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Trends in Telecommunication Technology – Yoshiaki Miyajima – page 201

Trends in Telecommunication Technology

Dr. Yoshiaki MiyajimaSumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.

[email protected]

Thank you Mr. Chairman for your kind introduction. Good morning ladies and gentlemen.Today, I would like to talk about “Trends in Telecommunication Technology”.


Outline1. Broadband Access Network Service Market

- A View of Network- Japan - Asia-Pacific- FTTH Council promote its market

2. Service trend ? What happening in Networks?- Access Network and Core Network,

migration to IP Network- NGN (Next generation network)

3. Typical R&D Issue for Future Network- Problems to be solved in future network - Technology trend - Typical R&D Issues

This is an outline of my talk. First of all, I would like to summarize the broadband service market trend up to date, especially in Japan and the Asia-Pacific region. Next, I will talk about what is happening in the access and core network. I will focus on transmission traffic increase, and problems caused in the network will be clarified. The third is about typical R&D issues to be solved in the future network. And I would like to inform you about some technologies to overcome these problems.


Platform Optical Network

Network Infrastructure

- Business model created on Network Infrastructure - Cooperate with business partner- Business model created on Network Infrastructure - Cooperate with business partner

Business Model

SchoolHospital

MunicipalityBroadcast Music

PublishTravel

Real estate

Print

Partner

Research and Development

Partner

Market Creation Based on Fiber Networks

Appliance

This figure shows the market creation model on fiber networks. We cable manufactures are mainly working on developing network components such as fiber, cable and optical components. However nowadays, it is very important to create business models on network infrastructure. Many kinds of businesses have already developed in the publishing, music, travel areas. To activate these network services further, cooperation between network service providers and various business partners is required.


Broadband Access Market in Japan

1998 2000 2002 2004

STM-PON withSCM-PON

STM-Shared PON(10Mbps shared)

Media Converter(Two-SMF) (100Mbps)

B-PON(150/600Mbps shared)

GE-PON(1Gbps shared)

Media Converter(One-SMF) (100Mbps)

Media Converter(Two-SMF) (1Gbps)

－Broad-band Internet User number in Japan (at June, 2005)ADSL: 14 M, FTTH: 3 M, CATV: 3 M

In Japan, the user number for broadband service was 20 million in June of this year. As to the FTTH, the user number is 3 million, which is a larger number than CATV internet users. And it increases by more than one-hundred thousand users every month. In the lower bottom of the slide, the FTTH service trend is described. It started with STM-PON service in 1997 by NTT, B-PON service in 2002 and GE-PON service started first of this year.


Supply-side Factors1) Installation of optical fiber for B-ISDN2) Development of high-speed ADSL

(1.5/2M ⇒ 8M ⇒ 12M ⇒ 24M ⇒ 40M etc.)3) Regulatory reform to ensure competition in FTTH service.

Demand-side Factors1) Demand for contents, such as Rental Video on Cassette tapes.2) Public Awareness of the merit of High-speed Internet Service

through acceleration of ADSL speed and Optical Service.3) Experience in Cellular Phone, such as with Music Distribution,

Game Downloads and Video Communication.

Why FTTH Market Developed in Japan?

(by S. Suzuki, (by S. Suzuki, FTTH Council AsiaFTTH Council Asia--Pacific General Meeting)Pacific General Meeting)

It is often questioned by other countries “Why did the FTTH market develop in Japan?”. Actually, there are some reasons for this question. This slide summarizes them. From a supply-side view point, ISDN service started in 1988 in Japan, and to upgrade it to broadband-ISDN much amount of fiber has been installed in Japan since the 1980s. Core networks and major access trunk lines have already finished deploying optical fibers. We were in fiber rich circumstances in the early 2000s. Also, spreading (popularizing) ADSL service and its upgrade competition, and the unbundling regulation enhanced FTTH service development.From a view point of user-side, actual demands for high speed internet service existed in video and music down-load services.


Broadband Access Market in Asia-PacificJapan- NTT Plan to 30 M homes served by 2010

Korea- Extremely high broadband penetration and FTTB- IEEE802.3ah E-PON deployment plan

Taiwan- E-Taiwan project will drive FTTH

China- FTTH pilots in several regions- Hong-Kong more Broadband than Dialup Internet

Australia/NZ- Pilots by incumbents in Greenfield areas

Next, I would like to talk about the broadband market situation of FTTH in Asia-Pacific countries. In Japan, NTT announced that they are planning for 30 million homes to be connected with FTTH by 2010. In Korea, there is extremely high penetration with VDSL and FTTB. Also, they areplanning GE-PON deployment. In China, FTTH pilot projects have started in many regions and so in Australia.


FTTH Council Asia-Pacific Promote Market Development

Organization:- International Non-Profit Organization Founded in March 2005- Board of Directors and 5 Working Committees

Members:- 32 Companies and organizations- Manufacturers, Construction & Engineering Companies,

Network Service providers, Contents Providers, Academia, etc.Mission and Objectives:- To educate, promote and accelerate FTTH and

to pursue the resulting quality of life enhancements- Supply a consistent and accurate view of FTTH

In March of this year, FTTH Council Asia-Pacific was launched as an international organization. 32 companies joined from manufacturers, construction and engineering companies, network service providers, content providers, academia. The mission of this council is to educate, promote and accelerate FTTH and to pursue the enhancement of thequality of life. Its activity will promote the market development in FTTH.


