinuria and, 309systolic, 155, 161See also Hypertension

BP controlling, 149ACE inhibitor with diuretic, 149antihypertensive medications for, 155CKD and, 287icodextrin for, 349MPGN and, 240reduction aspects, 159stroke and, 164therapeutic goals and, 153thiazide diuretic for, 150, 152Type 2 diabetes and, 152

Brachiobasilic fistula, transposed, 339–340Brachiocephalic fistula, 339–340Brain injury, acute, 199–200

See also RRTBrain myoinositol levels, 61Brain tumor, 44, 45Branchiootorenal (BOR) syndrome, 201Bronchitis, chronic, 76Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 81

C1q nephropathy, 268Calcidiol

hypocalcemia and, 105–106low levels, 106–107

dietary deficiency of vitamin D, 106–107dilantin, 106–107liver disease, 106–107malabsorption, 106–107

Calcific uremic arteriopathy, 313Calcific vasculopathy, 323Calcifications

cardiac valvular, 323on EBCT, 335vascular, 334–335

CalcimimeticsAMG 073, 321PTH levels and, 328parathyroid gland and, 322serum calcium levels and, 328

Calcineurin inhibitorscardiovascular risk after renal transplantation

and, 160for post-transplant diabetes mellitus

(PTDM), 360

Index 383

Calciphylaxis, 313, 315atheroembolic disease and, 323bone disease and, 322–323hypercalcemia and, 323hyperparathyroidism and, 323hyperphosphatemia and, 323vasculitis and, 323

Calcitonin, hypercalcemia and, 112Calcitriol

for CKD, 303, 305for hemodialysis patients, 317, 332granulomatous disease and, 114hypercalcemia and, 114measurement, 114oncogenic osteomalacia and, 110

Calciumacetate

for CKD, 330Sevelamer treatment and, 330

based phosphate binders for hemodialysispatients, 314

cinacalcet and, 329concentration

dialysate, 345plasma, 326serum, 128

deposition, interstitial, 113diet, low, 115dietary, 142excretion, 123

kidney stone formation and, 138PYHrP and, 123urinary, 118, 128, 138

extravascular deposition of, 106for acute brain injury-associated ARF,

199–200in kidneys, 97intravenous, 103kidney stone formation and, 142loss from bone, 304metabolism, protein diet and, 98oxalate, 143recurrent urolithiasis and, 138serum, 117, 128, 327serum ionized, 107supplements, oral, 141surgery and serum, 117therapy for bone loss, 325

Calcium channel blockers (CCB), 146–147See also Hypertension

Calcium containing phosphate binders(CCPB), 319–320

See also Hypercalcemia; Phosphate binders

Calcium gluconate, 10, 22See also Hyperkalemia

Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, 126, 130–131,133, 142

ascorbic acid intake and, 131fluid intake, 127hydrochlorothiazide for, 130hyperoxaluria and, 131hypocitraturia and, 133indinavir and, 131IV analgesics for, 126IV fluids for, 126management, 126metabolic work-up and, 127oral fluid intake and, 126potassium citrate therapy for, 130serum collections measurement, 128urine collections measurement, 128urine pH, increased, 130urine straining and, 126See also Nephrolithiasis

Calcium oxalate stone, 137See also Kidney stonesgene mutations and, 208recurrent, 140sodium citrate for, 140

Calcium phosphate product, 321, 333See also Sevelamer

Calcium receptor (CaR), 326, 328Calcium stone disease, 128–129

See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasisC-ANCA, 271Cancer, ARF and, 198Capropril

for cystinuria, 136RCN and, 181

Carafate, 45Carbonate, lanthanum, 334Cardiac arrest in dialysis, 346Cardiac rhabdomyomas, 233Cardiac surgery, ARF after, 189–190Cardiac valvular calcifications, 323

See also HemodialysisCardiomyopathy, severe, 14Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

in CKD ptients, 288–289homocystein levels and, 289hyperuricemia and, 135

Cardiovascular risks, 145, 154–155See also HypertensionCKD and, 278dialysis patients, 151renal failure and, 160

384 Index

CARE study, 330Caroli’s disease, 203

See also Gene mutationsCat’s claw, 137Catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome, 254Catheter

lock, gentamicin/citrate, 347related bacteremia, prophylaxis against

dialysis, 347, 348tunneled-cuffed hemodialysis, 341

Caucasian mortality rates (hemodialysispatients), 347

CAVHDF, see Continuous arteriovenoushemodiafiltration (CAVHDF)

CCPB, see Calcium containing phosphatebinders

Cefazolin, 341Celecoxib

causing nephritic syndrome, 263RCN and, 181

Cellulose acetate dialyzers, 339Cerebral edema, 21Cerebral hemorrhage, 21Cerebral pontine myelinolysis, 21Cerebral salt wasting syndrome, 45–46

See also HyponatremiaCerebral steal phenomena, 164Chelating therapy, 210

See also CystinuriaChemotherapy, ARF and, 198Chest pain, 72, 348CHF, see Chronic heart failureChildren with FSGS, 275Chinese herb nephropathy, 178Chloride

urinary, 1, 3, 51, 74, 86, 93–94potassium, 2

Cholesterol, see Cardiovascular disease (CVD)diet, low, 244

See also Membranous glomerulonephritisLDL, 278–279, 291lipoprotein x, 17serum, 16, 291

Chromium picolinate and ARF, 178Chronic bronchitis, 76Chronic glomerulonephritis, 308, 309Chronic heart failure (CHF)

ACE inhibitors for, 158hyponatremia and, 29

Chronic hemodialysis, 280Chronic hormonal replacement therapy, 45Chronic hyponatremia, 20–21, 27–28

See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Chronic interstitial fibrosis, 178Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 278

ACE inhibitor for, 292, 310acidosis and, 304ACR inhibitor for, 287aluminium-containing phosphate binders

for, 304anemia and, 300–301, 303, 308antihypertensives for, 294ARB for, 287, 292, 294BP controlling and, 309, 287calcitriol for, 303, 305calcium acetate for, 330cardiovascular disease (CVD) in, 288–289cardiovascular risk and, 278dietary phosphorous restriction, 303dietary protein restriction and, 310–311dihydropyridine CCBs for, 287EDTA and, 258–259ESRD and, 289erythropoietin, 303erythropoietin therapy and, 300–301from IgA nephropathy, 293, 306from Type 1 diabetes, 305GFR in, 326hyperkalemia and, 310hyperlipidemia and, 311hyperparathyroidism and, 303hypertension and, 309IgA nephropathy and, 289, 293, 306in African-American, 287intravenous contrast and, 292LDL cholesterol and, 291loop diuretic for, 294low-protein diets and, 310NKF-K/DOQI guidelines, 327non-calcium-containing phosphate binders

for, 304NSAID for, 308phosphate-binding agents and, 330PTH secretion and, 326pure red blood cell aplasia (PRCA) and, 352RCN and, 186serum cholesterol and, 291serum phosphorous and, 305serum PTH and, 324Sevelamer for, 330SHARP study, 292stage 3, 302–303, 308stage 4, 287stage 5, 327statin for, 278–279, 292Type 2 diabetes and, 301

Index 385

vascular calcification and, 334–335See also Renal failure Chronic lung diseaseacid base disturbace and, 90SIADH and, 35

Chronic obstructive lung disease, 35Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD), 15, 34–35, 76See also Hyponatremia

Chronic pancreatitis, 179Chronic renal failure, 231, 258–259Chronic RRT (CRRT), 169Cidofovir for BK virus-associated

nephropathy, 375Cinacalcet

hemodialysis patients and, 329PTH level and, 329

Cirrhosis, Wilson disease-induced, 101Citrate

alkalinizing effect, 23catheter lock, bacteremia and, 347excretion, 128for calcium oxalate stones, 140potassium, 128–130sodium, 140urine, 80See also Calcium stone disease

CKD, see Chronic kidney diseaseClarithromycin, kidney transplantation

and, 364Clavulanate, 54CLCN5 gene, 209CLDN16 mutations, 226CMV

in renal transplantation, 358infection, congenital, 230retinitis, 107

CNS disorder, 21Cochlear defect, 201

See also Hearing lossCognitive dysfunction, 112–113

See also HypercalcemiaCOL4A3/A4 gene mutations, 204

See also Alport syndromeCOL4A3/A4/A5 protein, 201

See also Hearing lossCOL4A5 mutation, 225Colitis, ulcerative, 132Collagen mutation, Type IV, 266

See also HematuriaCollapsing FSGS, 250, 263, 276Congenital CMV infection, 230Congenital hepatic fibrosis, 203, 206, 220Congenital nephritic syndrome, 234

Congenital nephrotic syndrome, 230Congenital syphilis, 230Congestive heart failure (CHF), 15, 29

ARF and, 187eplerenone and, 18hypertension and, 158recurrent, 158spironolactone and, 19

Constipation, 112–113See also Hypercalcemia

Continuos dialysis, 189See also CRRT

Continuos venovenous hemofiltration(CVVH), 169, 189–190

ARF and, 190for acute brain injury-associated ARF,

199–200Continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration

(CAVHDF), 169Continuous positive airway pressure (C-PAP)

mask, 151Continuous renal replacement therapy

(CRRT), 182Continuous venovenous hemodialysis

(CVVHD), 169Contrast agents

gadolinium, 348iodinated radiographic, 348radiographic, 348

COOPERATE study, 256, 269, 293, 307COPD, see Chronic obstructive pulmonary

diseaseCortical thick ascending limb (CTAL), 118Corticosteroids

for fibrillary glomerulonephritis, 261for HIVAN, 278for post-transplant diabetes mellitus

(PTDM), 360hyperlipidemia and, 360low dose, 115oral, 259withdrawal after renal transplantation, 356See also Hypercalcemia

Cortisol, 41for adrenoleukodystrophy, 95plasma, 16to cortisone ratio measurement, 43See also Hypokalemia

Cortisol replacementmyelinolysis and, 56SIADH and, 56

COX II inhibitors, 263See also Interstitial nephritis

386 Index

C-PAP, see Continuous positive airwaypressure (C-PAP) mask

Craniopharyngioma, 45C-reactive protein (CRP), 289, 343Creatine

phosphokinase, 187stone formation and, 137

Creatinine, 89acute contrast nephropathy and, 182ARF and, 187CKD and, 310excretion, 128hypomagnesemia and, 118protein-to-creatinine ratios, 291serum, 162, 294, 310, 365uric acid to, 195urine, 109calcium stone disease and, 128See also Hypophosphatemia

Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), 175, 187See also Acute renal failure (ARF)

Crescentic glomerulonephritis, 257, 265CRP, see C-reactive proteinCRRT, 189

peritoneal dialysis and, 182SLED and, 197

Crush injury, 175See also Acute renal failure (ARF)

Crystalloid-induced transcapillary ultrafiltra-tion (UF), 349

CT scan, 16abdomen, 17EBCT, 334for ADPKD, 205ionized calcium concentration and, 107nephrolithiasis and, 125noncontrast-enhanced helical CT

scanning, 125tomographyunenhanced helical computed

tomography (UHCT), 141CTAL, see Cortical thick ascending limbCTNS mutations, cystinosis and, 226Cushing’s syndrome, 85, 264CVD, see Cardiovascular diseaseCVVH, see Continuos venovenous

hemofiltrationCVVHD, see Continuous venovenous

hemodialysisCyclophosphamide

for ANCAassociated vasculitis, 255, 271, 272positive microscopic polyangiitis, 247testing, 258

for CKD, 294for fibrillary glomerulonephritis, 261for FSGS, 243for lupus nephritis, 245–246for pulmonary hemorrhage, 271for steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephritic

syndrome, 237oral, 246–247, 255, 264, 272

Cyclosporinefor familial FSGS, 212for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, 239hyperlipidemia and, 360IgA nephropathy and, 268IV, 276kidney transplantation and, 364–365oral, 243phosphate wasting and, 318

Cyprinol and ARF, 178Cystic disease, renal, 223Cystic fibrosis, 33, 35Cystin solubility, 136Cystine kidney stones, 210Cystinosis, 218, 226Cystinuria, 136

chelating therapy and, 210fluid intake and, 210penicillamine for, 210tropronin for, 210urinary alkalinization and, 210See also Nephrolithiasis

