index [link.springer.com]978-1-4613-2101-9/1.pdf · index abdominal measurement, fetal, 263 ......
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Index
Abdominal measurement, fetal, 263 Abortion
immunological factors, 237 teratogen-related, 116
Abruptio placenta, 218 Acardiacus syndrome, 218 Accessory lobe, placental, 215 Acetoacetate, 87 Acetylcholine, 9 a2-Acid glycoprotein, 104 ACTH, see Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Active transport, 224, 226 Adenosine diphosphate, mitochondrial transport, 85-86 Adenosine triphosphate, mitochondrial transport, 85-86 Adipocyte, 189, 190 Adipose tissue, 92-93
brown, 92-93, 312 fetal nutrient metabolism in, 312-313 white, 92, 312
Adolescence, see Puberty Adoption, 186, 191 Adrenal cortex
development, 351 fetal hormone synthesis, 351-354 fetal zone, 351-352 growth zone, 4 outer zone, 352 unilateral ablation, 7
Adrenal medulla, 360-361 a-Adrenergic receptor, 123 Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
adrenal cortex and, 7 fetal,344-346 neonatal,345
Age conceptual, 416 embryonic, 246-247 gestational
determination, 247, 256-258, 401-404 of pre term infant, 416
postmenstrual, 416, 419 Aging, 189, 190 !1-Agonist catecholamine derivatives, 127 Alanine
placental transport, 299, 300 in pregnancy, 295-296
Alanine aminotransferase, 102 Albumin
drug binding, 122, 123 fetal synthesis, 234
Alcohol, placental transport, 303-304 Alcoholism, maternal, 127 Aldosterone, 354 Alveoli, pulmonary
development, 6, 58, 59 Ameloblast, 39, 40 Amino acid(s)
in accelerated starvation, 295 aromatic, 295, 300 in fetal brain metabolism, 310-311 fetal plasma levels, 94-95 functions, 307 phenolic, 100-101 placental transport, 103, 229-230, 299-302
bidirectional, 30 I metabolism in, 301-302
Amino acid metabolism catabolism, 102 fetal, 93-102, 307-308 glycine synthesis, 98-99 histidine synthesis, 98 methionine cycle, 95-96 neonatal, 93, 94, 97, 98-99, 100, 101 in nongravid state, 291, 292, 295 serine metabolism, 98, 99 synthesis in, 93-99 taurine metabolism, 96-98 transsulfuration, 94-95 urea synthesis, 99-100
p-Aminobenzoic acid, 124 'Y-Aminobutyric acid, 97 Aminoglycosides, 125 p-Aminohippurate clearance, 118 a-Aminoisobutyric acid, 299, 301 p-Aminophenol,124 Ammonia, metabolism, 99, 100, 302, 308 Amnion
chorion fusion, 207-208 differentiation, 199
Amniotic cavity, measurement, 247-248 Amniotic fluid
fetal intake, 120, 140, 145
477
478
Amniotic fluid (cont.)
insulin content, 359 phospholipid profile, 89 volume, 145
Amphibians egg polarization, 35 indeterminate growth, 6 regeneration, 17
Ampicillin, 123, 125 Anabolism
enzymes, 83 insulin, 293
Analgesics, fetal effects, 120 Anastomosos, of twin placenta, 212, 214 Androgen, 328, 356 ~4-Androstenedione, 356, 357 Anesthetics, fetal effects, 120 Angioblast, 199 Angiogenesis, 44, 204 Anoxia, cerebral, 88 Anthropometry, fetal, 255-274, 399-400
abdominal, 263 age estimation, 256-258 applications, 267-268 head, 264-265 linear body measurements, 261-262 sexual dimorphism and, 266-267 skeletal development, 258-261, 266-267 thoracic, 262-263 volume, 263-264 weight, 265-266, 267
Antibody(ies) classification, 377-378 colostral, 146 function, 378 transfer, 237
Antidepressants, triclyclic, 121 Antidiabetic agents, fetal effects, 127 Antigen recognition, 377 Antimetabolites, fetal effects, 126 ai-Antitrypsin, 104 Appropriate-for-gestational-age infant
definition, 416-417 growth patterns, 420-454
evaluation methods, 418-420 head circumference, 440-454 sex differences in, 420, 421-425, 427, 429, 430, 431,
432,434,437,439,441,442,446,447,448,451 supine length/height, 431, 433, 434-436, 438 velocity, 427, 428, 429 weight, 420-429, 430
ponderal index, 439-440 Arginine synthesis, 100 Arginosuccinic acid, 99-100 Artery( ies)
mechanical growth control, 10 placental, 202-203, 206-207
Arthropods, regeneration, 13, 15, 18-19
Aspartate aminotransferase, 102 Aspartic acid, 230 Asphyxia, intrapartum, 408 Aspirin, 126 Atresia, esophageal, 145 Atrophy
induction, 7 intestinal, 8 muscular, 9-10 nephrotic, 11-12 of organs, 6 of salivary glands, 11
Autotomy, 13 Axoplasm, 21
tI-cell, pancreatic, 141, 358, 359 B cell, 378
fetal development, 379-380 maturity at birth, 380-381 tolerance and, 386
Basement membrane proteins, 44 Bat, epimorphic regeneration, 16 Beckwith-Weideman syndrome, 328 Behavioral development
critical periods, 181-196 for adoption, 186, 191 of brain, 189-190 genetic factors, 183 historical background, 183-184 for imprinting, 184 of infants, 186-187 for language acquisition, 187, 189, 192-193 for learning, 188-189, 192-193 of nonhuman mammals, 184-186 optimal periods and, 190-193 for primary socialization, 184-187 process concept, 182 systems concept, 181, 187 theory, 187-190 time factors, 183 variation, 183
growth and, 182 optimal periods
for adoption, 191 for intellectual learning, 192-193 for motor learning, 192 site changes, 191-192
as organizational process, 181-196 sensitive periods, 194 vulnerable periods, 193-194
Bilirubin albumin binding, 123 metabolism, 123-124 placental transfer, 232
Bilobate-reniform placenta, 215-216 Biochemical development, 83-113
adipose tissue, 92-93 carbohydrate metabolism, 84-86
INDEX
INDEX
Biochemical development (cont.) circulating lipid uptake, 91-92 energy transformation, 84-86 lipid metabolism, 86-93 metabolic zonation, 85 oxidative phosphorylation, 85-86 protein synthesis, 102-105
Biochemistry, of comparative growth, 138-139 Biophysical profile, fetal, 400 Biparietal diameter
fetal, 251, 264 sex differences in, 267 ultrasonographic measurement, 277, 280, 281, 283,
284,286,287 gestational age correlation, 257-258 in intrauterine growth retardation evaluation, 399
Birds imprinting, 184 song learning, 189, 190
Birth length body height correlation, 173-174, 175 embryonic, 246, 247, 248-249
Birth weight; see also Appropriate-for-gestational-age infant; Low-birth-weight infant; Small-forgestational-age infant
