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INDUSTRIALIZATIONChapter 25Section 2
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Key Terms
Urbanization Middle Class
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Work in the Home
• Workers produced finished goods and dealt with the merchants
• Merchants delivered materials to the weavers cottage
• Next the weavers family processed the wool
• When finished the merchant picked it up
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Work in the Home
Home workers controlled their schedule
Work faster when they needed money
Work slow to make the highest quality cloth
Could make their own adjustments
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Problems of Cottage Industries• Working at home
had disadvantages– Fires– Floods – Ruin a family in an
instant• Cloth making
required a lot of skills
• Only adults had the physical strength for the job
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Problems with Cottage Industries Typical loom was
6 feet wide and needed strength to operate
Parents fell ill or dies children could not do it
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Working in a Factory
• Divided work into several easy to learn tasks
• Each worker assigned one task
• Children could learn jobs
• Boys and girls as young as 6 worked
• Could pay children a lower wage
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Working in a Factory
• Factory work was dangerous
• No safety protection from the machines
• Worked 12 hour days
• Noise, inadequate ventilation, inadequate food added to hardship
• Lasted the 1700’s into the 1800’s
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Life in Factory Towns
• Whole towns grew up around factories
• Some companies provided housing
• Families in crowded shoddy, close packed dwelling
• Water power changed to steam factories near mines
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Life in Factory Towns
• Thick soot from burning coal blanketed the town
• Smoke sent sulfur and other poisonous gases into the air.
• Smelting and refining factories sent smoky pollution into the air
• England emitted so much pollution it was called the black country
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Life in Factory Towns
• American visitor called it black by day and red by night– Smelting fires
• Some neighborhoods in Manchester only had two toilets for every 250 people
• Disease spread rapidly
• Six in ten children died before age of 5
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Workers in a New Economy
Three levels A wealthy
businessman to invest and own the factory
Midlevel employees to run the factory
Low level employees to run the machines
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Workers in a New Economy
Employers who invested expected to make a profit
Shared little of their profits with employees
Factory workers had little incentive to improve performance
Workers were plentiful
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Workers in a New Economy
Displaced by the enclosure movement
United States, immigrant were happy to find any kind of work
Preferred hiring women and children Men wanted more
money Do not take orders
easily
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Workers in a New Economy
Saw unskilled jobs as inappropriate for men
Factory work was women’s work
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Cottage Workers Unrest
Weavers and other cottage workers trying to make a living
Their items were more expensive
1811 masked workers attacked a mill
Luddite movement-named after Gerald Ned Ludd
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Cottage Workers Unrest
Machines were hurtful to the economy
Put people out of work Luddites burned
factories Smashed machines 1812 movement
spread to other cities Several Luddites were
hanged
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Changing Labor Conditions
British government did not want to get involved in factory problems
Regulating business not their job
Citizens thought the government should get involved
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Changing Labor conditions
Labor unions- organizations that represent the workers interests
Strikes-work stoppages to raise wages or improve conditions
Parliament banned unions and strikes
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Changing Labor Conditions
Pressure from public brought unions back
1832 Sadler Report-describe factory abuses
Britain passed laws Limit working hours
for women and children
Required children to be at least 9 years old
1871 legalized strikes
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A New Class of Worker
Growth of the middle class
Between factory owners and poor factory workers
Several groups essential to a factory Accountants and
managers Engineers, mechanics Selling spread through
the whole economy Middle class increased
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The Manchester Mills
Best and worst of Industrial Revolution
Unhealthy for poor who lived and worked their
Wealth flowed from the factories Money to owners,
middle class Working class
conditions started to rise
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The Mills of Manchester
Business owners made high profits
Erected gracious homes on the outskirts of town
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The Mills of Manchester
Worked under terrible conditions
Worked 6 days a week from 6am to 7 or 8pm
Half hour for lunch 1 hour for dinner
Factory Act of 1819 child labor law