Cysts, kidney, 233Cytoplasmic-ANCA, 269

See also Renal vasculitis

D5W infusion, 12DASH, see Dietary Approaches to Stop

Hypertension (DASH) dietDDAVP, see DesmopressinDeafness, see Hearing lossDehydration, 94Delayed referral, kidney failure aspects

of, 296Demeclocycline, 14Dense deposits disease, 265Densitometry, bone, 116Dent’s disease, 209, 218, 226

proteinuria and, 209x-linked disorders, 226

Desalinated, infusate, 6Desmopressin (DDAVP), 45

acetate, 45for diabetes insipidus, 59for hyponatremia, 20

Index 387

hepatorenal syndrome and, 60hyponatremia and, 7–8

Dextran, iron, 342Dextrose

for peritoneal dialysis (PD), 349hypernatremia and, 62, 63hypotonic hyponatremia and, 6in NaCl infusion, 6in water, 11

DGDH mutations, 208–209Diabetes

Alstrome syndrome and, 202BP goals for, 146CKD and, 301hepatitis C with post-renal transplant, 373hypertension and, 161MODY5, 202Type 1, 305Type 2, 152, 301

Diabetes insipidus, 7, 20, 45DDAVP and, 59desmopressin for, 59nephrogenic, 19

Diabetes mellitushyperglycemia and, 202insulin-dependent, 52NSAID for, 308RCN and, 186Type 1, 308Type 2, 22

Diabetic ketoacidosis, 55, 60–61Diabetic kidney disease, 299Diabetic nephropathy, 302Diabetic patient, acute contrast nephropathy

in, 182Dialysate

calcium concentration, QT dispersionand, 345

potassium concentration, dialysis and, 346Dialysis

and cardiovascular risk, 151ARF, 173catheter-related bacteremia, prophylaxis

against, 347–348cardiac arrest and sudden death in, 346CVVHD, 169EDD, 169hypertension and, 151intermittent, 197peritoneal (PD), 182, 349SLED, 169, 197urea clearance and, 344See also under Hemodialysis

Dialyzers, cellulose acetate, 339Diazepam, 43, 65Diet

pills, 74protein, 98starvation, 77

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension(DASH) diet

for African-American, 161for Caucasian women, 161

Dietary calciumkidney stone formation and, 142restriction, recurrent urolithiasis and, 138

Dietary deficiency of vitamin D, low calcidiollevels and, 106, 107

Dietary history, hypokalemia and, 42Dietary phosphorous

CKD and, 303hyperphosphatemia and, 319restriction, 303

Dietary potassium, 148, 161See also Hypertension

Dietary protein, 98osteoporosis risk and, 143restriction

CKD and, 310, 311kidney disease progression and, 299

Dietary sodiumhypertension and, 148, 161intake, 349restriction, 91, 128–129

Diffuse mesangeal glomerulosclserosis, 230Diffuse mesangial proliferative glomeru-

lonephritis, 252Diffuse mesangial sclerosis

(DMS), 234Digoxin, 29Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers

(CCB), 146, 287Dilantin, 82Dilantin, low calcidiol levels and,

106, 107Dilutional hyponatremia, 26Dippers, 151

See also Cardiovascular riskDistal RTA, 81

aldosterone-resistance, 83genetic disorders and, 216hyperkalemia, 83inherited, 217Type 1, 96voltage-dependent, 83See also Proximal RTA

388 Index

Diuresisosmotic, 19–20, 44polyuria and, 19–20saline, 45solute, 45

Diureticsabuse, 1

Bartter’s syndrome and, 119diagnosis, 1divalent ion metabolism disorder and,

118–119hypertension, 41hypokalemia and, 40initial therapy, 2potassium chloride for, 2urine pH and, 2

albumin, 9edema refractory to, 9for Gitelman’s syndrome, 120for hypertension, 146, 148, 149, 150furosemide, 9hypokalemia and, 168K-sparing, 120loop, 54loop-acting, 168resistance, 9screen, 119thiazide, 11, 23, 152, 162See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Divalent ion metabolism disorder, 97Bartter’s syndrome and, 118–119calcidiol levels (low), 106–107calcimimetic agents and, 321calcium, 98diuretic abuse and, 118–119Gitelman’s syndrome and, 119–120HVDRR, 102hypercalcemia, 98, 100–101, 111–113hypercalciuria, 101hypocalcemia, 99, 103, 105–107hypomagnesemia, 97, 103hypoparathyroidism, 103hypophosphatemia, 103idiopathic hypercalciuria, 100muscle weakness, 108renal failure patients, 321rhabdomyolysis and, 104tumor lysis syndrome and, 104x-linked hypophosphatemia and, 121–122

DMS, see Diffuse mesangial sclerosisDobutamine, 181Donors

heart beating, 366–367

kidney, 366, 367live, 371non-heart beating, 366specific antibodies, 370

DopamineARF and, 184, 192, 196ATN and, 170causing hypothyroidism, 184hepatorenal syndrome and, 60low-dose, 179, 184RCN and, 173

Doppler ultrasonography, 322See also Imaging

Doxercalciferol therapy, 332See also Hemodialysis

Drash syndrome, 234See also Renal failure

Drug abuse, ARF and, 172Dyslipidemia, 292Dysplasia

asphyxiating thoracic, 231bronchopulmonary, 81kidney, 303

Dyspnea, 48

EBCT, see Electron beam computedtomography

ECF volume contraction, 113See also Renal failure

EDD, see Extended daily dialysisEdema

cerebral, 21hyponatremia and, 31pulmonary, 14refractory to diuretics, 9

EDTA (erythrocyte aminolevulinate dehydraseactivity), 258–259

Elavil, 31Electrolytes, 1

serum, 96urinary, 48, 51muscle weakness and, 108osmolar clearance, 33See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Electron beam computed tomography(EBCT), 334

Electron dense deposits, 265ELISA assays, 269Ellis-van-Creveld syndrome, 232ENA, see Extractable nuclear antigenEncephalopathy, 21Encephalopathy, hepatic, 64Endocapillary glomerulonephritis, 265

Index 389

Endocarditisassociated glomerulonephritis, 173streptococcus viridans, 174

Endocrine neoplasia, 223Endopeptidase

enzyme, 122mutation, 320

Endothelial dysfunction, smoking and, 165See also Hypertension

End-stage renal disease, 337HBV infection and, 350hemodialysis and, 337See also Renal disease

Eosinophilia and acute interstitialnephritis, 280

Ephedra, 178Ephedrine, 137

See also Nephrolithiasis; stoneEplerenon

CHF and, 18hyperkalemia and, 19

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-related PTLD, 353Erythematosus, lupus, 244Erythematosus, systemic lupus, 259Erythrocyte aminolevulinate dehydrase activity

(EDTA), 258–259Erythrocyte basophilic stippling, 259Erythromycin, kidney transplantation and, 364Erythropoietin

CKD and, 300–301, 303proteinuria and, 300recombinant human (rHuEPO), 351

Erythropoietin resistancehemodialysis patient and, 345L-carnitine supplementation and, 345

ESRDC1q nephropathy and, 268cardiovascular disease (CVD) in CDK

and, 288CKD and, 289due to FSGS, 49hemodialysis patients and, 329IgM nephropathy and, 253

Ethanolinjection, 322intoxication, 84

Ethylene glycolintoxication, 84levels, 16See also Acid-base disturbances

European vasculitis Study Group(EUVAS), 272

Euvolemic, 65–66

Euvolemic hyponatremia, 34, 38Excessive emesis, 1Excrete maximally dilute urine, ability to, 11Exogenous Cushing syndrome, 264Extended daily dialysis (EDD), 169Extracellular volume expansion, nonhypotonic

hyponatremia and, 21Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA), 261Extravascular deposition of calcium, 106

See also HypocalcemiaExtremities weakness, 8Ezetimibe, 292

See also Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Fabry’s disease, 208See also Genetic testing

Facial angiofibromas, 207Familial FSGS, 207, 212

cyclosporine for, 212following renal transplantation, 212methylprednisolone for, 212See also Nephritic syndrome

Familial hyperkalemic hypertension, 213–214Familial hyperparathyroidism, 223Familial hypomagnesemia, 97, 211, 226Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria

and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC), 211Familial juvenile hyperuricemic

nephropathy, 215Familial juvenile nephronophthisis (JNPH),

229, 232Fanconi syndrome, 109, 185, 226

Lowe syndrome and, 217, 226renal, 209, 217, 227

FCNS, 234Fechtner syndrome, 201

See also Hearing lossFenoldopam

for hypertension, 153intravenous, 153RCN and, 173

Fenoprofen and acute interstitial nephritis, 280Ferritin, 300

anemia and, 343serum, 343

Fetal renal enlargement, 222FGF-23, 110, 320FHHNC, see Familial hypomagnesemia with

hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosisFibrillary

glomerulopathy, 263GN, 264growth factor 23 (FGF-23), 320

390 Index

Fibrillary glomerulonephritis, 262ACE inhibitors for, 262ARB for, 262corticosteroid for, 261cyclophosphamide for, 261See also Immunotactoid glomerulopathy

Fibrofolliculomas, 207Fibromas, subungual, 207Fibrosis

ARPKD and, 220chronic interstitial, 178congenital hepatic, 203, 220cystic, 33, 35hypocellular interstitial, 251tubulointerstitial, 139, 282

Fish gallbladders, ingestion of, 178Fistula

brachiocephalic, 339–340transposed brachiobasilic, 339–340

Fistulography, 343Fludrocortisone, 37, 95Fluid and electrolyte disorders, 1

ADH secretion, inappropriate, 26–27Bartter syndrome, 13chronic hyponatremia, 20–21diuretic

abuse, 1–2resistance, 9

eccessive Gatorade intake, 3–4Gordon’s syndrome, 12–13hypercapnia, 15–16hyperglycemia, 12hyperkalemia, 22hypertonic saline administration and, 18hypoalbuminemia, 9hypokalemia, 5hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 8–9hyponatremia, 14–18, 20, 27–29

chronic, 21, 27–28management, 7–8nonhypotonic, 21post operative, 25–26

hypotonic hyponatremia, 6–7maximally dilute urine excretion, 11metabolic alkalosis after liver transplanta-

tion, 23nonhypotonic hyponatremia, 21polyuria, 19–20reset osmostat, 27–28septic shock and, 4–5serum potassium concentration, lowering

of, 10SIADH, 25–26, 28

vasopressin infusion for, 4–5vomiting, 2–3

Fluid intakecalcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, 127cystinuria and, 210IV, 126

Fluphenazine hydrochloride, 30Focal proliferative glomerulonephritis, 283Follicle stimulating hormone, 17Foscarnet, 107

See also HypocalcemiaFracture, hemodialysis patients and, 316Free water

clearance, 32–33intake, hypernatremia and, 36

FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis),242, 274

ACE inhibitor for, 242–243after renal transplantation, 368angiotensin II receptor antagonist for,

242–243children with

African-American, 275renal transplantation, 275

collapsing, 250, 263, 276cyclophosphamide for, 243ESRD due to, 49familial, 207, 212following renal transplantation, 368genetic mutations and, 274glucosteroids for, 243HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN)

and, 250idiopathic, 243in African-American, 243, 275in kidney biopsy, 306NPHS2 mutations and, 224pamidronate causing, 263podocin mutations and, 212proteinuria and, 262renal

failure in, 262transplantation in, 275, 368

steroid therapy for, 243Furosemide, 6, 9, 29, 77

acute hyponatremia and, 58ARF and, 188, 190, 192, 196, 199–200for acute brain injury-associated ARF, 200for AKI in tumor lysis syndrome, 198for diuretic resistance, 9for hyponatremia, 14–15hypotonic hyponatremia, 6–7, 65–67induced hypovolemia, 192

Index 391

induced prerenal azotemia, 188urine concentration and, 23

Gadodiamide (Omniscan)-induced spurioushypocalcemia, 333–334

Gadoliniumcontrast agent in hemodialysis, 348induced pseudohypocalcemia, 99

Gain of function mutations in V2 receptor,56, 57

Gastric fluid losses, hypernatremia and, 36Gastrointestinal losses, hypokalemia and, 40Gatorade intake, excessive, 3–4