average, 394 catch-up growth and, 174, 175 gestational period and, 67-68, 1~3-134, 135 intrauterine growth chart, 393-398 maternal smoking effects, 409 of twins, 69 uterine environment effects, 68-70
Blacks, intrauterine growth, 397-398 Bladder, urinary
hypertrophy, 10-11 inductive tissue interactions, 39 mechanical growth control, 10-11
Blastema, formation, 15, 18, 19,20,22 Blastocyst
cell number, 71 differentiation, 30, 32
control, 33-35 formation, 27, 29
Blastogenesis interactive events, 35-38 neural induction, 36 signal substances, 36-38
Blastomere during compaction, 27, 29, 32 developmental potential, 29-30 polarization, 34-35 position, 30-31,32 separation, 72
Blood-brain barrier, 88 Blood flow
collateral, 10 fetal measurement, 282 maternal, 222
Blood flow (cont.) placental, 119-120, 222 umbilical, 222 uterine, 222
control, 222-223 intrauterine growth retardation and, 282
uteroplacental, 119-120 Blood vessels, mechanical growth control, 10 Body size
chemical maturity and, 138-139 critical development period, 189 life span versus, 135 organ function and, 21
Bone calcium:phosphorus ratio, 139 chemical maturity, 138 heterochronic graft, II
Bone-derived growth factor, 333
479
Bone growth; see also Ossification; Skeletal development asymmetrical, 260-261 radiographic indices, 259-261 sexual dimorphism in, 266-267 ultrasonographic indices, 260
Bradycardia, fetal, 400 Brain
ammonia toxicity, 100 catch-up growth, 466 cellular growth, 53, 54-57, 63 DNA content, 452 development, 305, 339-400
critical periods, 189-190 head circumference growth and, 481, 452-454
drug distribution, 120 embryonic growth, 251 enzymatic activity, 83 glucose requirements, 293, 294 lipid metabolism, 87-88 malnutrition effects, 54 myelination, 86, 88 nutrient metabolism, 308-311 protein:DNA ratio, 53, 54-56, 63, 103 size, 155 taurine content, 96, 97 volume, 250
Bupivacaine, 124
Caffeine, fetal effects, 126 Calcitonin, 358 Calcium
fetal, 357, 358 neonatal, 357, 358 placental transport, 229
Calcium:phosphorus ratio, in bone, 139 Callus, chondrogenic, 8 Carbamazepine, 124 Carbamylphosphate synthetase, 99 Carbohydrate(s), placental transport, 229, 291, 302-
303
480
Carbohydrate metabolism development, 84-86 hormonal control, 360 in nongravid state, 291, 292, 293, 295
Carbon dioxide, placental transport, 227 Cardiac output, fetal, 222 Cardiomegaly, 58 Carnitine
adipose tissue content, 92-93 brain content, 88 heart content, 86
Carnitine acyltransferase I, 294, 295 Carnitine transferase, 87 Cat, epimorphic regeneration, 16 Catabolism
amino acids, 102 enzymes, 83
Catch-down growth, 174 Catch-up growth, 167-179
causes, 168 complete versus incomplete, 171-173 in Cushing's syndrome, 170, 171 growth hormone deficiency and, 168, 171-173, 176 head circumference, 461-462, 464 hypothyroidism and, 168, 169, 170, 172 illness and, 167-168 in infants, 173-174, 175 malnutrition and, 168, 169-170, 176-177 model,174-178 phenomenology, 168-169 in small-for-gestational-age infants, 454-467
head circumference, 455, 456, 457-463, 464-465, 466-468
nutritional factors, 464-467 terminology, 169-171, 174
Catecholamines fetal,360-361 in starvation, 293 in uterine blood flow control, 222
Cations, placental transport, 303 Cell adhesion molecule, 44 Cell cycles, 32, 70-72 Cell division, 133 Cell fate, during preimplantation, 29-35 Cell number, DNA content and, 53 Cell size, organ size and, 74 Cellular growth, 53-65
brain, 54-57,63 DNA in, 53-58, 59-63 heart, 57-58, 63 liver, 59-60, 63 lung, 58-59, 63 skeletal muscle, 60-63
Central nervous system, mesodermal cells and, 37, 38 Cerebellum, cellular growth, 54, 55, 56-57 Cerebrosides, 88 Cerebrum, cellular growth, 54, 56
Ceruloplasmin fetal levels, 139 maternal levels, 139 synthesis, 104, 144
Chemical maturity, 138-139 Chemotherapy, during pregnancy, 126 Children
adoption, 186, 191 catch-down growth, 174 catch-upgrowth,167-179 drug metabolism, 125-126 fingertip regeneration, 17 liver growth, 60 skeletal muscle growth, 60, 61-62
Chimera, embryonic, 72-73, 74-76
INDEX
Chimpanzee, growth patterns, 156-158, 159-160, 161, 162-164
Chloride, placental transport, 303 Chlorpormazine, fetal effects, 127 Cholesterol
fetal synthesis, 87 placental conversion, 353 placental transfer, 231
Cholesterol esters, 88 Cholesteryl esters, 86 Choline phosphotransferase, 90 Chondrogenesis, 40, 251 Chorangioma, 218 Choriality, 210 Chorioamnion, surface measurement, 210 Chorion
amnion fusion, 207-208 differentiation, 199
Chorionic sac, measurement, 247 Chylomicron, 90, 291, 292 Circumvallate placenta, see Placenta extrachorialis Cleavage
cell position during, 30-33 developmental potential, 29-30 divisions, 27 rates, 70-72
Cleft lip/palate, 126 CLIP, see Corticotrophinlike intermediate peptide Collagen, 42 Colony-stimulating factor, 333 Colostrum
antibodies, 146 growth factor, 141
Compaction, embryonic, 27, 29 Comparative growth, 133-151
adolescent stages, 135, 136-138 biochemistry, 138-139 infantile, 134-135 juvenile, 135, 136 organs, 139-142, 144-146 postnatal, 134-138 prenatal, 133-134
INDEX
Comparative growth (cont.) tissue solids, 134, 136 tissues, 139-146
Compensatory deceleration, 174 Compensatory growth; see also Catch-up growth
terminology, 169-171, 174 Complement, 384 Congenital abnormalities
drug-related, 126-127 of small-for-gestational-age infants, 408-409 teratogen-related, 115-117
Control mechanisms, in differentiation, 27-51 blastogenesis, 35-38 organogenesis, 38 preimplantation development, 27-35
Copper, liver concentration, 139 Corpora lutea, 7 Corticosteroids
fetal,353 neonatal,354
Corticotrophinlike intermediate peptide, 345 Corticotrophin-releasing hormone, 341 Cortisol
fetal, 351, 352-353 placental transfer, 352-353
Cortisol-binding globulin, 352 Cotyledon, placental, 202-203, 215 C-peptide, 359 Creatinine clearance, in pregnancy, 118 Crown-heel length, 246, 248, 249, 262 Crown-rump-extended length, 261 Crown-rump length, 247, 248, 249, 251, 275
gestational age correlation, 257-258 measurement, 282-283 radiographic indices, 261 ultrasonographic indices, 276-277
