Keith P. Nelson, AIASenior Project Architect
May 19, 2016
Building Enclosure
Commissioning (BECx)
Provider: Intertek
Provider Number: 404108121
Course Number:
2
Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product._______________________________________
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Copyright Materials
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This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written
permission of the speaker is prohibited.
© Intertek 2016
Course Description
While commissioning of many building systems has been around for many years, Building Enclosure Commissioning (BECx) is relatively newer to the design and construction industries. This presentation will provide a primer on the practice of BECx and its benefits with real world case studies and then dive further into the various approaches as defined by industry standards and code.
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Learning Objectives
Upon completing the course participants will be able to:
1. Describe the general function and performance requirements of the building enclosure
2. Describe the process of BECx with an understanding of the potential value the process may bring to a project;
3. Describe the various stages of BECx and the deliverables typically produced;
4. Identify the various codes and standards bodies that have incorporated BECx into them; and
5. Identify and discuss the differences between the application of BECx in the various standards and model codes.
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Audience Survey.
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What is the Building
Enclosure?
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What is the Building Enclosure?
Shelter
Security / Safety
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What is the Building Enclosure?
Aesthetics
Performance
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What is the Building Enclosure?
Durable / Maintainable
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What is the Building Enclosure?
Serviceable / Functional
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What is the Building Enclosure?
The primary function of the building enclosure is to separate the interior environment from the exterior environment usually including the following components:
• Roof• Above grade walls• Fenestration• Below grade walls• Base or Exposed Floor Systems
Enclosures may also include the separation between interior spaces. The building enclosure may contain, but is not the same as, the “Building Thermal Envelope” as defined by the IECC.
What is the Building Enclosure?
13 ASHRAE 90.1-2013
What is the Building Enclosure?
What is the Building Enclosure?
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Why do we care?
• Often overlooked / under-appreciated
• VE process• Lawsuits
• Completely “functional”• Comfort (temperature,
noise, etc.)• Health• Environment / Energy
Usage ($$)• Life cycle / maintenance
costs• Safety (fire, impact,
blast, etc.)• Aesthetics
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Historic Building Enclosure
• Simpler building systems
• Fewer layers
• Master tradesmen
• Apprenticeship training
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Today’s Building Enclosure
• Complex building materials
• Depleted number of Master Tradesmen
• Multi-layer construction / multiple trades
• Thinner construction
• Limited on-the-job training
• Higher expectations
• Schedule Critical
• Cost Sensitive
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www.wbdg.org
Today’s Building Enclosure
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BECx
TestingCalibrationMock-upIAQRoofingGlazingFaçadeWaterproofingMaterial Properties
Thermal Structural SolarSafety SystemsDurabilityFireAcousticsBlastWater / Air
Sub-Discipline Specific Cx
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Performance Categories
• Air leakage
• Pressure equalization
• Water penetration
• Moisture permeance
• Thermal
• Condensation resistance
• Acoustic
• Solar/optical
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• Wind load
• Security
• Forced entry
• Impact
• Blast
• Vibration
• Durability
Hygrothermal Analysis
The study of a system involving coupled heat and moisture transfer. The purpose of hygrothermal analysis is usually to provide sufficient and appropriate information needed for decision –making. The three most common reasons for conducting hygrothermal analysis can be defined as:
1. To Learn- Develop an appropriate level of understanding of enclosure response, e.g. does condensation occur; it thermal bridging significant relative to condensation or excessive moisture accumulation.
2. To Design- Identification and/or avoidance of a performance concern: moisture accumulation, condensation, corrosion, and mold.
3. To Comply- It is becoming more common for AHJ’s, owners, or governing bodies to require hygrothermal analysis.
What is the Building Enclosure?
Control Layers
Building Enclosures are designed to control multiple loadings this presentation will primarily be concerned with the following in order of importance:
1. Water Control Layer
2. Air Control Layer
3. Vapor Control Layer
4. Thermal Control Layer
What is the Building Enclosure?
Water Control Layer (Priority 1)The continuous layer (comprised of one of several materials and formed into planes to form a three dimensional boundary) that is designed, installed, or acts to control the passage of liquid water even after long or continuous exposure to moisture.
• Interconnected with flashings, window and door openings, and other penetrations
• Overlap each other shingle fashion or are sealed so that water flow is downward and outward.
• Goal is to evacuate water from the assembly and away from the building as quickly as reasonably possible.
What is the Building Enclosure?
Water-Resistive Barrier A code (ICC/ASTM) specific term that is often used interchangeably with Weather-Resistive Barrier.
What is the Building Enclosure?