See also Fluid and electrolyte disordersGBM, see Glomerular basement membraneGene mutations

11–HSD, 5ADAMTS13, 223AE1, 216alanine glyoxalate aminotransferase, 144alpha actinin-4, 212AQP-2, 11calcium oxalate stones and, 208COL4A3, 204COL4A4, 204COL4A5, 225CTNS, 226DGDH, 208, 209HNF-1beta, 202mitochondrial tRNA gene, 202NBC1, 216NCCT, 215NPH-1, 229NPH-2, 229NPH-3, 229NPHS-1 gene, 230NPHS2, 224, 274paracellin gene, 97paracellin-1, 210PKD1, 203PKD2, 203PKHD1, 203podocin, 207, 212, 224, 274, 368polycystin-1, 219polycystin-2, 219PRKCSH, 203renal failure and, 209SLC4A4, 227TSC2, 203UMOD, 215V2, 11WNK1, 214WNL4, 214

Genetic disorders, 201acid-base transporters and, 217ADPKD, 205Alstrome syndrome, 202autosomal dominant pseudohypoaldostero-

nism Type 1, 213–215familial hypomagnesemia, 211Fechtner syndrome, 201FSGS and, 274Gitleman syndrome and, 211hyperurecemia, 211hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and, 211hypomagnesemia, 211inherited distal RTA, 216metabolic acidosis and, 227Nail-patella syndrome, 201nephrocalcinosis, 211OFD syndrome, 202polyuria, 211pseudohypoaldosteronism Type I, 213–215VHL, 206von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease

activity and, 223Genetic testing

Fabry’s disease, 208for VHL, 206hypokalemia and, 43primary hyperoxaluria, 208steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic

syndrome, 207Gentamicin

catheter lock, 347for ARF, 174

GFRin CKD, 326PTH secretion and, 326

GI tract potassium loss, hypokalemia and, 40Gitelman’s syndrome, 12–13, 47, 214

genetic disorder and, 211hyperuricosuria and, 212hypocalciuria and, 119hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and, 211hypomagnesemia and, 211K-sparing diuretics for, 120Na-Cl co-transporter defect and, 120oral magnesium for, 120

Globulinuria, 260See also Glomerulonephritis

Glomerular basement membrane (GBM), 249Glomerular capillary hypertension, 242Glomerular disease, tubulointerstitial disease

and, 298, 306Glomerular filtration rate, reduced, 209

392 Index

Glomerulonephritis, 159, 254, 255, 271ANCA-associated crescentic, 254, 255chronic, 308–309cresentic, 257diffuse mesangial proliferative, 252endocapillary, 265endocarditis-associated, 173fibrillary, 262focal proliferative, 283granulomatous, 113IgA, 307immunotactoid, 261membrano proliferative, 240, 252,

265, 283membranous, 244mesangial proliferative, 238pauci-immune crescentic, 265post-transplant, 218, 219See also Glomerulopathy

Glomerulopathyfibrillary, 263immunotactoid, 261obesity-related, 242

GlomerulosclerosisFSGS, 212segmental, 252

Glucocorticoidsphosphate wasting and, 318remediable aldosteronism, 213–214, 228therapy for steroid-sensitive idiopathic

nephritic syndrome, 237Gluconate, iron, 342Glucose

for serum potassium concentrationlowering, 10

tolerance, 160See also Hypertension

Glucosteroids, 243for FSGS, 243oral cyclosporine for, 243

Gly170Arg mutations, 144Glycine metabolites, 21Glycyrrhetic acid, 178

See also Acute renal failure (ARF)Gordon’s syndrome

fluid and electrolyte disorders and,12–13, 213

hydrochlorothiazide for, 214hypertension and, 228–229thiazide diuretics for, 214

Graftarterioveous, 339–340loss, 364, 369–370

survival, 356–357donor characteristics, 366immunosuppressives for, 357

See also Renal transplantationGranulomatosis, Wegener’s, 258, 270Granulomatous disease, 114Granulomatous glomerulonephritis, renal

failure and, 113Graves’s disease, hypokalemic periodic

paralysis and, 80

HAART, see Highly active antiretroviraltherapy

HBV, see Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infectionsHCO3, 75, 77Headaches, tension-type, 74

See also HypertensionHearing loss, 201–202

Alport syndrome and, 204cellulose acetate dialyzers and, 339sensorineural, 204See also Nail-patella syndrome

Heart beating donors, 366–367Helical CT scan, 125, 126Hemangioblastoma, 206Hemangiopericytoma, 12–13, 111Hemartomatous tumor, 281Hematemesis, 54, 83Hematuria, 220, 280

idiopathic nephrotic syndrome associatedwith, 238–239

IgA nephropathy, 241, 246persistent isolated, 266persistent microscopic, 248PKD and, 295renal failure and, 241Type IV collagen mutation and, 266without proteinuria, 225

Hemiplegia, 82Hemodiafiltration, 169Hemodialysis, 22, 121, 182

chronic, 280, 344–345CVVHD, 169end-stage renal disease and, 337gadolinium contrast agent in, 348grafts after angioplasty, 343–344HBV patients and, 350IgA nephropathy, 241intermittent, 189, 197, 200patients, 314

acute pancreatitis and, 341–342African-American, 316anemia and, 343

Index 393

Hemodialysis (cont.)bone pain and muscle weakness, 317calcific uremic arteriopathy, 313calcitriol therapy and, 317, 332calcium-based phosphate binders for, 314cardiac valvular calcifications and, 323cinacalcet for, 329doxercalciferol therapy and, 332erythropoietin resistance and, 345ERSD and, 329fracture and, 316gadodiamide (Omniscan)-induced

spurious hypocalcemia and, 333–334hypercalcemia and, 328hyperparathyroidism and, 321–322hyperphosphatemia and, 315, 328intradialytic hypotension in, 339iron dextran reaction and, 342L-carnitine supplementation and, 345mortality rates, 347of different ethnicities, 347osteodystrophy and, 317parathyroidectomy and, 315–316, 318,

322, 328paricalcitol therapy and, 332PTH assays and, 330–331skin necrosis and, 322–323vaccine recommendations for, 337vitamin D therapy and, 331

QT interval dispersion during, 345–346renal disease requiring, 10tunneled-cuffed, 341urea clearance and, 344

Hemodilution, 84Hemofiltration, 169, 182, 189–190

See also Renal failureHemoglobin (Hb) level

ARF and, 180PD and, 351CKD and, 303See also Blood gas

Hemolysisintradialytic acute, 342rasburicase therapy and, 135

Hemorrhage, pulmonary, 271Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), 253, 313Hepatic cirrhosis, 61, 64Hepatic encephalopathy, 64Hepatic fibrosis, congenital, 203, 220Hepatitis B

end-stage renal disease and, 350patients mortality after transplantation, 359

Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infections, 350

Hepatitis C, 139in renal transplant, 372–373infection, 177patients mortality after transplantation, 359viral infection, 61, 191, 252with post-transplant diabetes in renal

transplant, 373Hepatocelluar carcinoma, 61Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF), 202Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), 59,

177, 191ARF and, 178, 191, 194DDAVP and, 60hyperoncotic albumin for, 191liver transplantation and, 194midodrine and octreotide for, 59midodrine for, 191, 194octreotide for, 191, 194terlipressin for, 183TIPS placement and, 191vasopressin for, 194See also Renal disease

Hepatosplenomegaly, 70Herbal medicine, nephropathy

and, 251Hereditary nephritis, 201, 221Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets

(HVDRR), 102Heritability, nephrolithiasis, 142Hexadactyly, 222HGPRT, see Hypoxanthine guanine

phosphoribosyl-transferaseHighly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART),

48, 130, 139, 172, 184–185, 278See also HIV

Hip fracture, hemodialysis patients and, 316Hispanic mortality rates (hemodialysis

patients), 347Histocompatibility, 370

See also Renal transplantationHIV, 130, 139, 172

associated renal disease in African-American, 277

infection associated renal disease, 277nephropathy, 185

HIV associated nephropathy (HIVAN),249–250, 276–277

corticosteroids for, 278renal biopsy and, 250renal failure and, 277–278

HLA-matched kidneys, 361HLA-mismatched kidneys, 361HNF, see Hepatocyte nuclear factor

394 Index

Homocystein levelsCKD and, 289CVD and, 289

Hormonal replacement therapy, 45Hospitalization, calcium oxalate nephrolithia-

sis and, 126HRS, see Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS)HSP, see Henoch-Schonlein purpuraHuman herpes virus 6 or 7, 372Humoral hypercalcemia, PTHrP and, 324, 325Humoral rejection in kidney transplanta-

tion, 371HVDRR, see Hereditary vitamin D-resistant

ricketsHydrochloric acid (HCl), intravenous, 15Hydrochlorothiazide, 36, 81, 102, 111,

128–130and acute interstitial nephritis, 280for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, 130for Gordon’s syndrome, 214for hypertension, 154for nephrolithiasis, 128–129hyponatremia, 43hyponatremia and, 44hypotonic hyponatremia and, 67–68

Hydrocortisone, 45Hydronephrosis, obstructive, 95Hyperaldosteronism, 1, 3, 40

hypertension and, 157primary, 1, 40–41, 213secondary, 40, 41See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Hyperalimentation, 44Hypercalcemia, 98, 111, 114–115, 123

abdominal flat plate and, 114bisphosphonates treatment, 100–101calciphylaxis and, 323calcitonin for, 112calcitriol level and, 114calcium diet, low, 115corticosteroid therapy, low dose, 115hemodialysis patients and, 328humoral, 324, 325induced renal vasoconstriction, 113intravenous saline for, 112leukemia and, 123on CCPB, 319oxalate diet, low, 115nephropathy, 113pamidronate for, 112parathyroidectomy and, 98, 318, 328primary hyperparathyroidism and, 116PTH level and, 114

PTHrP and, 324–325renal failure and, 113stone and, 137symptomatic, 112symptoms, 112, 113

band keratopathy, 112–113cognitive dysfunction, 112–113constipation, 112–113polyuria, 112–113Q-T interval shortening, 112–113

tanning salon and, 114–115treatment, 115urine concentration and, 23vitamin D toxicity and, 122zolendronate for, 112See also Hypocalcemia

Hypercalciuria, 97, 113, 128–129, 137,209, 228

Bartter syndrome and, 211idiopathic, 36, 100, 142kidney stone formation and, 139nephrolithiasis, X-linked, 209osteoporosis and, 142surgery for, 116tacrolimus-induced, 101treatment, 115

Hypercapnia, 91acetazolamide for, 15–16metabolic alkalosis, post, 54See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Hyperchloremia, acid-base disturbancesand, 88

Hyperglycemia, 26dextrose in water and, 12diabetes mellitus and, 202See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Hyperkalemia, 4, 22acid-base disorder and, 82, 83adrenergic stimulation, 50calcium gluconate for, 22CKD and, 310distal RTA, 83distal RTA and

aldosterone-resistance, 83voltage-dependent, 83

eplerenon and, 19fluid and electrolyte disorders and, 22Gordon’s syndrome and, 214hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, 228hypertension and, 12insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and, 52intravenous insulin for, 22Katexalate for, 22

Index 395

lactic acidosis, 49malignant hyperthermia and, 50phenylephrine and, 50potassium and, 53rhabdomyolysis and, 49salt-wasting and, 53See also Hypokalemia

Hyperlipidemia, 26azathioprine for, 360corticosteroids for, 360immunosuppressive agents for, 360mycophenolate mofetile for, 360renal disease and, 311sirolimus therapy and, 360

Hypermagnesemia, 121See also Hypomagnesemia

Hypermagnesuria, 97Hypernatremia, 59

chronic, 12correction, 12dextrose and, 62–63free water intake and, 36hypotonic sodium loss, 63lactulose and, 64osmotic diuresis, 44saline administration, 63–64sodium and potassium content, 64water and gastric fluid losses, 36See also Hyponatremia

Hyperoncotic albumin for hepatorenalsyndrome, 191

Hyperoxaluria, 131calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and, 131primary, 134, 144