Crustaceans, regeneration, 13 Cushing's syndrome, 170, 171 Cyst, placental, 216 Cystathionase, 94 Cysteine
maternal-fetal transfer, 103 in proteinsynthesis, 103-104
Cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase, 97 Cystic fibrosis, 126 Cystine
fetal levels, 94, 95 placental transport, 103, 230
Cytochrome P450, 121 Cytokinesis, 32, 34 Cytomegalovirus infection, congenital, 384, 385 Cytotrophoblast, 199, 200, 203
Deafness, drug-related, 126 Dedifferentiation, cellular, 18,20 Deer, antler regeneration, 16, 17, 19 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 234-235, 351-352, 353, 354
481
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 351-352, 353, 356, 357
Delayed development, 154-155 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
brain content, 452 in cell number increase, 53 in cellular growth, 53-58, 59-63 synthesis, 60, 103 tissue content, 53
Depression, neonatal, 127 Development rates, 68, 69 Diabetes mellitus
excessive fetal growth, 287 placental effects, 119 in pregnancy, 295, 297, 315-316
Diabetic halo, 287 Diamniotic placenta, 210-212, 213 Diaphragm, hypertrophy, 9 Diazepam
absorption, 122 distribution, 123 fetal effects, 126 metabolism
fetal, 121 neonatal, 124
Dichorionic placenta, 210-212, 213 Dicloxacillin, 126 Diethylstilbestrol, 116, 127 Differentiation
alternate pathways, 4 control,27-51
in blastocyst, 33-35 during blastogenesis, 35-38
early experiments, 27 enzymatic, 83 of metanephric nephron, 40-43 mitosis versus, 4-5 during preimplantation, 27, 28 proteins in, 5 in regeneration, 19, 20
Diffusion, 223, 224, 226, 227 facilitated, 119, 224, 226, 302-303 simple, 224
Digestive enzymes, 140 Digital hypoplasia, 126 Digoxin, 122, 125 Dihydrotestosterone, 355-356 Diphenylhydantoin
fetal distribution, 120 fetal effects, 126 metabolism
fetal, 121 neonatal, 124
plasma content, 123 Diploid cell unit, 53
heart, 57-58 liver, 59, 60
482
Dogs adoption, 191 behavioral development, 184-186, 191
Dolichocephaly, 446-447, 448 Drug(s); see also names of specific drugs
absorption, 117, 121-122 maternal, 118 neonatal, 121-122
binding, 122-123 biotransformation, 117, 119 distribution, 117
fetal, 120 neonatal, 122-123 during pregnancy, 118
excretion, 117 fetal, 121 neonatal, 124-125 during pregnancy, 118
induction, 121 maternal effects, 118 metabolism
fetal, 121 neonatal, 123-124
oxidation, 121 placental transport, 118-120 receptors, 120-121, 123
Drug addiction, maternal, 127 Dubowitz examination, 404
Ectoderm, induction, 36-38 Electrolysis, placental transport, 228-229 Elementi lahiti, 3 Elementi perenni, 3 Elementi stabili, 3 Embryo; see also Fetus
age, 246-247 chimeric, 72-73, 74-76 compaction, 27, 29 cryopreservation, 33 developmental potential, 29-30 growth profile, 70-72 measurement, 246, 247-250 staging, 245-246
Embryo aggregation, 72-73 Embryogenesis, preimplantation period, 27-
35 Embryonic growth, 245-253
crown-heel length, 246, 248, 249 crown-rump length, 247, 248, 249, 251 extraembryonic, 247-248 foot length, 246, 218, 249-250 greatest length, 246, 248-249 leg-eye distance, 250 limb distance, 250 measurement, 246, 247-250 neck-rump length, 250 of organs, 250-251 somitic count, 250
Embryonic growth (cant.) volume, 250 weight, 250
Embryonic period, definition, 245-246 Endocrine disease, neonatal, 362 Endocrine glands, 5, 7
INDEX
Endocrinology; see also names of specific hormones placental, 234-235 prenatal, 339-376
adrenal cortex, 351-354 adrenal medulla, 360-361 anterior pituitary gland, 342-349 carbohydrate metabolism, 360 clinical correlates, 361-362 gonads, 354-357 hypothalamus, 339-342 lipid metabolism, 360 pancreas, 358-360 parathyroid glands, 357-358 thyroid gland hormones, 349-351
Endoplasmic reticulum, 60 ~-Endorphin, 345-346 Energy sources, neonatal, 90 Energy transformation, development, 84-86 Entercolitis, necrotizing neonatal, 406 Enzyme( s); see also names of specific enzymes
genes and, 183 of urea cycle, 99
Epiblast, 71, 72 Epidermal growth factor, 332, 334 Epigenetic control mechanism, 28, 39 Epinephrine, 86, 361 Epithelial cell, pulmonary, 58 Epithelial transformation, 42 Erythroblastosis fetalis, 210 Erythrocyte
glucose requirements, 293 poietin and, 7 sodium:potassium ratio, 139
Erythropoiesis, 7, 143, 144,204 Erythropoietin, 142-144,333 C,-Esterase inhibition, 104 Estradiol
neonatal, 357 in pregnancy, 297, 356 synthesis, 234-235
Estriol in pregnancy, 356 synthesis, 234, 235
Estrogen in fetal growth regulation, 328 neonatal, 356, 357 placental transfer, 231-232 synthesis, 231, 234-235
Estromedin, 333 Estrone
neonatal, 357 placental synthesis, 234
INDEX
Estrone sulfate, 356 Evolution, of human growth, 153-166 Exchondrocyte, 20 Excretion
drugs, 117, 118, 121, 124-125 fetal, 234
Exocrine glands, 5, 140 Extracellular mesenchymal mattrix, 41-42 Extracellular water, 122 Extremely-Iow-birth-weight infant, 391,406 Eye
growth, 251 indeterminate, 6 mechanisms, 21
zinc concentrations, 139
Fallopian tubes, 355 Fasting state
nutrient metabolism in, 292, 293-295 during pregnancy, 295, 296
Fat accumulation, 189 deposition, 141 digestion, 90
neonatal, 90-91 fetal, 360 during growth, 138, 139
Fattyacid(s) in brain metabolism, 310 fetal, 360
adipose tissue, 312, 313 requirements, 90
free neonatal, 360 placental transport, 231 in pregnancy, 297, 298
functions, 293 long-chain
in brain, 88 circulation, 91 metabolism, 291, 292, 293 uptake mechanism, 91-92
placental transport, 302, 306 Fatty acid metabolism
fetal adipose tissue, 313 muscle, 314
in nongravid state, 291-295 Fatty acid oxidation
in adipose tissue, 93 in heart, 86 in liver, 87
Fed state, nutrient metabolism, 291-295 Females; see also Sex differences
postpubertal growth, 138 Femur, fetal measurement, 282 Fetal evaluation, 398-401 Fetal growth, see Intrauterine growth
Fetoplacental unit growth, 291 nutrient metabolism and, 295 steroid synthesis by, 238, 352, 358
a-Fetoprotein, 104, 144 Fetuin, 144 Fetus.