Drainage PlaneWater repellent materials (building paper, housewrap, foam insulation, etc.) which are designed and constructed to drain water. They are interconnected with flashings, window and door openings, and other penetrations of the building enclosure to provide drainage of water to the exterior of the building. The materials that form the drainage plane overlap each other shingle fashion or are sealed so that water flow is downward and outward.
What is the Building Enclosure?
Modes of Bulk Water
Transport
What is the Building Enclosure?
Air Control Layer (Priority 2)Three-dimensional systems of materials designed, constructed, and/or acting to control air flow across a building enclosure, or between a conditioned space and an unconditioned space. The pressure boundary of the enclosure should, by definition, be coincident with the plane of a functional air control layer system.
• Interconnected with flashings, window and door openings, and other penetrations
• CONTINUITY IS CRITICAL• Moisture-Laden-Airflow can carry 100 to 300x’s more
moisture than diffusion over the same time period.• Least regulated within the building code
Variants: Air Barrier
What is the Building Enclosure?
Moisture Transport via Air v. via Diffusion
2/3 Pint via
Diffusion
50 Pints via Air
Flow
What is the Building Enclosure?
What is the Building Enclosure?
Air Infiltration Requirements cfm/ft2 @ 0.3 in w.g. (75 Pa)
Materials(ASTM E2178 or CAN/ULC-
S741)
Assemblies(ASTM E2357/
CAN/ULC-S742, or E1677)
Whole Building(ASTM E779 or
CAN/CGSB 149.15 )
NBC (National Building Code of Canada, 1990)
0.004 -- --
Massachusetts, Minnesota, etc… 0.004 -- --
ASHRAE 90.1 (2013) 0.004 0.04 0.40
USACE(2008); NAVFAC (2011) 0.004 -- 0.25
Washington State (2010) 0.004 -- 0.25
GSA (2010) USAF (2011) 0.004 0.04 0.40
ASHRAE189.1 (2009) IECC(2012)
0.004 0.04 0.40
IgCC (2012) -- -- 0.25
State of Utah (HPBS) 0.004 0.04 0.1
or
Abbreviations: ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and air Conditioning Engineers; USACE - US Army Corps of Engineers; GSA - General Services Administration; NAVFAC - Naval Facilities Engineering Command; USAF- United States Air Force; IgCC – International Green Construction Code
or AND
or
AND
or
© E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company 2014. All rights reserved
or
or AND
What is the Building Enclosure?
Vapor Control Layer (Priority 3)The component or components that are designed and installed in an assembly to control the movement of water by vapor diffusion.
• Vapor diffusion is a linear process of moisture transport through a material
• “Continuity” of a Vapor Control Layer may be significantly dis-continuous (10% +) and still perform as a vapor control.
What is the Building Enclosure?
Water Vapor Permeability (perm inches)the time rate of water vapor transmission through unit area of flat material of unit thickness induced by unit vapor pressure difference between two specific surfaces, under specified temperature and humidity conditions.
Water Vapor Permeance (perms)The time rate of water vapor transmission through unit area of flat material or construction induced by unit vapor pressure difference between two specific surfaces, under specified temperature and humidity conditions.
Permeability (Perm inches) ÷ Thickness (inches) = perms
What is the Building Enclosure?
Vapor Retarder Class (IBC)
ASTM E96 Dry Cup Wet
Cup
What is the Building Enclosure?
Variable Permeance Materials
What is the Building Enclosure?
Thermal Control Layer (Priority 4)The component or components that are designed and installed in an assembly to control the transfer of thermal energy (heat). Typically these are comprised of insulation products, radiant barriers, or trapped gaps filled with air or other gases.
• Interrupted by flashings, window and door openings, and other penetrations
• Understand the Impact of Thermal Bridging (see ASHRAE 90.1- Appendix A)
Variants: Thermal Envelope, Insulation Layer
What is the Building Enclosure?
2015 IECC & IRC Climate Zone Map
What is the Building Enclosure?
What is the Building Enclosure?
Exterior Environment
What is the Building Enclosure?
Interior Environment
ASHRAE 55 Defines “Comfort”
• Takes into account 10 Factors to Determine Thermal Comfort
• Looking for an 80% approval rating
• Relative Humidity = 30% – 60%
• Dry Bulb Temp = 67°F to 82°F
Typical Residential Environments
• 72°F @ 30%RH
• Tdew = 40°F
What is the Building Enclosure?
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Building Enclosure
Commissioning (BECx)
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Whole Building Commissioning
Electrical
Building Enclosure
What is BECx?
WH-ETL MarkDefinition: Process that verifies enclosure performance against the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR) and Basis of Design (BOD)
• BECx standards:– ASTM E2318
– CSA Z 320
– ASHRAE 202
– VDI 6055
Formalization of building envelope consulting practice
What is BECx?