Type 1 (PH1), 209Type 2 (PH2), 209

Hyperparathyroidism, 102, 108, 113calciphylaxis and, 323CKD and, 303familial, 223hemodialysis patients and, 321–322parathyroidectomy and, 322parathyroidectomy for, 315–316phosphate excretion and, 109primary, 98, 114, 116, 123refractory, 321surgery, 116See also Hypoparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumorsyndrome, 222

Hyperphosphatemia, 198, 200calciphylaxis and, 323dietary phosphorus and, 319

hemodialysis patients and, 315, 328parathyroidectomy and, 318, 328See also Hypophosphatemia

Hyperproteninemia, 26Hypertension, 5, 43, 67, 111, 145

ACE inhibitor for, 146–148, 154, 161diuretics, 148, 150thiazide diuretic, 162

aldosterone receptor antagonist and, 155aldosteronism and, 157ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM)

and, 157Amiloride and, 52angiotensin-system blocker for, 163antihypertensive drug, 146antihypertensive medications and, 145ARB for, 146–147, 150beta-blocker for, 146, 149–150, 161BP

controlling and, 147, 153lowering and, 145reduction aspects of, 164

cardiovascular risk and, 145, 154–155CCB for, 147CKD and, 309congestive heart failure and, 158C-PAP and, 151DASH diet and, 161diabetes risk and, 161dialysis and, 151diuretic abuse and, 41diuretics for, 146, 148–150familial hyperkalemic, 213–214glomerular capillary, 242glucose tolerance and, 160Gordon syndrome and, 228, 229hydrochlorothiazide for, 154hyperaldosteronis, 157hyperkalemia and, 12hyperuricemia and, 135hypokalemia and, 39, 41hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and,

52, 157IgA nephropathy and, 283in African-American, 148–149, 159–160intravenous fenoldopam for, 153intravenous labetalol for, 153kidney disease and, 155, 163Liddle syndrome, 52, 157MRA for renal vascular, 156office, 158overweight aspects, 148plasma aldosterone and, 164

396 Index

Hypertension (cont.)potassium

levels and, 165supplementation and, 156

renaldisease and, 155risk and, 154vascular, 156

resistant, 165serum

creatinine levels and, 162potassium and, 155sodium levels and, 165

sleep apnea and, 151, 157–158sodium and, 155spironolactone and, 52stage 2, 163stroke and, 164systolic, 157thiazide diuretic for, 149–150, 163titrate for, 150tobacco smoking and, 165white coat, 158See also Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Hypertensive kidney disease, 287–290ACE inhibitors for, 290beta-blocker for, 290See also Renal disease

Hypertensive nephrosclerosis, 290Hyperthermia, malignant, 50Hyperthyroidism, 51

acid-base disturbance and, 80urine electrolytes and, 51

Hypertonic saline, 18acute hyponatremia and, 58for acute hyponatremia, 58See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Hyperuricemia, 104cardiovascular disease and, 135common cause of, 134–135conditions associated with, 135genetic disorders and, 210–211hypertension and, 135renal insufficiency and, 135serum uric acid level and, 134uric acid excretion and, 134–135

Hyperuricosuria, 137, 212See also Gitleman syndrome

Hypoalbuminemia, 9See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Hypoaldosteronism, 46, 83Hypocalcemia, 99, 102–105, 121, 200

alkaline phosphatase levels, 105

calcidiol levels and, 105calcidol levels, 106calcium, extravascular deposition of, 106gadodiamide (Omniscan)-induced spurious,

333–334gadolinium-induced pseudohypocal-

cemia, 99hypermagnesemia and, 121hypomagnesemia and, 106ionized calcium concentration and, 107plasma magnesium level and, 121PTH levels, 103, 105See also Hypercalcemia; Hypokalemia

Hypocalciuria, 132Gitelman’s syndrome and, 119nephrolithiasis and, 132

Hypocellular interstitial fibrosis with tubularatrophy, 251

Hypochloremia, 84Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, 89Hypocitraturia, 128–129

calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and, 133medullary sponge kidney (MSK) and, 133nephrolithiasis and, 132recurrent nephrolithiasis and, 133See also Hyponatremia

Hypocomplementemia, 240Hypocortisolism, 56Hypodipsia, 62Hypokalemia, 1–2, 5, 39, 117

acetazolamide and, 16acid-base disturbance, 96adrenergic stimulation and, 50anion gap metabolic acidosis and, 80, 96cortisol to cortisone ratio measurement, 43dietary history and, 42diuretic abuse and, 40diuretic therapy and, 168genetic testing, 43hypertension and, 39hypomagenesemia and, 118induced rhabdomyolysis, 178Liddle’s syndrome and, 40, 42mineralocorticoid excess and, 41plasma aldosterone concentration and, 41primary hyperaldosteronism and, 40renin activity and, 41RTA and, 217secondary hyperaldosteronism and, 40upper GI loss and, 40urinalysis, 39urinary

concentration and, 23

Index 397

losses and, 40potassium excretion, 39–40

See also Hyperkalemia; HypocalcemiaHypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, 47, 52, 54,

85, 117Bartter’s syndrome, 85, 86genetic disorders and, 211Gitleman syndrome and, 211hypertension and, 52, 157non-reabsorbable anion and, 54urinary potassium excretion and, 85

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 8,47, 51

fluid and electrolyte disorders, 8–9Graves’s disease and, 80

Hypomagnesemia, 41, 97, 103, 117creatinine and, 118familial, 97, 211, 226genetic disorders and, 211Gitelman syndrome and, 211hypocalcemia and, 106hypokalemia and, 118nephrocalcinosis and, 226–227renal magnesium wasting and, 118urinary calcium excretion and, 118See also Divalent ion metabolism disorder;

HypermagnesemiaHyponatremia, 1, 2, 7–8, 14–18, 27, 29,

37, 84acid-base disturbance and, 85acute, 58ADH release and, 38CHF and, 29chronic, 20, 27–28COPD and, 34correction, water restriction for, 30DDAVP administration and, 7–8, 20dilutional, 26edema, patients with or without, 31euvolemic, 34, 38extracellular volume expansion and, 21free water clearance and, 32–33furosemide for, 14–15hydrochlorothiazide and, 43–44hyperglycemia, 26hypertonic saline and, 58hypothyroidism and, 34hypotonic, 6–7, 66–68indomethacin and, 34management, 7–8myoinositol levels and, 62non-edematous patient, 31nonhypotonic, 17, 21

normovolemic hypotonic, 38oxcarbazepine and, 26patients with SIADH and, 30plasma aldosterone test for, 17–18post operative, 25pseudo, 16–17psychogenic polydipsia and, 31reset osmostat and, 34, 38salt wasting syndrome and, 45–46serum cholesterol level and, 16–17SIADH and, 34vasopressin levels and, 57See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders;

Hypernatremia; HypocitraturiaHypoparathyroidism, 103, 109

See also HyperparathyroidismHypophosphatemia, 103–104, 108

creatinine collection aspects, 109phosphate collection aspects, 109post-renal transplant, 318See also Hyperphosphatemia

Hypophosphatemic rickets, 109,217, 320

Hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked, 109Hypopituitarism, 18, 46, 56Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, 83Hypotension, 24, 338Hypothyroidism, 28, 34

dopamine causing, 184hyponatremia and, 34

Hypotonic fluid, 7–8See also Hypertonic saline

Hypotonic hyponatremiadue to SIADH, 67fluid and electrolyte disorders, 6–7furosemide for, 65–67hydrochlorothiazide and, 67–68normovolemic, 38saline infusion, 65–68thiazide therapy and, 67–68water withholding and, 65–68See also Nonhypotonic hyponatremia

Hypotonic sodium loss, 63See also Hypernatremia

Hypouricemia, 46Hypovolemia, 188, 192Hypovolemic patient, 3Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl-

transferase (HGPRT), 235–236Hypoxia, 87

Ibuprofen, nephropathy and, 251Ichthyotoxism, 178

398 Index

Icodextrinfor BP controlling, 349for peritoneal dialysis (PD), 349–351on volume status, 349

Idiopathic FSGS, 243Idiopathic hypercalciuria, 36, 100, 142Idiopathic membranous nephropathy,

244, 260Idiopathic nephritic syndrome, 224

in childhood, 224steroid-resistant, 224

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, 238cyclosporine for, 239in Africa-American, 238, 239IV methylprednisone for, 239microscopic hematuria and,

238, 239prednisone for, 239steroid-sensitive, 237steroid-resistant, 207

IgA glomerulonephritisACE inhibitor for, 307ARB for, 307

IgA nephropathy, 240–241, 266–267, 278CKD and, 289, 292–293CKD from, 293, 306COOPERATE trial and, 256cyclosporine and, 268hematuria and, 246hematuria in, 241hemodialysis and, 241in children, 282–283kidney failure from, 296–297losartan for, 267methylprednisolone for, 267oral cyclophosphamide for, 246–247oral prednisone for, 246–247prednisone for, 267proteinuria associated with, 269renal transplantation and, 240–241TBMD and, 249treatment, 307with persistent proteinuria, 267with renal insufficiency, 246See also IgM nephropathy

IgG excretion and membranous nephropa-thy, 260

IgM deposition, 238See also Mesangial proliferative

glomerulonephritisIgM mesangial deposits, 252IgM nephropathy, 253

See also IgA nephropathy

ImagingADPKD, 205urinary tract, 140

Immunofluorescence assays, 269Immunoglobulins, IV, 271Immunosuppression

hyperlipidemia, 360PTDM, 359

Immunosuppressives, 357Immunotactoid glomerulonephritis

(ITGN), 261Immunotactoid glomerulopathy, 261

See also Fibrillary glomerulonephritisIndinavir, 130

ARF and, 172, 176calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and, 131kidney stone formation and, 282kindney stones and, 139nephrolithiasis, 282nephropathy, 139renal disease and, 139urolithiaisis, 139

Indium-111, octreotide labeled with, 110, 111Indomethacin, 34

See also HyponatremiaIngestion of fish gallbladders, 178

See also Acute renal failure (ARF)Inherited distal RTA, 216–217

See also Genetic disordersInsipidus, nephrogenic diabetes, 19Insulin

for serum potassium concentrationlowering, 10

intravenous, 22subcutaneous, 22See also Diabetes

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 52See also Hyperkalemia

Intermittent dialysis, 189Intermittent hemodialysis, 197Intermittent hemodialysis for acute brain

injury-associated ARF, 200Interstitial calcium deposition, 113Interstitial fibrosis

chronic, 178hypocellular, 251renal failure in FSGS and, 262

Interstitial nephritis, 83, 95, 113, 241, 251, 263acute, 280celecoxib and, 263

Intoxicationethanol, 84ethylene glycol, 84

Index 399

lead, 258methanol, 84salycilate, 84

Intra-aortic balloon pump, RCN and, 186Intradialytic acute hemolysis, 342Intradialytic acute symptoms, cellulose acetate

dialyzers use and, 339Intradialytic hypotension, 338–339

See also HemodialysisIntradialytic palpitation, 345Intravenous (IV) analgesics for calcium oxalate

nephrolithiasis, 126Intravenous calcium, 103Intravenous contrast

and CKD, 292and ARF, 293

Intravenous cyclophosphamidefor lupus nephritis, 246for steroid sensitive nephritic

syndrome, 264Intravenous cyclosporine

for nephritic syndrome, 276for proteinuria, 276

Intravenous fenoldopam for hypertension, 153Intravenous fluids for calcium oxalate

nephrolithiasis, 126Intravenous HCl, 15Intravenous immunoglobulins for pulmonary

hemorrhage, 271Intravenous insulin, 22

See also HyperkalemiaIntravenous labetalol for hypertension, 153Intravenous magnesium