adipose tissue, 92-93
483
age estimation, 246-247, 256-258, 401-404, 416, 419 amino acid metabolism, 93-102, 307-308 anthropometry, 255-274, 399-400 autonomic receptors, 120-121 body shape, 267 body water, 120 of diabetic mothers, 315-316; see also Diabetes
mellitus, in pregnancy drug effects, 120-121, 126-127 drug excretion, 121 drug metabolism, 121 endocrinology, 339-376
adrenal cortex, 351-354 adrenal medulla, 360-361 anterior pituitary gland, 342-349 carbohydrate metabolism, 360 clinical correlates, 361-362 gonads, 354-357 hypothalamus, 339-342 lipid metabolism, 360 pancreas, 358-360 parathyroid glands, 357-358 thyroid gland hormones, 349-351
erythropoietin activity, 143-144 glucose metabolism, 306, 307, 308 growth, see Intrauterine growth heart
cellular growth, 57 lipid metabolism, 86-87
as homograft, 236-237 hormones, 327-328 hypoxia, 120 immunity development, 377-387 lipid metabolism
brain, 87-88 digestive system, 90-91 heart, 86-87 liver, 87 lung, 88-90
lipoprotein lipase activity, 91-92 liver
cellular growth, 59-61 enzymatic activity, 83
lung cellular growth, 58, 59 maturation index, 89-90
metabolism, 306-308 mineral composition, 138, 139 mitrochondrial coupling, 85-86 nucleic acid synthesis, 103
484
Fetus (cont.) nutrient metabolism
adipose tissue, 312-313 brain, 308-311 liver, 311-312 lung, 314-315 maternal metabolism and, 315-316 muscle, 313-314
oxygen consumption, 227 protein synthesis, 102-105,307-308 research use, 84 size manipulation, 72-77
genetic analysis, 74-76 in pathological conditions, 76-77 preimplantation, 72-74
size measurement, 275 teratology, 115-117 tissue solids, 134, 136 ultrasonography, 260, 263, 264-266, 275-290, 399-400 weight estimation, 281
sex differences, 267 Fibrinogen, 104 Fibroblast, 199 Fibroblast growth factor, 330, 333 Fibroblast pneumonocyte factor, 333 Fibronectin, 42 Fibrosis
cystic, 126 placental,218
Fingertip regeneration, 17 Fish
indeterminate growth, 6 regeneration, 13
Flavin adenine dinucleotide, 233 Follicle-stimulating hormone
fetal, 346, 347, 348-349 neonatal, 349, 356, 357
Foot length, fetal, 246, 248, 249-250, 262 Fracture healing, 8, 20 Fructose, 145 Fructose-l,6-biphosphatase, 85 Fructose-2,6-diphosphate, 84-85 Fructose-6-phosphate, 84 Functional unit, proliferation, 5-6
Gangliosides, 88 Gastric acid secretion, 118, 122 Gastrin, 141 Gastrocnemius muscle, 60-61, 62 Gastrointestinal tract
growth, 140-142 hormones, 141 humoral growth control, 8 lipid metabolism, 90-91 during pregnancy, 118
Gastrulation cell proliferation, 71-72 definition, 70 mitotic index, 73
Genome, totipotent, 27 Gestational age, 247, 256-258, 401-404, 416 Gestational period; see also Pregnancy
birth weight and, 67-68, 133-134, 135 duration, 305 prediction, 256-258, 268
Glands; see also names of specific glands mitotic potential, 4
Glomerular filtration, 125 Glomeruli, formation, 43 Glucagon
in adenosine nucleotide uptake, 86 fetal,359
in fatty acid synthesis, 87 hepatic function, 85 metabolic balance, 293 neonatal,359-360 in pregnancy, 298
Glucocorticoids in fetal growth regulation, 328 for respiratory distress syndrome, 121, 127
Gluconeogenesis amino acid metabolism and, 102 enzymatic development and, 83 fetal,312 hepatic, 84-85 metabolic zonation, 85 substrate, 293
Glucose in brain metabolism, 309 in fat deposition, 141 fetal,360
as energy source, 90 in liver, 311-312 in muscle, 314
neonatal,359,360 placental transport, 229, 302-303
Glucose metabolism in fasting state, 293-295 in fed state, 291, 292, 293 fetal, 306, 307, 308, 315 in pregnancy, 295-296, 298
Glucose-6-phosphatase, 85 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 142 fJ-Glucuronidase, 120 Glutamate, 102, 300 Glutamate dehydrogenase, 83, 102 Glutamic acid, 230 Glutamic acid decarboxylase, 97 Glutamine, 300 Glycerol, 293 Glycine, 98-99 Glycogen
fetal,360 in liver, 311-312 in lung, 314-315 in muscle, 313-314
placental, 229 storage, 291
INDEX
INDEX
Glycogenesis enzymatic development, 83 hepatic, 84-85 metabolic zonation, 85
i31-Glycoprotein, 146 Goiter, 127 Gonad, fetal hormone synthesis, 354-357 Gonadotrophin
chorionic, 203 fetal, 346-349 neonatal, 349
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, 341-342
Graft versus host, 385 Granulocyte, 7 Granulopoietin, 7 Greatest length, embryonic, 246, 248-249 Growth
alternate pathways, 4 behavioral development and, 182 catch-down, see Catch-down growth catch-up, see Catch-up growth cellular, see Cellular growth comparative, see Comparative growth compensatory, see Compensatory growth of embryo, see Embryonic growth of fetus, see Intrauterine growth mechanisms
functional unit proliferation, 5-6 indeterminate, 6 mitosis versus differentiation, 4-5 mitotic potential, 4 regulatory, 6-13, 21
profile embryonic, 70-72 fetal,67-70
rate, 67-68 comparative, 133-138 postnatal, 134-138 prenatal, 133-134 pubertal, 135-138 during suckling period, 134
regularity, 167-168 regulation model, 174, 176-178 as target-seeking function, 167-179 terminology, 169-171, 174
Growth chart, intrauterine, 393-398 Growth curve
catch-up growth, 167-168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177
evolution of, 153-166 adolescent growth spurt, 153, 155-159 delayed development, 154-155 sexual dimorphism, 159-162 skeletal development, 162-165
Growth factors, 77-78 fetal, 329-335, 361
hormonal interactions, 334 insulin-associated, 141-142
Growth hormone fetal, 327-328, 342-343 neonatal, 343-344 nutrient neutralization, 293
Growth hormone deficiency catch-up growth following, 168, 171-173, 176 skeletal muscle growth and, 62
Growth hormone-release-inhibiting hormone, see Somatostatin
Growth hormone-releasing hormone, 341
Hair growth, 140 Hallucinogens, placental effects, 120 Head, embryonic growth, 250-251
measurement, 283-284 Head:abdomen ratio, 279-281 Head circumference growth
brain development and, 418 brain weight and, 452-454 catch-up growth, 455, 456, 457-463, 464-465,
466-468 in twins, 461-462, 464 dolichocephaly and, 446-447, 448 growth velocity, 447, 449-452 intelligence quotient and, 459, 461, 462 measurement, 264-265 in preterm infants, 440-454 sex differences in, 267, 441, 442, 444, 447-449,
451 in small-for-gestational-age infants, 445, 446, 450
Heart cellular growth, 57-58, 63 hypertrophy, 10 lipid metabolism, 86-87 mechanical growth control, 10 protein:DNA ratio, 57-58, 103
Heart failure, fetal, 210 Heart rate, fetal measurement, 282 Height
birth length correlation, 173-174, 175 catch-up growth, 167-179 at puberty, 136-138
Hemangioma, placental, 218 Hemoglobin
blood concentration, 142 formation, 144 oxygen affinity, 142, 226-227 structure, 142
Hemolytic disease of the newborn, 385 Hemophilus inj/uenzae, 387 Hemorrhage
fetal, 216 neonatal, 405-406
Hepatocyte, periportal, 85 Herpes simplex virus, 387 Histidine, synthesis, 98 HLA antigen, 383, 385, 386 HLA-Dr antigen, 384 Hofbauer cell, 204, 205, 207, 210
485
486
Hormone(s); see also names of specific hormones gastrointestinal, 141 growth control functions, 7-8
fetal, 327-329, 334-335 placental, 329, 334 placental transport, 233
Human chorionic corticotrophin, 345 Human chorionic gonadotrophin, 146