What is BECx?
“Building Enclosure Commissioning (BECx) is
a process that begins with the establishment of
the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR) and
endeavors to ensure that the exterior
enclosure and those elements intended to
provide environmental separation within a
building or structure meet or exceed the
expectations of the Owner.”
What is BECx?
ASTM E2813-2012: “Building
Enclosure Commissioning
(BECx) is a process that begins with the establishment of the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR) and endeavors to ensure
that the exterior enclosure and those elements intended to provide environmental separation within a building or structure meet or
exceed the expectations of the
Owner.”
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Time
CostQuality
Early Project Learning
-Design / Model Reviews
-Minimize Delays
-Tested Mock-upsProcess Pays for Itself
-Minimize Change Orders
-Early Failure Identification
-Reduces Risk/Call Backs
Value Based Service
-Minimize Errors
-Verifies Performance
-End User Focus
WH DLP
What is BECx?
Basic Building Design
MEP(Mechanical, Electrical, &
Plumbing)
On-site Renewable Energy
© E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company 2014. All rights reserved
What is BECx?
Credit: Journal of Building Enclosure Design Summer 2011 “Improvement of Air Tightness in U.S. Army Buildings” pgs. 11-13
What is BECx?
(0.40 cfm/ft2 @ 75Pa)
(0.25 cfm/ft2 @ 75Pa)
Whole Building testing Required
Whole Building testing NOT Required
© E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company 2014. All rights reserved
What is BECx?
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Process that verifies enclosure performance against the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR) and Basis of Design (BOD)
BECx:
• Formal Process (start to finish)
• Based on performance
• More accountability
• Based on real world conditions
Enclosure Consulting:
• Could be only one task
• Based on reducing liability
• Less accountability
• Based on standards
What is BECx?
BECx Process
• Pre-Design
• Design
• Construction
• Operations & Maintenance
Pre-Design Phase
Owner Project Requirements
Basis of Design
Documents the concepts, calculations, decisions, and product selections used in the design to meet the OPR
Initial BECx Plan
Project schedule inclusive of BECx tasks and milestones and Roles and responsibilities of commissioning team members.
Establishing the Owner’s Project
Requirements relative to the enclosure
performance.
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Pre-Design Phase
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Whole building air test results (ASTM E779) are expressed as air flow through the wall, roof, and floor, not just the façade.
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Pre-Design Phase
Reference ASHRAE 1365 -RP
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Pre-Design Phase
Design Phase
• Incorporate BECx requirements into construction documents
– BECx Specification
– FPT Specification
• Design Reviews
• Update OPR and BECx Plan
Compliance with the Owner’s Project Requirements evaluating
design based on experience.
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• Achieve environment separation
• Understand the Environment
• Prevent equilibrium
– Understand Barriers/Code Requirements
• Meet durability/sustainability requirements
• Fulfils desired use
• Simple
• Redundant
• Constructible
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Design Phase
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Design Phase
Credit: Journal of Building Enclosure Design Summer 2011 “Improvement of Air Tightness in U.S. Army Buildings” pgs. 11-13
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Design Phase
Control Layers
Building Enclosures are designed to control multiple loadings this presentation will primarily be concerned with the following in order of importance:
1. Water Control Layer
2. Air Control Layer
3. Vapor Control Layer
4. Thermal Control Layer
Design Phase
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Make sure we are sealing to the air barrier...but also make sure to tie-in with the primary seal line of the curtain wall/window system.
Understand that this is a relatively new concept for many trades.
Design Phase
3.2°C @ 1”
-3.6°C
-3.7°C
-3.6°C
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4.1°C @ 1”
1.6°C
4.2°C
© Retro-Specs
Consultants
Design Phase
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Design Phase
BECx Specification
Design Phase
FPT Specification
Construction Phase
• BECx Kick Off meeting
• Submittal Review
• Pre-Construction Meetings
• Mockup Construction and Testing
• Other
– RFI, ASI, CCD Review
– Change Order Review
– Substitution Request Review
– Value Engineering Review
Compliance with the Owner’s Project Requirements and the Contract
for Construction.