See also Hypocalcemia, 103Intravenous methylprednisone for idiopathic

nephrotic syndrome, 239Intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide for lupus

nephritis, 245Intravenous saline, 24, 112

See also HypercalcemiaIntravenous sodium bicarbonate, 22Intravenous urography (IVU), 141Iodinated contrast, RCN and, 186Iodinated radiographic contrast

agents, 348Ion metabolism, divalent, see Divalent ion

metabolism disorderIonized calcium concentration, 107

See also HypocalcemiaIron

dextran, 342hemodialysis patients and, 342gluconate, 342

measurement, serum, 300sucrose, 342See also Anemia

Ischemic ATN, 181, 184Isotonic saline, 6, 56

for ARF, 175, 199for septic shock, 199for rhabdomyolysis, 175

Isotonic sodium chloride for AKI in tumorlysis syndrome, 198

Isotonic urine, 32–33ITGN, see Immunotactoid glomerulonephritisIvemark syndrome, 232IVIG therapy, 371

See also Renal transplantationIVU, see Intravenous urography (IVU)

Jaundice, 16Jaw Tumor syndrome, hyperparathy-

roidism, 222Jeune syndrome, 231–232

See also Renal failureJoint National Committee VII(JNC-7), BP

goals recommended by, 146Juvenile nephronophthisis (JNPH),

229, 232Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 279

Katexalate, 22See also Hyperkalemia

Ketoacidosis, 18, 88alcoholic, 71, 84diabetic, 55, 60starvation, 71

Ketonemia, 89Ketones, serum, 89Kidney cysts, 233Kidney dysplasia, 303Kidney stone, 111, 137, 141–143, 209

ascorbate and, 143cystine, 210indinavir use and, 139See also Nephrolithiasis

Kidney stone formation, 132, 282dietary calcium intake and, 142hypercalciuria and, 139indinavir and, 282recurrent calcium oxalate stone and,

137–138urinary calcium excretion, 138

K-sparing diuretics for Gitelman’ssyndrome, 120

Kyphosis, 70

400 Index

Labetalol for hypertension, 153Lactic acidosis, 49, 55, 71, 84

See also HyperkalemiaLactulose, 64

See also HypernatremiaLanthanum carbonate, 334

See also phosphate bindersLaurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, 232L-carnitine supplementation, 345

See also HemodialysisLDL cholesterol, 278, 279

CKD and, 291statin and, 292

Leadintoxication, 258toxicity, 82

Leflunomide for BK virus-associatednephropathy, 374–375

Left renal artery, stenting of, 158See also Hypertension

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), 309anemia treatment and, 301, 303, 309hypertension, 157

Leiomyomas, 207Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 235–236Leukemia, 123

acute lymphocytic, 19hypercalcemia and, 123

Levothyroxine sodium, 45Lglyceric acid excretion, urinary, 209Licorice

hypokalemia and, 5ingestion, 12–13, 47, 85

Liddle’s syndrome, 13, 40, 85, 213–214, 228amiloride and, 42cortisol to cortisone ratio measurement, 43genetic testing for, 43hypertension and, 52, 157hypokalemia and, 42sodium channel defects, 228See also Hypokalemia

Lipoproteinlow-density (LDL), 278x cholesterol, 17

Liposarcoma, 281See also Renal angiomyolipoma

Lisinopril, RCN and, 181Lithium therapy, urine concentration

and, 23Lithotripsy, 100

See also Idiopathic hypercalciuriaLiver disease, 59, 106–107

See also Lung disease; Renal disease

Liver transplantationhepatorenal syndrome and, 194metabolic alkalosis and, 23See also Renal transplantation

LMX1B transcription factor, 201Loop diuretics, 54

for CKD, 294in ARF, 168

Loop of Henle, 211Lorazepam, 54, 55Losartan for IgA nephropathy, 267Low density lipoprotein, see LDL cholesterolLow solute intake, 28Lowe syndrome, 218

Fanconi syndrome and, 217, 226x-linked disorders, 226

Lower and upper extremities, weaknessof, 8

Low-protein diets, CKD and, 310Ludiomil, 31Lung disease

acid-base disturbance and, 90chronic, 90chronic obstructive, 35SIDH with, 27See also Renal disease

Lupus erythematosus, systemic, 244, 259Lupus nephritis, 244–245, 353

azathioprine for, 246cyclophosphamide for, 246epidemiological features, 244–245intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide

for, 245IV cyclophosphamide for, 246maintenance therapy for, 246mycophenolate mofetile (MFF)

for, 246See also Nephritis

Lupus, membranous, 276LVH, see Left ventricular hypertrophyLymphadenopathy, 50Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s, 195, 198Lymphoproliferative disease, 261

See also Glomerulonephritis

Magnesiumexcretion, 118hypocalcemia, 103, 121hypomagnesemia and, 118intravenous, 103levels

plasma, 121serum, 103, 117

Index 401

oral, 120urinary, 118wasting, renal, 118See also Gitelman’s syndrome

Magnesium wasting, renal, 118Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 156

See also HypertensionMa-Huang

ARF and, 178extract, 137See also Nephrolithiasis

Maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis, 246Malabsorption, low calcidiol levels and,

106, 107Malignant hyperthermia, 50

See also HyperkalemiaMannitol

ARF and, 190, 199–200for acute brain injury-associated ARF,

199–200for ARF, 175RCN and, 173

Maprotiline hydrochloride, 31Maturity-onset diabetes of the young Type 5,

see MODY5Maximally dilute urine excretion, 11

See also Fluid and electrolyte disordersMCKD, JNPH and, 229Meat, phosphorus in, 319Mediastinal tumor, 66Medullary cystic kidney disease, 215, 221Medullary sponge kidney (MSK), 133, 233Melena, 83Mellaril, 30–31Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

(MPGN), 240, 265, 283ACE inhibitor for, 240SLE, 284Type I, 252, 263

Membranous glomerulonephritis, 244ACE inhibitor for, 244statin for, 244

Membranous lupus, 276See also Nephritic syndrome

Membranous nephropathy, 244, 248,249, 264

globulinuria and, 260idiopathic, 260IgG excretion and, 260microglobulin and, 260proteinuria in, 260renal biopsy and, 249See also Nephropathy

Mesangial immune deposits, 249Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephri-

tis, 238Metabolic acidosis, 72, 75, 77–78, 82, 84

anion gap (AG), 55, 71, 75AG-type, 92anion gap, 79, 80, 87genetic disorder and, 227hyperkalemic hyperchloremic, 228mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory

alkalosis, 89mixed respiratory alkalosis, metabolic

alkalosis, and, 88uncomplicated, 92See also Respiratory acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis, 2, 3, 16, 47, 72–74,76–78, 82, 94

See also Respiratory alkalosisafter liver transplantation, 23and respiratory acidosis, mixed, 87fluid and electrolyte disorders and, 1hypochloremic, 89hypokalemic, 47, 54, 52, 85, 117mixed metabolic acidosis, respiratory

alkalosis, and metabolic alkalosis, 88post hypercapnic, 54uncomplicated, 81, 93

Metabolic work-up, 127–128See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis

Methanolintoxication, 84levels, 16See also Acid-base disturbances

Methemoglobinemia, rasburicase therapyand, 135

Methylprednisolonefor familial FSGS, 212for IgA nephropathy, 267for pulmonary hemorrhage, 271IV, 239

Metolazone, 14Metoprolol, 49MFF, see Mycophenolate mofetileMicroalbuminuria, 148, 150, 152, 162–163Microangiopathy, thrombotic, 273–274Microglobulin

and membranous nephropathy, 260alfa-1, 260

Microhematuria, 221Microscopic hematuria, renal biopsy

and, 248Midodrine for hepatorenal syndrome, 59,

191, 194

402 Index

Mineral acidosis, 61Mineralocorticoid, 5, 19

apparent, 5, 40, 42excess, 40

Mineralocorticoid excess syndrome,hypokalemia and, 41

Mitochondrial tRNA gene, 202Mixed metabolic acidosis

and respiratory alkalosis, 89respiratory alkalosis, metabolic alkalosis

and, 88See also Metabolic acidosis

MODY5, 202Mortality rates (hemodialysis patients), 347MPGN, see Membranoproliferative

glomerulonephritisMRA, see Magnetic resonance angiographyMRI

for ADPKD, 205for oncogenic osteomalacia, 110–111

MSK, see Medullary sponge kidneyMucormycosis, 317Multicystic kidney disease, 233Mupirocin for ANCA-associated

vasculitis, 258Muscle weakness, 108, 117, 121

FGF-23, 320hemodialysis patients and, 317See also Hypophosphatemia; osteomalacia

Mycophenolate mofetile (MMF)for ANCA-associated vasculitis, 258for graft survival, 357, 358for hyperlipidemia, 360for lupus nephritis, 246oral, 264post-transplantation anemia and, 357

Myelinolysiscerebral pontine, 21cortisol and, 56

MYHIIA protein, 201Myoinositol

hyponatremia and, 62levels, brain, 61

Myopathyproximal, 320zidovudine and, 167

NAC, see N-acetylcysteinN-acetylcysteamine and RCN, 183N-acetylcystein (NAC), 173

RCN and, 173Na-Cl co-transporter defect, 120

See also Gitelman’s syndrome

Nail-patella syndrome, 201See also Hearing loss

Natriuresis, excessive, 46Navane, 31NBC1 mutations, 216NCCT gene mutations, 215Necrosis, acute tubular, 284Neonate, 213Neoplasia, endocrine, 223Neosynephrine, 49Nephrectomy, renal angiomyolipoma, 281Nephrin, 230Nephritic syndrome, 72, 79, 251,

274, 297celecoxib and, 263congenital, 234familial FSGS following renal transplanta-

tion, 212idiopathic, 224in children, 290, 291IV cyclosporine for, 276membranous lupus and, 276oral cyclophosphamide for, 264oral prednisone for, 264, 276podocin mutations and, 207protein-to-creatinine ratios, 291steroid sensitive, 264steroid-resistant, 274steroid-sensitive idiopathic, 237See also Nephritis; Nephrotic syndrome

Nephritisacute interstitial, 280flares, 245hereditary, 201, 221interstitial, 83, 95, 113, 241, 251,

263, 280lupus, 244–245, 353tuberculous, 139

Nephrocalcinosis, 113, 114, 134,209, 210

FHHNC, 211genetic disorders, 211hypomagnesemia and, 226, 227renal failure and, 113See also Nephrolithiasis

Nephrocystin, 229Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 19Nephrolithiasis, 97

ammonium excretion and, 132–133calcium oxalate, see Calcium oxalate

nephrolithiasiscalcium stone disease, 128–129cystinuria and, 136

Index 403

dietary sodium restriction and,128–129

heritability of, 142hypocalciuria and, 132hypocitraturia and, 132indiavir, 282noncontrast-enhanced helical CT scan

for, 125oral acid load and, 132–133recurrent, 133, 138, 144recurrent urolithiasis, 138uric acid, 217water intake and, 128–129X-linked hypercalciuric, 209See also Nephrocalcinosis; Nephropathy;

Nephrotic SyndromeNephron suicide, 297Nephronophthisis, 232–233

familial juvenile, 232JNPH, 229kidney failure and, 221

Nephropathyacute contrast, 182acute uric acid, 195analgesic, 308BK virus-associated, 374, 375C1q, 268Chinese herb, 178diabetic, 302familial juvenile hyperuricemic, 215herbal medicine and, 251HIV associated, 185, 249–250, 276HIVAN, 277hypercalcemic, 113ibuprofen and, 251idiopathic membranous, 260IgA, 240–241, 246, 266–267, 278, 282–283,

292–293IgM, 253in SLE, 259indinavir and, 139membranous, 244, 249, 260, 264proteinuric, 139radio contrast nephropathy (RCN),

173, 181TBMD, 249thin basement membrane, 266tubulointerstitial, 202uric acid, 236See also Nephrotic syndrome

Nephrosclerosis, hypertensive, 290Nephrotic syndrome, 212, 230

congenital, 230

idiopathic, 238proteinuria and, 245See also Nephritic Syndrome; Nephrocalci-

nosis; Nephronophthisis;NephropathyNephrotoxicity

aminoglycoside, 174ATN, 178tenofovir, 185

Nesiritide infusion, ARF and, 190Neurocutaneous syndrome, 233Neurologic disorders, 82Neurotoxicity in uremic patients, 338

See also NephrotoxicityNKF K/DOQI guidelines

bone metabolism, 327PTH and, 331

Non-calcium-containing phosphate binders forCKD, 304

See also Phosphate bindersNoncontrast-enhanced helical CT

scanning, 125See also Nephrolithiasis

Non-diabetic kidney disease, 293ACE inhibitor for, 293angiotensin II for, 293dietary protein restriction, 299See also Renal transplantation

