PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART A1
Introduction to
Anatomy &
Physiology &
Homeostasis
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its
parts
Physiology
Study of how the body and its parts work or
function
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy—Levels of Study
Gross anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Figure 14.1
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy—Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small
structures
Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4c–d
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ) Cardio-
vascular
system
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Organismal level
Human organisms
are made up of many
organ systems
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 1
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 2
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
AtomsCellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 3
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 4
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 5
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ) Cardio-
vascular
system
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 6
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ) Cardio-
vascular
system
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Organismal level
Human organisms
are made up of many
organ systems
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.2a
Organ System Overview
Integumentary
Forms the external body
covering
Protects deeper tissue from
injury
Helps regulate body
temperature
Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.2b
Organ System Overview
Skeletal
Protects and supports
body organs
Provides muscle
attachment for movement
Site of blood cell
formation
Stores minerals
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.2c
Organ System Overview
Muscular
Produces movement
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
Nervous
Fast-acting control
system
Responds to internal and
external change
Activates muscles and
glands
Figure 1.2d
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
Endocrine
Secretes regulatory
hormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.2f
Organ System Overview
Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body
via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood
vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with
oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
Digestive
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible
material
Figure 1.2i
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and
electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
Reproductive
Produces
offspring
Figure 1.2k–l
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
Maintain boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and absorption of nutrients
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body
Produces energy
Makes body structures
Excretion
Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
Reproduction
Produces future generation
Growth
Increases cell size and number of cells
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Survival Needs
Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins,
and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Survival Needs
Water
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Must be appropriate
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Interrelationships Among Body Systems
Figure 1.3
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostasis
Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal
environment
A dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning
and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance
A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Variable(in homeostasis)
Response of
effector feeds
back to
influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostasis
Control
centerOutput:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to activate
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 1a
Variable(in homeostasis)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 1b
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variableVariable
(in homeostasis)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 2
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Receptor (sensor)
Variable(in homeostasis)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 3
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor)
Variable(in homeostasis)
Control
center
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 4
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Variable(in homeostasis)
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to activate
Control
center
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 5
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Variable(in homeostasis)
Response of
effector feeds
back to
influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostasis
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to activate
Control
center
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through neural and hormonal
control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
Sends information to control center
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maintaining Homeostasis
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Feedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
Works like a household thermostat
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Feedback Mechanisms
Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable
farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and
during the birth of a baby