fetal, 346, 347, 348, 349 neonatal, 349, 356, 357 synthesis, 105, 234, 235 structure, 235
Human chorionic somatomammotrophin, see Human placentallactogen
Human placental lactogen, 146 in fetal growth, 329 growth hormone interaction, 328 lipolytic activity, 297 in pregnancy, 297-298 synthesis, 234, 235
Hydroxyamphetamine, 123 3-Hydroxybutyrate, 88 Hydroxylase, 351 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reductase, 87 p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 100, 101 11~-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 352 Hyperglycemia, 315-316 Hyperinsulinemia, 328 Hyperkalemia, 303 Hyperphenylalaninemia, 10 1 Hyperplasia, renal, 6 Hypertrophy, 4
of functional units, 6 of heart, 10 nfkidney, 6, 12, 13 of muscle, 9, 10 of salivary glands, II of urinary bladder, 10-11 of uterus, 10
Hyperviscosity syndrome, 408 Hypnotics, fetal effects, 127 Hypoalbuminemia, 118 Hypoblast, 71 Hypoglycemia
neonatal, 397, 409, 466 in pregnancy, 297, 298
Hypoparathyroidism, 358 Hypophysis, posterior, 339-342 Hypothalamic-releasing hormone, 340-341 Hypothalamus
fetal hormone synthesis, 339-342 in puberty delay, 154
Hypothermia, neonatal, 409 Hypothyroidism
catch-up growth following, 168, 169, 170, 172 congenital, screening for, 351 fetal,328
Hypoxia erythropoietin response, 142-144 fetal, 120
Imipramine, 123 Immunity
cell-mediated, 146,378-379 development, 377-390
cell-mediated, 378-379 clinical correlates, 384-385 comparative, 146 immunoglobulins, 383 lymphocytes, 379-383 maternofetal relationships, 385-386 nonspecific mechanisms, 384 specific mechanisms, 377-379 stages, 377 tolerance, 386-387
placental, 236-237 postnatal, 387
Immunoglobulin(s) development, 383 IgA, 146,237,377,380,383
deficiency, 385 IgD, 146, 377 IgE,377 IgG, 144, 146,234,237,377,380, 381, 383,
387 I~, 146, 377, 380, 381, 383, 385
Imprinting, 184, 194 Induction, embryonic, 35-38
nephronic, 40-41, 43-45 signal substances, 36-38, 40 tissue interactions, 39-40, 45
INDEX
Infant; see also Neonate appropriate-for-gestational-age, see Appropriate-for-
gestational-age infant . behavioral development, 186-187 brain growth, 54-56 catch-down growth, 174 catch-up growth, 173-174, 175 of diabetic mothers, 142; see also Diabetes mellitus, in
pregnancy extremely-low-birth-weight, see Extremely-Iow-birth-
weight infant growth rate, 134-135 heart grOWth, 57, 58 liver growth, 60, 62, 63 low-birth-weight, see Low-birth-weight infant muscle growth, 9 premature, see Preterm infant protein synthesis rate, 104 small-for-gestational-age, see Small-for-gestational-age
infant very-low-birth-weight, see Very-low-birth-weight
infant Infarction, placental, 218
INDEX
Infection fetal immunity and, 384-385 neonatal, 387
Inner cell mass, 29, 30, 31 definition, 71 differentiation, 33, 34, 35, 71
Innervation in epimorphic regeneration, 18 muscular system, 9-10 salivary glands, 11
Insulin anabolism, 293 cohormones, 141-142 fetal, 358-359 fetal growth effects, 328 metabolic responses, 295 neonatal, 359 in pregnancy, 295, 297 receptors, 233
Insulin-associated growth factors, 141-142 Insulin-like growth factor I, 361 Insulin-like growth factor II, 329, 330, 331, 361 Intellectual learning, optimal period for, 192-193 Intelligence quotient
head circumference growth and, 459, 461,462 progesterone and, 127
Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, 7 Intestines
atrophy, 8 autonomic receptors, 120-121 humoral growth control, 8
Intracellular water, 122 Intralipid, 92 Intrauterine growth
anthropometric measurement, 255-274 abdominal, 263 applications, 267-268 fetal age estimation, 256-258 head, 264-265 linear body measurements, 261-262 skeletal development, 258-261, 266-267 thoracic, 262-263 volume, 263-264
excessive, 287 growth factors, 329-335 growth studies, 417-418 hormonal regulation, 327-329, 334-335 nutrient metabolism, 305-315 placental control, 21-22 profiles, 67-70 protein synthesis, 102 rate, 133-134 sexual dimorphism, 266-267 ultrasonography, 275-290, 399-400
abdominal, 263 abnormal growth patterns, 286-288 crown-rump measurement, 282-283
Intrauterine growth (cont.) fetal physiology, 282 fetal weight, 265-266, 267, 281 first trimester, 276-277 head, 264-265, 277, 283-284 head:abdomen ratio, 279-281 normal growth patterns, 282-286 second trimester, 277-282 third trimester, 277-282 trunk, 277-279, 284-286 uterine volume, 281 velocity, 427-429 volume, 263-264
Intrauterine growth chart, 393-398 Intrauterine growth curve, 416 Intrauterine growth retardation; see also Low-birth-
487
weight infant; Small-for-gestational-age infant diagnosis, 463-464 etiology, 454-455 evaluation, 399-400, 401 head:abdomen ratio, 279-281 liver, 277 postnatal care, 464-467 ultrasonic monitoring, 286-287 uterine blood flow reduction and,
282 Inulin clearance, in pregnancy, 118 Ion(s), placental transport, 228-229 Iron
placental transport, 228-229 storage, 139
Ischemia, cerebral, 88
Junction, of membrane, 32-33
Ketone body, 87 alanine interaction, 296 in brain, 88, 309-310 fetal function, 315 formation, 295 oxidation, 309 placental transport, 306-30
Kidney atrophy, 11-12 cellular growth mechanism, 5 comparative development, 144-
146 compensatory growth, 6 development, 144-146 fetal measurement, 282 heterochronic grafts, 11-13 humoral growth control, 8 hypertrophy, 12, 13 hypoxia response, 143, 144 induction mechanisms, 40-45 neonatal function, 124-125 prenatal function, 144-145
488
Kidney (cont.) regulatory growth, 11-13 tubule induction, 40
Krebs cycle, 88, 294
Labor cortisol effects, 353 oxytocin effects, 341 vasopressin effects, 342
Lactase, 140 Lactate, 306, 314 Lactogenic hormone, 105 Lactose, 90 Laminin,44 Language acquisition, 187, 189, 192-193 Last menstrual period, 256-257 Lead poisoning, 127 Learning, behavioral development and, 188-189, 192-
193 Leg-eye distance, 250 Lens
growth zone, 4 induction, 40
Leprechaun syndrome, 328 Leucine, placental transport, 230, 299, 300,
301 Leukocyte, 7, 236 Leydig cell, 355 Life span
body size versus, 135 chemical maturity and, 138
Limb, embryonic growth, 251 Limb bud, 40 Limb distance, 250 Limb-reduction anomaly, 126 Lipase, pancreatic, 90, 91 Lipemia, of newborn, 92 Lipid(s)
brain content, 88 complex, 86 placental transport, 230-231
Lipid metabolism in brain, 87-88 development, 86-93 in digestive system, 90-91 in heart, 86-87 hormonal control, 360 in liver, 87 in lung, 88-90 during pregnancy, 296-297
Lipogenesis, 312-313 Lipopolysaccharides, 86 Lipoprotein(s), 86
very low density, 293 tJ-Lipoprotein, 104 Lipoprotein lipase, 90, 91-92 tJ-Lipotropin, 345-346 Lithium, fetal effects, 127
Liver cellular growth, 59-60, 63 endoplasmic reticulum, 60 enzymatic activity, 83-85 fetal
amino acid metabolism, 93-102, 307-308 measurement, 277-278, 279, 282 methionine cycle, 95-96 nutrient metabolism, 311-312 taurine concentration, 96
gluconeogenesis, 84-85 glycogen content, 360 glycolysis, 84-85 humoral growth control, 8 lipid metabolism, 87 mineral storage, 139 oxidative phosphorylation, 85-86 plasma protein synthesis, 144 protein:DNA ratio, 59-60, 103 regeneration, 60 transsulfuration, 94 urea synthesis, 99