Nondippers, 151See also Cardiovascular risk

Non-edematous patient, hyponatremiaand, 31

Non-heart beating donors, 366See also Heart beating donors

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 195, 198Nonhypotonic hyponatremia, 17, 21

See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders;Hypotonic hyponatremia

Non-reabsorbable anion, 54See also Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAID), 308

for CKD, 308for Type 1 diabetes mellitus, 308

Non-thrombocytopenic purpura, 253Norepinephrine

administration, 4for ARF, 196

Normovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia, 38NPH-1 gene, 229NPH-2 gene, 229NPH-3 gene, 229NPH-4 gene, 230

404 Index

NPHS-1 gene, 230See also Nephritic syndrome

NPHS2 gene mutationsFSGS and, 224steroid-resistant nephritic syndrome

and, 274NSAID, see Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

drugs

Obesity-related glomerulopathy, 242Obstructive hydronephrosis, 95Obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic,

15, 34Obtundation, 35, 62, 86Octreotide

for ARF, 183for hepatorenal syndrome, 59, 191, 194labeled with indium-111, 110–111

OFD, see Oro-facial-digital (OFD) syndromeOffice hypertension, 158Oliguria, 4, 94Oncogenic osteoblastoma, 122Oncogenic osteomalacia, 109–110, 122

calcitriol level and, 110MRI for, 110–111(OH)2 vitamin D treatment, 110–111oral phosphate treatment, 110–111phosphatonins and, 110scintigraphy for, 110–111

Oolong tea, 137Ophthalmoscopy, indirect, 107Oral acid load, 132–133

See also NephrolithiasisOral ammonium chloride, 15Oral calcium supplements, 141Oral corticosteroids for SLE, 259Oral cyclophosphamide

for IgA nephropathy, 246, 247for nephritic syndrome, 264

Oral cyclosporine for glucosteroids, 243Oral fluid intake, 126

See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasisOral magnesium for Gitelman’s syndrome, 120Oral mycophenolate mofetile (MMF) for

steroid sensitive nephritic syndrome, 264Oral phosphate treatment, 110–111

See also Oncogenic osteomalaciaOral prednisone

for IgA nephropathy, 246, 247for nephritic syndrome, 264, 276for proteinuria, 276

Oral surgery, 24Ornipressin for ARF, 183

Oro-facial-digital (OFD) syndrome, 202Osmolality

plasma, 17serum, 92urine, 34

Osmolar clearance, electrolyte, 33Osmolar gap, 92Osmostat, reset, 27–28Osmotic diuresis

due to protein catabolism, polyuria and,19, 20

hypernatremia, 44Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 305Osteoblastoma, oncogenic, 122Osteodystrophy

hemodialysis patients and, 317renal, 313

Osteomalacia, 108, 305hypophosphatemia and, 108oncogenic, 109–110, 122

Osteoporosis, 101, 108, 141dietary protein intake and, 143hypercalciuria and, 142

Overweight, hypertension and, 148Oxalate

diet, low, 115excretion, 128See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis;

HypercalcemiaOxalosis, systemic, 209Oxcabazepine, 25–26

See also Hyponatremia

Packed red blood cells transfusion,196, 199

Pain, SIADH associated with, 25–26Pamidronate

for collapsing FSGS, 263for hypercalcemia, 112

P-ANCA, see Peripheral ANCAPancreas transplantation, 354–355Pancreatitis

acute, 341–342chronic, 179

Panel reactive antibody (PRA), 353, 363Panhypopituitarism, 45Paracellin gene mutations, 97

See also Gene mutations; HypomagnesaemiaParacellin-1

function defects, 226mutations, 210

Paracentesis, abdominal decompressionby, 177

Index 405

Paralysishypokalemic periodic, 8, 9, 47, 51, 80thyrotoxic periodic, 9

Parathyroidgland hyperplasia and, 326hormone, see PTHtissue, transplantation of, 322

Parathyroidectomyfor hyperparathyroidism, 315, 316hemodialysis patients and, 318, 322, 328hypercalcemia and, 98, 318hyperparathyroidism and, 322hyperphosphatemia and, 318in RRT, 315

Paravirus B19, post-transplantation anemiaand, 357

Paricalcitol therapy, hemodialysis patientsand, 332

Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulone-phritis, 265

PCO2, 76, 77PCP, see Pneumocystis pneumoniaPCR, qualitative, 358PEEP, see Positive end-expiratory pressurePenicillamine for cystinuria, 210Pentamidine, potassium concentration and, 49Peripheral ANCA (p-ANCA), 269Perirectal abscess, 49Peritoneal dialysis (PD)

CRRT and, 182dextrose and, 349hemoglobin (Hb) level and, 351icodextrin for, 349–351See also Hemodialysis

Peritonitisbacterial, 59spontaneous bacterial, 32

Persistent isolated hematuria, 266See also Hematuria

PEX gene activity, 121See also X-linked hypophosphatemia

(X-LH)PH

alkaline, 72arterial, 69–70, 74blood, 84urine

acidic, 2alkaline, 2nephrolithiasis and, 132

Phe152Ile mutations, 144Phenotype match, 371

See also Renal transplantation

Phenylephrine, 49–50See also Hyperkalemia

Phenytoin, 65Phosphatase, alkaline, 105

See also HypocalcemiaPhosphate

cinacalcet and, 329collection, urine, 109excretion and hyperparathyroidism, 109oral, 110–111phosphate wasting, renal, 318serum, 327wasting, renal, 318See also Hypophosphatemia; Phosphorous

Phosphate binderscalcium containing, 319, 320CKD and, 304, 330hemodialysis patients and, 314lanthanum carbonate as, 334PTH and, 327Sevelamer as, 333

Phosphatonin, 122FG23, 110oncogenic osteomalacia and, 110renal phosphate wasting and, 318

Phosphokinase, creatinine, 175Phosphorous

dietary, 319in meat, 319serum, 305See also Phosphate

Pituitary tumor, 58PKD, see Polycystic kidney diseasePKHD1 gene mutations, 203Plasma aldosterone, 17

hypokalemia and, 41renin ratio and, 164See also Hypertension

Plasma ammonia, 21Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), 57Plasma bicarbonate concentration, 4, 92Plasma cortisol level, 16Plasma exchange

ANCA-associated vasculitis and, 255for pulmonary hemorrhage, 271vWF-cleaving protease activity and, 223

Plasma luteinizing hormone, 17Plasma magnesium level, 121

See also HypocalcemiaPlasma osmolality, 17Plasma sodium (PNa) concentration, 1, 29–30

raising of, 35SIADH and, 35

406 Index

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), 363See also Renal transplantation

Podocin mutations, 207, 224FSGS and, 212, 368nephritic syndrome and, 207steroid-resistant nephritic syndrome

and, 274Polyangiitis, 247, 271

ANCA-positive, 247Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), 233, 295

See also Chronic kidney disease (CKD)ACE inhibitors for, 296hematuria and, 295PKD1

ADPKD and, 205mutations, 203

PKD2ADPKD and, 205mutations, 203

therapy, 295Polycystin-1 gene mutations, 219Polycystin-2 gene mutations, 219Polydactyly, 232Polydipsia, 60

primary, 11, 32psychogenic, 31, 32vasopressin levels and, 56

Polyoma virus infection, 373Polyoma virus nephropathy, post-transplantat,

373–374Polyuria, 13, 19, 45, 58, 60, 210

genetic disorders, 211hypercalcemia and, 112–113osmotic diuresis due to protein catabolism,

19–20vasopressin levels and, 56See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Pontine myelinolysis, 21Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 196Postoperative arterial fibrillation, 184Postoperative SIADH associated with pain,

25–26Post-renal transplant hypophosphatemia, 318Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), 359

calcineurin inhibitors for, 360corticosteroids for, 360tacrolimus for, 360

Post-transplant glomerulonephritis,218–219

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease(PTLD), 353

Post-transplantation anemia, 357ACE-inhibitors and, 357

ARB and, 357mycophenolate mofetile and, 357

Potassiumconcentration

dialysate, 346pentamidine and, 49serum, 48, 117urine, 39, 51

dietaryhypertension and, 148

excretion, 39–40gradient, transtubular, 81hyperkalemia and, 50, 53hypernatremia and, 64hypertension and, 155

dietary potassium, 148supplementation, 156

hypokalemia and, 39hypokalemic periodic paralysis and, 9levels

diabetic ketoacidosis and, 61hypertension and, 165mineral acidosis and, 61

loss, GI tract, 40renal, 47urinary, 1, 47–48, 51wasting, 51, 74, 89

Potassium chloride, 2See also Diuretics

Potassium citrate, 128–129, 140for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, 130for nephrolithiasis, 128–129

Potassium wasting, renal, 51, 74, 89PRA, see Panel reactive antibodyPRCA, see Pure red blood cell aplasiaPrednisone, 243

ANCA-associated vasculitis and, 255,271–272

for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, 239for IgA nephropathy, 267oral, 246–247, 255, 264, 267, 276

Preemptive renal transplantation, 362Prerenal azotemia, 181, 188, 191

ARF and, 191furosemide-induced, 188

Pressure monitoring, abdominal compartmentsyndrome and, 177

See also BP controllingPrimary hyperaldosteronism, 40–41,

85, 213Primary hyperoxaluria, 134, 144

genetic testing of, 208renal failure and, 134

Index 407

Type 1 (PH1), 209Type 2 (PH2), 209

Primary hyperparathyroidism, 98, 114,116, 123

Primary polydipsia, 11, 32PRKCSH mutations, 203Procollagen-icarboxy-terminal propeptide, 317

See also BoneProlixin, 30–31Prophylactic bisphosphonate treatment for

bone loss, 325Prophylaxis against dialysis catheter-related

bacteremia, 347–348Propofol

causing ARF, 186infusion syndrome, 186

Propranolol, 9–10See also Hypokalemic periodic paralysis

Propylene glycol toxicity, 55See also Acid-base disturbances

Proteimuria, 251Protein

catabolism, osmotic diuresis due to, 19, 20dietary, 98, 143

calcium metabolism and, 98low-protein, 310restriction, 299

Protein-to-creatinine ratiosnephritic syndrome and, 291proteinuria and, 291

Proteinuria, 139, 159, 217, 221, 243, 248, 252ACEI/ARB for, 269BP and, 309Dent’s disease and, 209erythropoietin therapy and, 300FSGS and, 262hematuria without, 225IgA nephropathy and, 267, 269, 283in children, 290, 291IV cyclosporine for, 276membranous nephropathy and, 260nephrotic syndrome, 245oral prednisone for, 276protein-to-creatinine ratios and, 291reduction

ACE inhibitor for, 256ARB for, 256

renal disease progression and, 298renal failure in FSGS and, 262

Proteinuric nephropathy, 139Proximal myopathy, 320Proximal RTA, 80, 81, 217, 227

See also Distal RTA

Pruritis, 16Pseudohyperaldosteronism, 157

See also PseudohypoaldosteronismPseudohyperkalemia, 53

See also PseudohyponatremiaPseudohypoaldosteronism

Type I, 53autosomal dominant, 213–215autosomal recessive, 213

Type II, 12, 213See also Pseudohyperaldosteronismc

Pseudohypocalcemia, gadolinium-induced, 99Pseudohyponatremia, 16–17, 26, 28

hyperlipidemia, 26hyperproteninemia, 26

Psychogenic polydipsia, 31–32See also Hyponatremia

PTDM, see Post-transplant diabetesmellitus

PTH (parathyroid hormone)assays, 330expression regulator, 326granulomatous disease and, 114hemodialysis patients and, 330–331hypercalcemia and, 324–325hypocalcemia and, 103, 105levels

cinacalcet and, 329calcimimetics and, 328hypocalcemia and, 105primary hyperparathyroidism and, 116

NKF K/DOQI guidelines and, 331parathyroid gland hyperplasia and, 326phosphate binders and, 327plasma calcium concentration and, 326PTHrP and, 324–325secretion