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Construction - Shop Drawing Review
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Construction Coordination Drawings
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Construction Phase
• Verify the performance of the systems
• Set construction standards
• Establish sequencing of work
• Verify material selection
Learning
Value of Mockups
Construction Phase
• Complete waterproofing system
• Interface of wall to roof condition
• Typical wall and roof penetrations
• A sample of cladding anchorage
• Typical fenestration assemblies
• Constructed to be air tight to facilitate testing
Mockups Generally Include
Construction Phase
Types of Mockups
• Laboratory
• On-site Off-Building
• On-Site On-Building (First Installation)
Mockups
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Construction Phase
Field Observations
� Quality assurance tool
� Verifying compliance with:
– Contract documents
– Submittals and shop drawings
– Product installation instructions
– Industry standards
Tracking Non-Compliance
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Functional Performance Verification
• Verify the performance of the systems
• Verifies installation methods
Avoid late stage (expensive)
problems with early detection.
Functional Performance Verification
Typical Testing
• Standalone Mockup Testing
• In-Situ (First Installation) Testing
• Continuing Quality Assurance Testing
Functional Performance Verification
Common Test Methods
• Air Infiltration
– ASTM E783
– ASTM E1186
– ASTM E779
• Water Penetration
– ASTM E1105
– AAMA 501.1
– AAMA 501.2
• Other
– ASTM D4541 (Adhesion)
ASTM E783
• Field Measurement of Air Leakage Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors
• Quantitative Air Infiltration Test
Functional Performance Verification
ASTM E1186
• Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems
• Qualitative Air Infiltration/Exfiltration Test
Functional Performance Verification
ASTM E779 (Whole Building Air Test)
• Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization
• Quantitative Whole Building Air Leakage Test
Functional Performance Verification
ASTM E1105
• Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference
• Water Penetration Test
Functional Performance Verification
AAMA 501.1
• Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors using Dynamic Pressure
• Water Penetration Test
Functional Performance Verification
AAMA 501.2
• Quality Assurance and Diagnostic Water Leakage Field Check of Installed Storefronts, Curtain Walls and Sloped Glazing Systems
• Water Penetration Test
Functional Performance Verification
ASTM D4541
• Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers
• Quantitative Adhesion Test
Functional Performance Verification
E779 Whole Building
Air Test (WBAT)
• Quantitative air leakage test
• Measures the air tightness of the building enclosure
• Controlled pressurization and depressurization
Functional Performance Verification
The Purpose of the
WBAT
• Validation of installation
• Verify compliance with performance requirements
Reducing air leakage rate can result in up to
35% heating energy cost savings.National Institute of Standards and Technology Interagency Report (NISTIR) 7238 by Emmerich, McDowell, and
Anis
Functional Performance Verification
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Post-Occupancy Phase
• Final BECx record
• Enclosure maintenance schedule
• 10-month post-occupancy observation (warranty)
What is not BECx?
• Water penetration testing…
• A whole building air test
• Consulting / design assistance
• The contractors QC program
• A review of the thermal envelope
• Full time inspection
• Post occupancy thermal scan
• A checklist…
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Owner’s Response…
“Don’t I already pay for this through the Design and Construction Contracts?”
• The vast majority of construction claims are due to enclosure failures, i.e. water leakage.
• It is estimated that 85% or more of claims for water leakage occur at the interface of systems, i.e. window to wall; wall to roof; etc.
• Often these interface conditions land in the space between subcontracts, “by others”.
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Owner’s Response…
Owner’s Response…
Current Efforts
• NIBS/BETEC BECx Certificate
• ASTM E06 Standard and Guideline
• ASHRAE 90.1/189.1 Increasing Requirements
• LEED Increasing Requirements
• ISO Standard to be Proposed
• …many others…
Everyone is not working from the same playbook…
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Why BECx?
Building Performance
• Water Control
• Air control
– HVAC system performance/size selection
– Moisture control
Comfort
Above Code Certification (LEEDv3 v4)
Mandatory (ASHRAE 90.1-2013 Add L / ASHRAE 189.1)
Others???
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Building Enclosure
Detail Review
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Head Detail
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Relief Angles Joint
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Sill Detail
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Typical Interface Concerns
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Window Sill
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Wall to Door
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Wall to Fenestration
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Roof to Wall/Parapet
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Parapet to Curtain Wall
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Extended Curtain Wall
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Mechanical Equipment
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Take Away
• Building Enclosure performance is important and complicated.
• BECx is a complete process focus on meeting the documented need of the project through the OPR.
• BECx can take many forms and is difficult to standardize.
• There are a variety of performance verification tools available to meet the need of the project.
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Keith P. Nelson, [email protected]
[email protected]/building
This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course
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Utah High Performance
Building Standard
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Utah DFCM HPBS
Utah DFCM HPBS
Utah DFCM HPBS
Utah DFCM HPBS
Utah DFCM HPBS
Utah DFCM HPBS
Utah DFCM HPBS
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Questions or
Discussion?
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Keith P. Nelson, [email protected]
[email protected]/building
This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course