Liver function test, 118 Lizard, regeneration, 13, 15, 18
INDEX
Low-birth-weight infant; see also Extremely-Iow-birthweight infant; Preterm infant; Very-Iow-birthweight infant
caffeine effects, 126 definition, 391, 393 fetal evaluation, 398-401
anthropometry, 300-400 physiological status, 400-401 pulmonary maturity, 398-399
incidence, 393 initial problems, 404-410 intrauterine growth chart, 393-398 long-term outcome, 404-410 maternal factors, 126, 127 postnatal evaluation, 401-404
Lung cellular,58-59,63 humoral growth control, 8 lipid metabolism, 88-90 nutrient metabolism, 314-315 protein:DNA ratio, 58-59 surfactant, 88-90
fetal evaluation, 393-399 Luteinizing hormone
corpora lutea response, 7 fetal, 346, 347, 348, 349 neonatal, 349, 356, 357 structure, 235
Luteinizing hormone-releasing factor, 235, 329 Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, 346 Lymphocyte; see also B cell; T cell
antibody identification, 378 fetal development, 379-383 function, 377
INDEX
Lymphocyte (cont.) humoral control, 7 precursors, 379
Lymphocytic system, maternal, 210 Lymphopoietin, 7 Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase, 90
Macaque, growth patterns, 156, 158, 165 Macrocotyledon, 202-203 £l!rMacroglobulin, 104 Macrophage growth factor, 333 Macrosomia, 287 Magnesium, placental transport, 229 Magnesium sulfate therapy, 127 Malnutrition
brain growth and, 54 catch-up growth following, 168, 169-170, 176-177 juvenile growth stage and, 136 placental transport and, 304-305 skeletal muscle growth and, 62-63 small-for-gestational-age infants and, 392
Malonyl CoA, 294, 295 Mammals
comparative growth, 133-151 development rates, 68, 69 growth rates, 67-68 platelet production, 7 regeneration, 16-17, 22 wound healing, 14-15
Mammary gland, development, 45 Marasmus, 418 Mechanical control, of growth, 8-11 Megakaryocyte, 7 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, 140,345 Melatonin, 154 Menarche, adolescent growth spurt and, 155, 158-159 Mercury poisoning, 116 Mesenchyme
aggregation, 4, 142 epithelial transformation, 42 extracellular matrix, 41-42 inductive action, 39, 40-43 proliferation, 41
Mesoderm in embryonic induction, 35-38 neural induction, 36 origin, 35-36
Mesodermalizing factor, 37, 38 Mesonephros, 145 Metabolic zonation, 85 Metabolism; see also names of specific nutrients (e.g.,
Amino acid metabolism) fetal, 306-308
Methionine cycle, 95-96 maternal-fetal exchange, 95 in protein synthesis, 103-104
Microvilli, of pre implantation embryo, 32, 33
Migration, cellular, 41, 43 Milk, human
immunoglobulin content, 383 taurine content, 97
Mineral composition, species differences, 138, 139 Mitochondria
coupled, 85-86 fatty acid oxidation, 93 in heart, 86 nucleotide transport, 85-86
Mitogens B cells and, 380 in fetal growth, 333
Mitomycin C, 76-77 Mitosis, differentiation versus, 4-5 Mitotic index, 73 Mitotic potential, 3-4 Molting hormone, 18-19 Monkey
behavioral development, 186
489
growth patterns, 155-156, 157, 158, 159, 160-164 Monochorial parabiosis, 212, 214 Monochorial placenta, 212, 214 Morphogenesis, 19 Mortality rate, neonatal, 391, 392, 396 Morula
formation, 31-33 microenvironment, 33-34
Motor learning, optimal time for, 192 Mucosa, intestinal, 140, 141 MUllerian duct, 355 MUllerian-duct-inhibiting factor, 355 Multiplication stimulating activity, 329, 330, 331, 332 Muscle; see also Skeletal muscle
growth mechanisms, 4 innervation, 9-10 mechanical growth control, 9-10 nutrient metabolism, 313-314
Mydriases, 123 Myelin markers, 88 Myelination, 88 Myoblast, 4 Myosin, 21
Naficillin, 123 Na+-K+-ATPase,228 Nalidixic acid, 122 Narcotics, placental effects, 120 Natural killer cell, 383 Neck-rump length, 250 Neonatal hyperviscosity snydrome, 408 Neonate
amino acid metabolism, 93, 94, 97, 98-99, 100, 101 drug absorption, 121-122 drug distribution, 122-123 drug excretion, 124-125 drug metabolism, 123-124 drug receptors, 123
490
Neonate (cant.) endocrinology, 339-376 energy sources, 90 fat digestion, 90-91 fat storage, 92 hypoglycemia, 397 infections, 387 kidney function, 124-125 lipid metabolism, 86, 88, 89, 90-91 maturity, 67-68 mortality rates, 391, 392, 396 necrotizing enterocolitis, 406
Nephron growth mechanisms, 6 metanephric
control mechanisms, 43-45 differentiation, 40-43
Nerve growth factor, 234, 332-333, 334 Nervous system
growth control function, 11 muscular system interaction, 9-10
Nesidioblastosis, 328 Neural crest tumor, 126 Neural induction, 36, 40 Neural tube tumor, 116 Neuroblast, 4 Neurological criteria, for gestational age evaluation, 402,
403,404 Neurological maturity, ketone bodies and, 88 Neuron
cellular hypertrophy, 4 indeterminate growth, 6
Neurotransmitter, fetal biosynthesis, 300-301 Neutralizing factor, 37-38 Neutrophil, 384 Nicotine, fetal effects, 127 Nitrogen
conversion to urea, 293 excretion, 293 fetal levels, 102-103 in fetal liver metabolism, 312 in premature infants, 104
Nonvisceralorgans, mechanical growth control, 8-11 Norepinephrine, 361 Nuclei, transplantation, 27 Nucleic acid synthesis, 103 Nutrient metabolism; see also names of specific nutrients
in intrauterine growth, 305-315 in nongravid state, 291-295 in pregnancy, 295-298
changes during, 295-297 hormone interactions, 297-298 placental transport, 298-305
in preterm infants, 449-450, 464-467
Obesity, 189-190 Occipitofrontal diameter, 264, 277, 281 Occlusion, arterial, 10
Odontoblast, 39, 40 Oligohydramnios, 400 Ontogeny, of human growth curve, 153-166 Oral contraceptives, fetal effects, 126 Organ(s); see also names of specific organs
atrophy, 6 induction, 7
classification, 7-13 comparative growth, 139-142, 144-146 embryonic, 250-251 growth-controlling, 74-77 growth mechanisms, 3-6
control, 38-45 differentiation, 4-5 functional unit proliferation, 5-6 inductive tissue interaction, 45 mitotic potential, 3-4 organismal factors, 45 regulatory, 6-13, 21
heterochronic transplantation, 11-13 mineral composition, 138, 139 size
cell size and, 74 optimal,6
teratological agents and, 116 Ornithine, 95, 100 Ornithine transcarbamylase, 99 Ossification, 8, 251, 258-259
sexual dimorphism in, 266 Osteoporosis, 8 Ovarian growth factor, 333 Ovary
development, 355 transplant, 7
Overnutrition, muscle growth effects, 62 Oxidative phosphorylation, 85-86 Oxygen consumption
fetal,227 placental,226-227
Oxytocin, 341
Pancreas development, 141 fetal hormo~e synthesis, 358-360
Parabiosis, monochorial, 212, 214 Paracapillary system, 206 Parathormone, 358 Parathyroid gland, 7, 357-358 Penicillin, excretion, 125 Perinatal period; see also Fetus; Neonate
definition, 417 . growth during, 420-454
evaluation methods, 418-420 Peroxisome, 93 Pethidine, metabolism, 118 Phagocyte, mononuclear, 384
INDEX
Pharmacology, developmental, 115-132; see also names of specific drugs
INDEX
Pharmacology, developmental (cont.) of adolescents, 125, 126 of children, 125-126 drug survey, 126-127 fetal aspects, 120-121 maternal aspects, 118 of newborn, 121-125 placenta and, 118-120 principles, 117-118 teratological principles, 115-117