CKD and, 326GFR and, 326

therapeutic approaches for, 326–327vitamin D and, 327

PTHrP (PTH-related protein), 123humoral hypercalcemia and,

324, 325PTH and, 324

PTLD, see Post-transplant lymphoproliferativedisease

Pulmonary diseaseangiitis and trimethoprin-

sulfamethoxazole, 248chronic obstructive, 15, 33edema, 14hemorrhage

408 Index

Pulmonary disease (cont.)cyclophosphamide for, 271methylprednisone for, 271plasma exchange for, 271vasculitis and, 271

Pulmonary embolism, 72, 73Pulse cyclophosphamide, 246Pure red blood cell aplasia (PRCA), 351

CKD and, 352rHuEPO and, 352

PurpuraHenoch-Schonlein, 253, 313non-thrombocytopenic, 253

PYHrP protein, 123Pyridoxine, 144, 209, 144

See also Nephrolithiasis

QT intervaldispersion

dialysate calcium concentration and, 345during hemodialysis, 345, 346

shortening, 112–113See also Hypercalcemia

Qualitative PCR, CMV in renal transplantationand, 358

Radio contrast nephropathy (RCN)angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

and, 181ARF and, 173, 181, 186captopril and, 181celecoxib and, 181lisinopril and, 181N-acetylcysteamine and, 183volume expansion with saline and, 183See also Contrast agents

Radiocontrast administration and ARF, 173Radiographic contrast agents, 348Radiological analysis, renal

angiomyolipoma, 281Radiolucent stones, 137

See also Nephrolithiasis; StonesRasburicase

anaphylaxis and, 135for AKI in tumor lysis syndrome, 198

Raynaud’s phenomenon, 273, 274RCN, see Radio contrast nephropathyRecombinant human erythropoietin

(rHuEPO), 351ARF, 180pure red blood cell aplasia (PRCA)

and, 35Recurrent calcium oxalate stones, 140Recurrent CHF, 158

Recurrent kidney stone disease, 133Recurrent nephrolithiasis, 133, 144Recurrent primary FSGS following renal

transplantation, 368Recurrent urolithiasis, 138Red blood cells transfusion, packed,

196, 199Reduced glomerular filtration rate, 209Referral, kidney failure aspects of delayed, 296Refractory hyperparathyroidism, 321Rejection

allograft, 369antibody-mediated, 370, 371humoral, 371See also Kidney transplantation

Rejection, antibody-mediated, 369, 370Renal acidification, 81Renal angiomyolipoma, 281Renal artery stenosis, 12–13Renal biopsy

acute interstitial nephritis, 280FSGS in, 306HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN)

and, 250membranous nephropathy and, 249microscopic hematuria and, 248steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephritic

syndrome and, 237tubulointerstitial disease in, 306

Renal calcium wasting, 138Renal cell carcinoma, 281, 281Renal cystic disease, 223Renal disease, 10

acidosis aspects, 304ADPKD, 203, 205autosomal recessive polycystic kidney

disease (ARPKD), 203BP goals for, 146calcific uremic arteriopathy, 313cardiovascular risk and, 278chronic kidney disease (CKD), 278COOPERATE trial and, 256diabetic, 299dietary protein restriction and, 299end-stage, 337, 350HIV infection associated, 277hyperlipidemia and, 311hypertension and, 155, 163, 287–290in African Americans, 287, 290indinavir and, 139medullary cystic, 221medullary cystic kidney disease Type 2, 215multicystic, 233

Index 409

non-diabetic, 293, 299polycystic (PKD) , 233, 295systolic BP and, 155See also Hemodialysis; Renal Failure

Renal enlargement, fetal, 222Renal failure, 159

acute, see Acute renal failureacute tubular necrosis and, 284calcimimetic agents and, 321cardiovascular risk and, 160chronic, 231delayed referral aspects, 296divalent ion metabolism and, 321Drash syndrome and, 234ECF volume contraction and, 113from IgA nephropathy, 296–297gene mutations and, 209granulomatous glomerulonephritis

and, 113hematuria and, 241HIV and, 277, 278HIVAN and, 277, 278hypercalcemia and, 113in FSGS, 262Jeune syndrome and, 231nephronophthisis and, 221primary hyperoxaluria and, 134tubulointerstitial disease and, 298See also Chronic kidney disease (CKD);

Hemodialysis; Renal transplantationRenal Fanconi syndrome, 209, 217, 227Renal insufficiency, 217, 221, 308

hyperuricemia and, 135IgA nephropathy with, 246

Renal magnesium wasting, 118Renal osteodystrophy, 313Renal phosphate wasting

cyclosporine and, 318glucocorticoids and, 318phosphatonin and, 318

Renal potassium wasting, 47, 51, 74, 89Renal replacement therapy (RRT), 168, 180

acute brain injury and, 199, 200acute tubular necrosis and, 181ARF and, 170, 182, 187, 190, 193chronic (CRRT), 169CRRT, 182, 189CVVH and, 169for ARF after cardiac surgery, 190parathyroidectomy in, 315timing, 193

Renal risk, hypertension and, 154Renal salt wasting, 53

Renal transplantation, 355acute allograft rejection, 369allograft survival, 365Alport syndrome and, 204antibody-mediated rejection and, 369–371anti-lymphocytic induction therapy and, 356azithromycin and, 365B-cell cross-match and, 364bone disease after, 325, 332clarithromycin and, 364CMV in, 358corticosteroids withdrawal after, 356cyclosporine and, 364–365donor characteristics, 366donor-specific antibodies, 370erythromycin and, 364familial FSGS following, 212graft loss, 369, 370heart beating donors, 366–367hepatitis B patients mortality after, 359hepatitis C in, 359, 372–373HLA-matched kidneys, 361HLA-mismatched, 361humoral rejection in, 371IgA nephropathy and, 240, 241in children with FSGS, 275non-heart beating donors, 366–367pancreas-kidney transplant, 354phenotype match, 371parathyroidectomy and, 316PCP associated with, 363post-transplant

hepatitis C with post-transplant diabetesin, 373

hypophosphatemia, 318glomerulonephritis and, 218polyoma virus nephropathy, 373, 374

preemptive, 362recurrent primary FSGS following, 368shipping of kidneys for, 361skin cancer after, 367sirolimus and, 364tacrolimus and, 364T-cell cross-match and, 364Type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 355See also Chronic kidney disease (CKD);

Renal failureRenal tubular acidosis (RTA), 49, 80

distal, see Distal RTAinherited, 217proximal, 80, 81, 217, 227Sogren’s syndrome and, 81Type-4, 95

410 Index

Renal tabular acidosis (RTA) (cont.)urine citrate and, 81voltage-dependent, 83

Renal vascular hypertension, 156Renal vasculitis

c-ANCA and, 269c-ANCA/anti-PR3 patients and, 269p- ANCA/anti-MPO patients and, 269

Renal vasoconstriction, hypercalcemiainduced, 113

Renal wasting of calcium, 138Renin

activity, hypokalemia and, 41ratio, 164See also Hypertension

Renin-angiotensin–ldosterone system, 145Renin-angiotensin system, 242Reset osmostat, 27

hyponatremia and, 34, 38SIADH and, 27, 28volume contraction and, 28See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Resistant hypertension, 165See also Hypertension

Respiratory acidosis, 72, 76mixed metabolic alkalosis and, 87uncomplicated, 90See also Metabolic acidosis

Respiratory alkalosis, 47, 72–75, 77–79, 85,88–90

mixed metabolic acidosis and, 89mixed metabolic acidosis, metabolic

alkalosis, and, 88See also Metabolic alkalosis

Respiratory distress, 90Retinal hemangioblastoma, VHL and, 206Retinitis

CMV, 107pigmentosa, 202

Rhabdomyolysis, 49, 50ARF in, 175cardiac, 233hyperkalemia and, 49hypokalemia-induced, 178ion metabolism disorder and, 104zidovudine and, 167See also Malignant hyperthermia

Rheumatoid arthritis, 80RhuEPO, see Recombinant human

erythropoietinRickets, 209

HVDRR, 102hypophosphatemic, 109, 217, 320

x-linked, 109, 320RRT, see Renal replacement therapyRTA, see Renal tubular acidosis

Salicylates, 47, 90See also Aspirin

Salineadministration

hypernatremia and, 63–64hypotonic hyponatremia, 65–68

diuresis, 45for acute brain injury-associated ARF,

199, 200for ARF, 175, 188, 192, 199–200hypertonic, 18intravenous, 24, 112isotonic, 6, 175

Salt wasting syndromecerebral, 45, 46hyperkalemia and, 53

Salycilate intoxication, 84SBP, see Systolic BPSchizophrenia, 30Scintigraphy for oncogenic osteomalacia,

110–111Sclerosing cholangitis, ARF and, 194Sclerosis

diffuse mesangial sclerosis (DMS), 234tuberous, 233

Screen, diuretic, 119SCUF, see Slow continuous ultrafiltrationSecondary hyperaldosteronism, 40–41Secondary hypoparathyroidism, 109Segmental glomerulosclerosis, 212, 252Seizures, 3Sensorineural hearing loss, 204Sepsis, 37Septic shock, 4, 198

ARF and, 196, 198fluid and electrolyte disorders, 4–5

Serum albumin concentration, calcium stonedisease and, 128

Serum aldosterone level, hypokalemiaand, 41

Serum bicarbonateARF and, 187concentration, 93, 117

Serum calcium (NKF-K/DOQIguidelines), 327

Serum calcium concentrationcalcimimetics and, 328calcium stone disease and, 128surgery and, 117

Index 411

Serum cholesterolCKD and, 291hyponatremia and, 16, 17statin and, 292

Serum collections measurement, 128See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis

Serum C-reactive protein, low transferingsaturation and, 343

Serum creatinineACE inhibitor and, 162acute contrast nephropathy and, 182allograft survival and, 365CKD and, 294renal failure in FSGS and, 262

Serum electrolytes, 96Serum ferritin, 343Serum ionized calcium, 107Serum iron measurement, 300Serum ketones, 89Serum magnesium, 103, 117

See also HypocalcemiaSerum osmolality, 92Serum phosphate (NKF-K/DOQI

guidelines), 327Serum phosphorous, CKD and, 305Serum potassium, 187

See also Acute renal failure (ARF)Serum potassium concentration, 48, 117

glucose and insulin administration,intravenous, 10

lowering of, 10pentamidine and, 49See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Serum PTH, CKD and, 324Serum sodium concentration, 11, 20, 21,

26–27, 165See also Hypertension; Reset osmosat

Serum triglyceride level, 16Serum uric acid level, 46, 134

See also HyperuricemiaSevelamer

as phosphate-binding agent, 333calcium acetate treatment

and, 330for CKD, 330for hemodialysis patients, 314hydrochloride, 314See also Calcium-phosphate product

Shipping of kidneys for transplantation, 361See also Renal transplantation

Shockseptic, 4, 196, 198vasodilatoey, 4

SIADH, 1, 25, 26, 28associated with pain, postoperative,

25–26chronic obstructive lung disease and, 35cortisol replacement and, 56due to tumor, 29hyponatremia and, 30, 34plasma sodium concentration and, 35reset osmostat and, 27–28symptomatic hypotonic hyponatremia due

to, 67with primary lung disease, 27See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders;

HyponatremiaSickle cell disease, 82Simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK)

transplantation, 354, 355See also Renal transplantation

Sirolimushyperlipidemia and, 360kidney transplantation and, 364post-transplantation anemia and, 357

SIRS, see Systemic inflammatory responsesyndrome

Skinbiopsy, Alport syndrome and, 225cancer after renal transplantation, 367necrosis, hemodialysis patients and,

322, 323SLC4A4 mutations, 227SLE, see Systemic lupus erythematosusSLED, see Sustained low-efficiency dialysisSleep apnea, 151, 157, 158

See also HypertensionSlow continuous ultrafiltration

(SCUF), 190Smoking, arterial BP and, 165

See also BP controllingSodium, 2

channel defects, 228concentration

plasma, 1, 29, 30, 35serum, 11, 20, 21, 26, 37

dietary, 91, 128–129, 349excretion, 46hypernatremia and, 64hypertension and, 148, 155, 165intake, 349loss, hypotonic, 63restriction, dietary, 128, 129serum, 165urinary, 1, 48, 51See also Salt wasting syndrome

