introduction to anatomy & physiology &...

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation

by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,

Florence-Darlington Technical College

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PART A1

Introduction to

Anatomy &

Physiology &

Homeostasis


The Human Body—An Orientation

Anatomy

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its

parts

Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts work or

function


Anatomy—Levels of Study

Gross anatomy

Large structures

Easily observable

Figure 14.1


Anatomy—Levels of Study

Microscopic Anatomy

Very small

structures

Can only be

viewed with

a microscope

Figure 14.4c–d


Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1

Smooth muscle cellMolecules

Atoms

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

Blood

vessel

(organ) Cardio-

vascular

system

Cellular level

Cells are made up of

molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of

similar types of cells

Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Organ system level

Organ systems consist of different

organs that work together closely

Organismal level

Human organisms

are made up of many

organ systems

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules



Figure 1.1, step 1

Molecules

Atoms

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules



Figure 1.1, step 2


AtomsCellular level


molecules

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules



Figure 1.1, step 3


Atoms

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Cellular level


molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of


Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules



Figure 1.1, step 4


Atoms

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

Blood

vessel

(organ)

Cellular level


molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of


Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules



Figure 1.1, step 5


Atoms

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

Blood

vessel

(organ) Cardio-

vascular

system

Cellular level


molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of


Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Organ system level



Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules



Figure 1.1, step 6


Atoms

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

Blood

vessel

(organ) Cardio-

vascular

system

Cellular level


molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of


Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Organ system level



Organismal level

Human organisms

are made up of many

organ systems

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules


Figure 1.2a

Organ System Overview

Integumentary

Forms the external body

covering

Protects deeper tissue from

injury

Helps regulate body

temperature

Location of cutaneous

nerve receptors


Figure 1.2b


Skeletal

Protects and supports

body organs

Provides muscle

attachment for movement

Site of blood cell

formation

Stores minerals


Figure 1.2c


Muscular

Produces movement

Maintains posture

Produces heat



Nervous

Fast-acting control

system

Responds to internal and

external change

Activates muscles and

glands

Figure 1.2d



Endocrine

Secretes regulatory

hormones

Growth

Reproduction

Metabolism

Figure 1.2e


Figure 1.2f


Cardiovascular

Transports materials in body

via blood pumped by heart

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Wastes



Lymphatic

Returns fluids to blood

vessels

Cleanses the blood

Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g



Respiratory

Keeps blood supplied with

oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h



Digestive

Breaks down food

Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood

Eliminates indigestible

material

Figure 1.2i



Urinary

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Maintains acid-base balance

Regulates water and

electrolytes

Figure 1.2j



Reproductive

Produces

offspring

Figure 1.2k–l


Necessary Life Functions

Maintain boundaries

Movement

Locomotion

Movement of substances

Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and react

Digestion

Break-down and absorption of nutrients



Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body

Produces energy

Makes body structures

Excretion

Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions



Reproduction

Produces future generation

Growth

Increases cell size and number of cells


Survival Needs

Nutrients

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins,

and minerals

Oxygen

Required for chemical reactions


Survival Needs

Water

60–80% of body weight

Provides for metabolic reaction

Stable body temperature

Atmospheric pressure

Must be appropriate


Interrelationships Among Body Systems

Figure 1.3


Homeostasis

Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal

environment

A dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning

and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance

A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease


Figure 1.4

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Input:

Information

sent along

afferent

pathway to

Receptor (sensor) Effector

Variable(in homeostasis)

Response of

effector feeds

back to

influence

magnitude of

stimulus and

returns variable

to homeostasis

Control

centerOutput:

Information sent

along efferent

pathway to activate


Figure 1.4, step 1a



Figure 1.4, step 1b

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variableVariable

(in homeostasis)


Figure 1.4, step 2

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Receptor (sensor)



Figure 1.4, step 3

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Input:

Information

sent along

afferent

pathway to

Receptor (sensor)


Control

center


Figure 1.4, step 4

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Input:

Information

sent along

afferent

pathway to



Output:

Information sent

along efferent

pathway to activate

Control

center


Figure 1.4, step 5

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Input:

Information

sent along

afferent

pathway to



Response of

effector feeds

back to

influence

magnitude of

stimulus and

returns variable

to homeostasis

Output:

Information sent

along efferent

pathway to activate

Control

center


Maintaining Homeostasis

The body communicates through neural and hormonal

control systems

Receptor

Responds to changes in the environment

(stimuli)

Sends information to control center


Maintaining Homeostasis

Control center

Determines set point

Analyzes information

Determines appropriate response

Effector

Provides a means for response to the stimulus


Feedback Mechanisms

Negative feedback

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its

intensity

Works like a household thermostat


Feedback Mechanisms

Positive feedback

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable

farther

In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and

during the birth of a baby

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