Phenobarbital absorption, 122 distribution, 123 metabolism, 124
Phenylalanine conversion, 93-94 in phenylketonuria, 101 placental transport, 299, 300, 301
Phenylalanine hydroxylase, 93 Phenylalanine pyruvate aminotransferase, 102 Phenylbutazone, 125 Phenylephrine, 123 Phenylketonuria, 101 Phenytoin, 122 Phosphatidic acid phosphatase, 90 Phosphatidylcholine, 88-89, 315 Phosphatidylglycerol, 89, 90 Phosphatidylinositol, 89 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase, 85 Phosphofructokinase-I,85 Phosphofructokinase-2, 84 Phospholipids
amniotic fluid content, 89-90 placental hydrolysis, 231 synthesis, 87
Phosphorus, placental transport, 357, 358 Physiological monitoring, fetal, 400-401 Pineal gland, 154 Pituitary gland, 342-349 Placenta
anatomy, 199-220 abnormal variations, 217-218 chorangioma, 218 cord insertion anomalies, 217-218 gross form, 199-203 histogenesis, 203-210 at maturity, 199,201-203 membrane formation, 207-208 normal diploid singleton, 199-210 normal variations, 210-218 nutrient metabolism and, 298-299 postimplantation, 199 tissue interactions, 210 vascularization, 204, 206-207 X cell system, 207
blood flow, 119-120, 199,222 classification, 224, 225 drug transport, 118-120
Placenta (cont.) enzymes, 302 fetal growth control by, 21-22 fetal surface, 20 I hormones, 105, 329, 334 maternal surface, 202 measurement, 248 physiology, 221-244; see also Placental transport
diffusion, 119,223, 224,226,227,302-303 endocrinology, 234-235 in fetal excretion, 234 immunology, 236-237 permeability, 226
reticuloendothelial system, 207 vascularization, 202-203 weight, 199,201
Placenta extrachorialis, 214-215 Placenta membranacea, 218 Placental clearance, 223 Placental: fetal weight ratio, 210, 214, 215-
216 Placental transport, 221-234
alcohol effects, 303-304 amino acids, 229-230, 299-302 bilirubin, 232 blood flow control, 222-223 carbohydrates, 229, 302-303 carbon dioxide, 227 cations, 303 chloride, 303 cortisol, 352-353 diffusible substances, 223 electrolytes, 228-229 fatty acids, 302, 306 in fetal excretion, 234 hormones, 233 immunology, 236-237 lipids, 230-231 malnutrition effects, 304-305 nutrients, 298-305 oxygen, 226-227 phosphorus, 357, 358 potassium, 228 proteins, 223-224, 233-234 sodium, 303 steroids, 231-232, 233 thyroid hormones, 350 vitamins, 232-233, 303, 358 water, 227-228
Placentation, 146 Placentitis, syphlitic, 210 Plasma
drug binding, 122-123 fetal
amino acid levels, 94-95 taurine content, 97
Plasma proteins drug binding, 120, 123
491
492
Plasma proteins (cant.) fetal, 104-105
synthesis, 144 placental transport, 233-234
Platelet, production, 7 Platelet-derived growth factor, 333 Pleiotropy, 183 Pneumonocyte, 333 Polio vaccination, 116 Polychlorinated biphenyls, 117 Polycythemia, 10
in small-for-gestational-age infants, 404, 408, 409 Polycythemia rubra vera, 142 Polygonal granular cell, 207 Polypeptides, placental synthesis, 234 Polyploidy, in liver growth, 59 Ponderalindex, 439-440, 457 Postnatal evaluation, of low-birth-weight infants, 401-
404 Postnatal period; see also Neonate
growth rate, 134-138 Potassium, placental transport, 228 Prealbumin, 104 Pregnancy
chorionic molar, 207 creatinine clearance during, 118 diabetic,295,297,315-316 drug effects, 118 fasting state, 295, 296 glucose metabolism, 295-296, 298 hormone-nutrient interactions, 297-298 hypoglycemia, 297, 298 immunology, 236-237 lipid metabolism, 296-297 multiple
anomalous cord insertion, 218 placental anatomy, 210-214
nutrient metabolism, 295-298 changes during, 295-297 placental transport, 298-305
uteroplacental blood flow, 120 Preimplantation period; see also Oeavage
control mechanisms, 27-35 Preterm infant; see also Low-birth-weight infant; Small-
for-gestational-age infant amino acid synthesis, 93 brain development, 418 caloric intake, 428 catch-up growth, 454-467
head circumference, 455, 456, 457-463, 464-465, 466-468
mental development and, 459, 461, 462-463 definition, 416-417 drug effects, 126 gestational age, 416 growth,415-473
evaluation methods, 418-420 sex differences in, 420, 421-425, 427, 429, 430, 431,
432,434,437,439,441,442,446,447,448,451
Preterm infant (cant.) growth (cant.)
supine length/height, 429-441 velocity, 427-429 weight, 420-429.
head circumference growth, 440-454 brain weight and, 452-454 dolichocephaly and, 446-447, 448 growth velocity, 447, 449-452 perinatal period, 440 sex differences, 442, 444, 451
initial problems, 404-408 kidney function, 125 mortality risk, 391 nutrient requirements, 449-450, 464-467 perinatal period, 417 ponderal index, 439-440 protein synthesis rate, 104 structural immaturity, 405-406
Primates, nonhuman adolescent growth patterns, 155-159 delayed development, 154-155 growth curves, 153-165
Progesterone fetal, 351, 353 neonatal, 357 placental synthesis, 234 in pregnancy, 297
Prolactin fetal, 343, 344 neonatal,343, 344 in pregnancy, 297
Proliferation, cellular of functional units, 5-6 during gastrulation, 71-72 mesenchymal, 41 during preimplantation development, 27 of tissues, 3, 4, 5-6 transferrin in, 43, 44
Pro-opiomelanocortin, 344-345 Prostacyclin, 223 Prostaglandins, 222-223 Protein(s); see also name of specific proteins
basement membrane, 44 in differentiation, 5 placental transport, 229-230, 233-234
binding, 223-224 synthesis, 102-105
fetal,307-308 rates, 307
Protein:DNA ratio, 53-58, 59-63 brain, 53, 54-56, 63, 103 heart, 57-58, 103 liver, 59-60, 103 lung, 58-59 skeletal muscle, 60-63
Protein hormones, 235 Proteolipids, 86 Proteolytic enzymes, 44, 91
INDEX
INDEX
Pseudohermaphroditism, 356 Psychoactive agents, fetal effects, 116 Puberty
body height, 136-138 body weight, 136-138 comparative growth, 135, 136-138 delayed, 153, 154-155 drug metabolism, 125, 126 growth rate, 135-138
in nonhuman primates, 159-162 obesity onset, 189, 190
Purkinje cell, 57 Pyruvate kinase, 85
Rabbit, epimorphic regeneration, 16, 17 Radiation, fetal effects, 116 Radiography, offeta1 growth, 258-261 Receptor
adrenergic, 123 autonomic, 120-121 drug, 120-121, 123
Regeneration, epimorphic, 3, 13-20 evolution, 13-15 liver, 60 mammalian, 16-17 process, I 7-19 wound healing versus, 19-20
Renin, 145-146, 354 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, 145,354 Reptiles, indeterminate growth, 6 Respiration, fetal monitoring, 400 Respiratory distress syndrome, 89, 90
etiology, 89, 90 intrauterine evaluation, 398-399 maternal diabetes and, 90 prevention, 121, 127
Reticuloendothelial cells, placental, 199, 207 Reticuloendothelial system, 204 Retina, taurine content, 98 Rhesus monkey, growth patterns, 155-156, 157, 158,
159, 160-164 Riboflavin, 119, 122 Ribonucleic acid, synthesis, 103 Rubella virus, 116, 11 7
Salicylates, metabolism, 124 Salivary glands, innervation, 11 Scheitel-Steiss-Lange, 249 Sebum, 140 Secretin, 141 Sedatives, fetal effects, 116, 127 Seminiferous tubule, 6, 7 Serine, synthesis, 98, 99 Sex differences
in fetal development, 266-267 in nonhuman primate growth, 159-162 in preterm infant growth, 420, 421-425
growth velocity, 439 head circumference, 441, 442, 444, 447-449, 451
Sex differences (coni.) in preterm infant growth (cont.)