412 Index

Sodium (PNa) concentration, plasma, 30Sodium bicarbonate

for AKI in tumor lysis syndrome, 198intravenous, 22

Sodium bicarbonate transporter NBC1, 216Sodium chloride, 35Sodium citrate for calcium oxalate stones, 140Sogren’s syndrome, 81

See also Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)Solute

clearance, 344diuresis, 45intake, low, 28

Sonogram, antenatal, 222Sorbitol, 22Spironolactone, 42

CHF and, 19for ARF, 184hypertension and, 52

SPK, see Simultaneous pancreas and kidney(SPK) transplantation

Splenorenal shunt, ARF and, 194Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 32

See also PeritonitisStar fruit, 137, uremic patients and, 338Starvation

diet, 77ketoacidosis, 71

Statinfor CKD, 278–279, 292for LDL cholesterol, 292for membranous glomerulonephritis, 244for serum cholesterol, 292

Steal phenomena, cerebral, 164Stenting, 158

See also HypertensionSteroid

for FSGS, 243for glomerular disease, 294for pulmonary hemorrhage, 271induced bone loss, 101replacement, 56

Steroid-resistant idiopathic nephriticsyndrome, 207, 224

See also Genetic disorders; Steroid-sensitiveidiopathic nephritic syndrome

Steroid-resistant nephritic syndrome, 274See also Podocin; Steroid-sensitive nephritic

syndromeSteroid-sensitive idiopathic nephritic syndrome

cyclophosphamide for, 237glucocorticoid therapy for, 237renal biopsy and, 237

See also Steroid-resistant idiopathicnephritic syndrome

Steroid-sensitive nephritic syndrome, 264IV cyclophosphamide for, 264oral cyclophosphamide for, 264oral mycophenolate mofetile for, 264See also Steroid-resistant nephritic

syndromeStones, 131

calcium oxalate, see Calcium oxalatenephrolithiasis

heritability, 142kidney, 132, 133, 137, 141, 142, 143, 209,

210, 282cystine kidney, 210recurrent kidney stone, 133

Ma-Haung extract and formation of, 137radiolucent, 137uric acid, 133

Strain, urine, 126Streptococcus viridans endocarditis, 174Stroke

BP reduction and, 164hypertension, 164See also Cardiovascular risks

Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP)study, 292

See also Chronic kidney disease (CKD)Subcutaneous insulin, 22Subungual fibromas, 207Sucrose, iron, 342Sudden death in dialysis, 346Sulfisoxazole, 9Surgery

primary hyperparathyroidism and, 116renal cell carcinoma, 281

Surreptitious diuretic abuse, 1Sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED),

169, 197See also CRRT

Symptomatic hypercalcemia, 112Symptomatic hypotonic hyponatremia, SIADH

and, 67Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic

hormone secretion, see SIADHSynthyroid, 45Syphilis, congenital, 230Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

(SIRS), 4Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 244, 259

antiC1q antibody and, 272–273antinucleosome antibody and, 272–273antiphospholipids antibody and, 272–273

Index 413

antiSm antibody and, 272–273corticosteroids for, 259in African American, 244membranoproliferative glomerulonephri-

tis, 284nephropathy in, 259

Systemic oxalosis, 209Systemic vasoconstriction, dopamine use

and, 179Systolic BP (SBP), 150

DASH and, 161enal disease and, 155

Systolic hypertension, 157

Tachycardia, 51Tacrolimus

for post-transplant diabetes mellitus(PTDM), 360

hyperlipidemia and, 360induced hypercalciuria, 101kidney transplantation and, 364vasoconstriction effect and, 365

Tamm-Horsfall protein, 215Tanning salon

avoidance, 115UV light toxicity from, 114See also Hypercalcemia

TBMD, see Thin basement membranenephropathy

TBW, see Total body waterT-cell cross-match, 364

See also Renal transplantationTenofovir

ARF and, 176, 185nephrotoxicity, 185

Tension-type headaches, 74Terlipressin

for ARF, 183for HRS, 60, 183

Thiazide diuretics, 11BP control, 152for Gordon’s syndrome, 214for hypertension, 149, 150, 162–163for hypotonic hyponatremia, 67–68urine concentration and, 23

Thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl co-transporterdefect, 120

Thin basement membrane nephropathy(TBMD), 248–249, 266

See also IgA nephropathyThiothixene hydrochloride, 31Thrombotic microangiopathy, 273, 274Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

(TTP), 223

Thyroidectomy, 102Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, 9Thyrotoxicosis, hypokalemic periodic

paralysis and, 9Thyroxin, ARF and, 171Ticarcillin, 54

See also Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosisTiopronin, 136TIPS, see Transjugular intrahepatic

portosystemic shuntTitrate, 162, 150

See also HypertensionTobacco smoking, 165

See also HypertensionTooth abscess, 24Total body sodium (TBNa), 30Total body water (TBW), 30Toxic ingestion, 71Toxicity

lead, 82UV light, 114vitamin D, 122

Transcription factor (LMX1B), 201Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

(TIPS), 191Transplanation

post-transplantationanemia, 357diabetes mellitus, 360

pancreas, 355, 354PTLD, 353SPK, 354–355Type 1 diabetes mellitus aspects, 354, 355See also Renal transplantation

Transposed brachiobasilic fistula, 339–340Transtubular K+ gradient, 81Trichodiscomas, 207Triglyceride level, serum, 16Trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole

ARF and, 176pulmonary angiitis and, 248

Trisodium phosphonoformate, 107TRNA gene, 202Tropronin for cystinuria, 210Trousseau’s sign, 77TSC, genetic testing for, 206TSC2 mutations, 203TTP, see Thrombotic thrombocytopenic

purpuraTuberculosis, 76Tuberculous nephritis, 139

See also NephritisTuberous sclerosis, 233

414 Index

Tubular atrophy, 251See also Hypocellular interstitial fibrosis

Tubular necrosis, 95See also Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)

Tubulointerstitial disease, 297–298glomerular disease and, 298, 306fibrosis, 139, 282nephrons and, 297nephropathy, 202renal biopsy and, 306See also Renal failure

TumorSIADH due to, 29benign, 111

Tumor lysis syndrome, 195, 198AKI in, 198ion metabolism disorder and, 104

Tunneled-cuffed hemodialysis, 341Type 1 diabetes, 305

See also Type 2 diabetesType 1 diabetes mellitus

NSAID for, 308transplantion and, 354–355See also Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 1 distal RTA, 96Type 2 diabetes, 152, 301

See also Type 1 diabetesType 2 diabetes mellitus, 22

See also Type 2 diabetes mellitusType IV collagen mutation, 266

See also HematuriaType IV renal tubular acidosis, 53

See also Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)

UHCT, see Unenhanced helical computedtomography

Ulcerative colitis, 132See also Colitis

Ultrafiltrationcrystalloid-induced transcapillary, 349intradialytic hypotension and, 338on PD, 351SCUF, 190

Ultrasonography, 113, 281, 322See also Imaging

UMOD gene encoding, 215Uncomplicated metabolic acidosis, 92Uncomplicated metabolic alkalosis,

81, 93Uncomplicated respiratory acidosis, 90Unenhanced helical computed tomography

(UHCT), 141See also CT scan

Urea clearance, 344See also Hemodialysis

Uremic patientsneurotoxicity in, 338Star fruit ingestion and, 338

Uric acid, 132excretion

and aspirin, 46–47calcium stone disease and, 128hyperuricemia and, 134–135

hyperuricemia and, 134nephropathy, 195, 236nephrolithiasis, 217stone, 133serum, 134See also under Urine

Urinalysis, hypokalemia and, 39Urinary aldosterone

excretion, 74hypertension and, 157

Urinary alkalinization, 210See also Cystinuria

Urinary diuretic screen, 74Urinary electrolytes, 48Urinary Lglyceric acid excretion, 209Urinary losses, hypokalemia and, 40Urinary tract imaging, 140Urine

anion gap, 96concentration, 11

furosemide and, 23hypercalcemia and, 23hypokalemia and, 23lithium therapy and, 23

excrete maximally dilute, 11isotonic, 32, 33pH

acidic, 2alkaline, 2ARF and, 187calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and, 130nephrolithiasis and, 132, 133

See also under Uric acidUrine calcium excretion

calcium stone disease and, 128hypomagnesemia and, 118kidney stone formation and, 138

Urine chloride, 3, 51, 86, 93, 94excretion, 3, 74high, 1

Urine citrate, 80calcium stone disease and, 128renal tubular acidosis (RTA) and, 81

Index 415

Urine collections measurement, 128See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis

Urine creatinine collection, 109Urine electrolytes, 51Urine magnesium excretion, 118Urine osmolality, high, 34Urine oxalate excretion

calcium stone disease and, 128ascorbate use of, 143

Urine phosphate collection, 109Urine potassium, 1, 47, 48

concentration, 51excretion, 39, 40, 85

See also Hypokalemiahypokalemic metabolic alkalosis

and, 85Urine sodium, 1, 48, 51, 284

See also Acute tubular necrosisUrine straining, 126

See also Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasisUrine uric acid to creatinine ratio, 195

See also Acute renal failure (ARF)Urography, intravenous, 141Urolithiaisis

indinavir for, 139recurrent, 138

Usher syndrome, 202UV light toxicity, 114

V1 receptors, 4V2

gene mutation, 11receptors, 4, 56–57

Vaccine recommendations for hemodialysispatients, 337

Vancomycin for ARF, 174Vascular access

See also Kidney diseaseblood flow after angioplasty, 343blood monitoring, 344recirculation, 340

Vascular calcification, 334–335See also Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

VasculitisANCA-associated, 271–272calciphylaxis and, 323EUVAS study group, 272pulmonary hemorrhage and, 271renal, 269

Vasculopathy, calcific, 323Vasoconstriction, 4

dopamine use and, 179hypertension and, 165

renal, 113systemic, 179tacrolimus and, 365therapy and ARF, 194

Vasodilatoey shock, 4Vasopressin, 4, 11, 25–26

AVP, 57hepatorenal syndrome and, 60, 194hypotonic hyponatremia and, 6levels

hyponatremia and, 57polydipsia and, 56polyuria and, 56

receptorsseptic shock and, 4–5VI-receptor, 60

gain of function mutations in, 56–57See also Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Vasopressor effect, 4Vasopressores, 5Ventilation settings and ARF, 196VHL, see von Hipple-Lindau diseaseVision, cellulose acetate dialyzers

and, 339See also Hearing loss

Vitamin Ddeficiency, 109

dietary, 106–107hypercalcemia and, 122

for bone loss, 325hemodialysis patients and, 331osteoporosis and, 143PTH and, 327resistant rickets, 102toxicity, 122

Voltage-dependent distal RTA, 83Volume

contraction, 87depletion, 213expansion with saline and RCN, 183status, icodextrin on, 349

Vomiting, 2–3, 47, 54, 72, 74, 89, 94See also Acid-base disturbances; Fluid and

electrolyte disordersVon Hipple-Lindau disease (VHL), 206

See also HemangioblastomaVonWillebrand factor, 273Von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease

(vWF-CP) activity, 223See also Plasma exchange

416 Index

Waterintake

compulsive, 31nephrolithiasis and, 128–129

hypernatremiawater losses and, 36water restriction for correcting, 30

withholding, hypotonic hyponatremia and,65–68

Wegener’s granulomatosis, 258, 270See also Granulomatosis

White coat hypertension, 158See also Hypertension

Wilms tumor, 230Wilson disease-induced cirrhosis, 101Winter’s formula, 71, 74WNK1 mutations, 214, 228

See also Gordon syndromeWNK4 mutations, 228WNL4 mutations, 214

X-LH, see X-linked hypophosphatemia(X-LH)

X-linked disordersadrenoleukodystrophy, 95Alport syndrome, 219, 225Dent disease, 226dominant disease, 204hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis, 209hypophosphatemic rickets, 109, 320Lowe syndrome, 226

X-linked hypophosphatemia (X-LH), 122

ZidovudineARF and, 167, 176myopathy and, 167rhabdomyolysis and, 167

Zolendronate, 112See also Hypercalcemia