supinelength,432,434-437,441 weight velocity, 429, 430
Sex differentiation, 349, 354-355 Sex hormones, 116 Sexual maturity; see also Puberty
species differences, 136-138 . Signal substances, morphogenetic, 40 Silver-Russell syndrome, 174, 178 Skeletal development
anthropometric indices, 258-261 chondrification, 40, 251 embryonic growth, 251 growth and, 162-165 growth zones, 4 radiographic indices, 258-261 sexual dimorphism in, 266-267
Skeletal muscle cellular growth, 60-63 growth mechanisms, 5 mechanical growth control, 8-9 protein:DNA ratio, 60-63
Skeleton, weight, 139 Skin, growth, 140 Skull, growth, 251 Small intestine, humoral growth control, 8 Small-for-gestational-age infant, 391-392
catch-up growth, 454-467
493
head circumference, 455, 456, 457-463, 464-465, 466-468
mental development and, 459, 461, 462-463 nutritional factors, 464-467
congenital abnormalities, 408-409 definition, 396, 408 disease risk evaluation, 396-397 dysgenic, 393 growth evaluation methods, 418-420 hepatic hormones, 360 long-term outcome, 409-410 mortality rates, 392 nutrient requirements, 449-450, 464-467 nutritional, 393 polycythemic, 404 ponderal index, 457
Smiling, 186 Smoking, fetal effects, 127,409 Socialization, primary, 184-187 Sodium, placental transport, 228, 303 Sodium benzoate, 123 Soft tissue, chemical maturity, 138 Somatomedin
fetal, 343, 361 fetal growth effects, 329-332
Somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor 1,329-331 Somatostatin, 341 Somitic count, 250 S-100 protein, 105 Sphingomyelin, 80
494
Spinal cord curvature, 261 myelination, 88
Splanchnopleure, 237 Spleen, heterochronic graft, II Starfish, regeneration, 13, 14 Starvation
accelerated, 295, 296, 298 metabolic responses, 293-294, 295
Steroid hormones fetal effects, 126, 328 fetoplacental unit and, 352, 353 placental transport, 231-232, 233 synthesis, 234-235
Streptomycin, fetal effects, 126 Stroma, histogenesis, 203-204 Suckling
growth rate during, 134 ketone bodies during, 88
Sulfamethoxypyrazine, 123, 125 Sulfaphenazole, 123 Sulfatase deficiency, 235 Sulfatides, 88 Sulfobromophthalein, 123, 124 Sulfokinase, 351 Sulfonamides, 122 Supine length/height, 429-440 Sympathomimetic drugs, 123 Synaptic markers, 88 Syncytiovascular approximation, 206
Tcell fetal development, 381 functions, 378-379 maturity at birth, 381-382 tolerance and, 386-387
Taille vertex-coccyx. 249 Tamm-Horsfall protein, 43 Taurine
developmental role, 96-98 fetal levels, 94
Teeth, formation, 39 Tendon, mechanical growth control, 8-9 Teratogens, 115-117
administration timing, 116 contact duration, 117 critical development periods and, 184 dosage, 116-117 genetic makeup and, 117
Testes cryptorchid, 7 differentiation, 355 interstitial cells, 7
Testosterone in epimorphic regeneration, 16, 19 fetal, 355-356 fetal effects, 126 neonatal, 356-357
Tetany, neonatal, 358 Tetracycline, fetal effects, 127 Thalidomide, 116, 117 Thermogenesis, 92 Thoracic measurement, 262-263 Thrombohematoma, subchorial, 218 Thrombopoietin, 7 Thrombosis, placental, 218 Thymic hormones, 333 Thyroid-binding globulin, 350 Thyroid gland _
fetal hormone synthesis, 349-351 ontogenesis, 349-350
Thyroid hormones in fetal growth regulation, 328 perinatal secretion, 350-351 placental transport, 233, 350
Thyrotrophin, 346 Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, 340 Thyroxine
fetal, 346, 350 neonatal, 350-351 secretion inhibition, 7
Tight junctions, 32, 34 Tissue
comparative growth, 139-146 DNA content, 53 growth mechanisms, 3-6
differentiation, 4-5 functional unit proliferation, 5-6 mitotic potential, 3-4 regulatory, 6-13, 21
inductive interactions, 39-40, 45 Tolbutamide, 124 Tolerance, immunological, 386-387 Total body water, 122 Total intrauterine volume, 281 Toxemia, of pregnancy, 118, 119 Tranquilizers, fetal effects, 116 Transamination, 293 Transferrin
in cell proliferation, 43, 44 fetal synthesis, 104 in inductive tissue interactions, 45 iron binding sites, 228-229 variants, 144
Transinhibition, 301 Transplantation
heterochronic, 11-l3, 21 nuclear, 27
Transsulfuration, 94-95 Triglycerides, 86
fetal storage, 92 as glycerol source, 294 uptake, 91, 92
Triiodothyronine fetal, 346, 350 neonatal, 350-351
INDEX
INDEX
Trophectoderm, 29, 31 differentiation, 34, 35 function, 71
Trophic hormones, 7-8 Trophoblast
description, 199 histogenesis, 203 in immunological tolerance, 236 syncytial, 199, 200, 203 trabecular, 200
Trunk, fetal measurement, 262, 277-279, 284-286 Tryptophan, placental transport, 300, 301 Tryptophan pyrrolase, 101 Twins
birth weight, 69 blastomere separation and, 72 of diabetic mothers, 76 head circumference growth, 461-462, 464 placental anatomy, 210-214
abnormal, 218 Tyramine, 123 Tyrosine
oxidation, 100-101 synthesis, 93-94
Tyrosine aminotransferase, 100-101 Tyrosinemia, 101 Tyrosyluria, 101
UltrasonographY,of intrauterine growth,275-290,399-400 abdomen, 263 abnormal growth patterns, 286-288 crown-rump, 282-283 fetal physiology, 282 fetal weight, 265-266,281 first trimester, 276-277 head,264-265,277,283-284 head:abdomen ratio, 279-281 normal growth patterns, 282-286 second trimester, 277-282 third trimester, 277-282 trunk,277-279,284-286 uterine volume, 281 volume, 263-264
Umbilical artery, 208 aplasia, 218
Umbilical cord blood flow, 222 corticosteroids, 354 fetal looping, 209-210 histogenesis, 208-209 insertion anomalies, 217-218 length, 209, 210
Umbilical vein, 208 Upper abdominal circumference, 399-400 Urea
placental transport, 234 synthesis, 99-100, 293
Urogastrone, 332 Uteroplacental artery, 207 Uterus
birth weight effects, 68-70 blood flow, 119, 120,222
control, 222-223 intrauterine growth retardation and,
282 development, 355 hypertrophy, 10 malformations, 216 volume measurement, 281
Uterus subseptus arcuatus, 216 Uterus unicollis, 216
495
Vascular systems, placental, 202-203, 204, 205, 206-207
Vasculosyncytial membrane, 206 Vasopressin, 342 Ventricle, mechanical growth control, 10 Vertebrates, indeterminate growth, 6 Very-Iow-birth-weight infant, 399
definition, 391 developmental outcome, 409 gestational age determination, 402 long-term outcome, 406
Villi cytotrophoblastic connections, 204, 205 vascular system, 203-204, 205, 206
Virilization, 356 Visceral organs, humoral growth control, 7-8 Vision, critical development periods,
190 Vitamin(s), placental transport, 232-233 Vitamin A, 232-233 Vitamin BI> 233 Vitamin B2, 233 Vitamin C, 233, 303 Vitamin D, 233, 358 Vitamin E, 233 Vitamin K, 233 Volume measurement, fetal, 263-264
Water, body content fetal, 120 neonatal, 122 placental transport, 227-228
Weight embryonic, 250 fetal
estimation, 265-266, 281 sex differences, 267
of preterm infants, 420-429 sex differences, 420, 421-425, 427,
429 at puberty, 136-138
Wharton's jelly, 208, 209 Wilson's disease, 139