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Fixed Telephone

Mobile

Internet(Fixed+Mobile)

Broad BandISDN

Telecommunication Services in JapanC

usto

me r

s[×

1000

, 000

]

Next, I would like to talk about network trends.First of all, I would like to introduce the subscriber number change in these ten years in various network services. I think this figure is very popular nowadays. However, let me highlight the user number of broadbandservices. It rapidly increased from 2001. As I said before 14 million of ADSL, 3 million of FTTH, 3 million of CATV Internet, and we have in total 20 million broadband users.


IX Traffic Increase in Japan

20001998 2002 2004 2005200320011999

1.5 ～ 2 times / year

www.jpix.ad.jp/jp/technical/traffic.html

Traf

fic (

bit/s

ec )

This is an internet traffic increase at IX (Internet Exchange) in Japan. Traffic is increasing 1.5 to 2 times every year. This is because of the widespread use of high speed FTTH services, and it effects the metro and core networks, it causes traffic increase in the trunk network area.


Service Trend in Access Network-More Bandwidth in Access Network, - from ADSL to FTTH- Broadcast service, Video service- IP based telephone service- All-IP network shift of cellar system- FMC, seamless

Core Network Trend - Traffic increase in Metro or Core network- Need Implementation of 40 Gbps system- Need WDM high capacity systems- Optical Path control system（GMPLS)

To summarize the network trend, this viewgraph shows typical issues. In the access network, network service is moving from ADSL to FTTH, and an increase of the user numbers in FTTH service is expected. The service will shift to video service. We can expect a demand for more bandwidth in the access network. Also, fixed mobile convergence will proceed, and the cellular phone will be supported with the IP network.In the core network, with the traffic increase in the access network, the metro and core networks need an upgrade in transmission speed. A 40 Gbit/s transmission system, WDM high capacity system and optical path control system such as GMPLS will hopefully be launched into commercial use.


Why Broadband Networks will migrate to Optical Fiber Access Networks?

- Internet users increasing, - Information communication traffic increasing,- New services such as video and music etc,- xDSL to FTTH

(ADSL: bit rate strongly depending on distance)

Vendors are taking efforts to develop practical next generation network

- Scalable network- Flexible for transmission capacity- Flexible for services multiplexing- WDM based ?- with Acceptable cost

From the discussion mentioned so far, the broadband network will migrate to optical fiber. In order to support scalable, flexible services with multiplexed features, WDM will take an important role.


Problem to be solved in Future Network

(1) From Triple play to Quadruple Play(2) FMC（Fix Mobile Convergence)、Seamless(3) Necessity for Large capacity Metro and Core Network

( caused by increasing GE-PON users)(4) Network Security

- Protection from NW Attacker- Network Architecture Recovery from nature disaster

(5) Protocol for Scalable Network(6) High Capacity Router (7) Optical Burst Switch, Optical Packet Switch(8) B-PON → GE-PON (or G-PON) → WDM-PON(9) LAN/WAN: GE → 10GE → 100GE

The third issue of my talk is about typical R&D.When thinking about a future network, there are some technical trends and some problems to be solved. Triple play will move to quadruple play which means including cellular phones in the IP network, and everything will be served in the IP network. Necessity for large capacity metro and core networks, network security, optical burst and packet switches are highlighted.


Technology Trend for Future Network

- Ubiquitous- Real Time- Bi-directional- Virtual reality

- Large capacity- Photonic Switch- WDM

Easy Installation, Handling- Bend Insensitive Fiber

Wide Bandwidth Fiber- Low loss- Low dispersion- Low Non-linearity

Photonic Network- Wavelength conversion- Optical delay- High Nonlinearity fiber

- FTTH growing up- Low cost installation- Quick installation

Access NW

NW Service

Core NW

Functional Fiber

Transmission Fiber

As a result of the backgrounds summarized here, the fiber development trend to support future networks can be summarized as seen in this viewgraph. In the access network, easy installation is important, and fibers or cables are required, which are easier to handle and have improved insensitivity to bending. From a viewpoint of the transmission media, low loss, low dispersion, low nonlinearity and wide wavelength band is preferable. These are requirements for transmission fibers. In the near future, functional fibers seem to be important for the use of optical signal controlling such as photonic switching. In the following, I would like to address some R&D issues in the fiber development.


Historical Trace of Optical Fiber Development

1970 1980 20001990Manufacturing and Purification

VAD, OVD, MCVD All-Synthesis

Pure Silica Core FiberFiber design

Multi-mode

DSF (Dispersion-Shift) NZDSF, (DFF)

SM (Single-mode)

WDM System

Chromatic Dispersion Non-linearity

1550nm1300nm

SM+DCF

850nm

Mode-dispersion

NZDSF: Non Zero Dispersion Shift Fiber, DFF: Dispersion Flattened FiberDCF: Dispersion Compensating Fiber

Optical Amp. DCF

Holey Fiber (Hole Assisted Fiber, Photonic Crystal Fiber)

Functional FiberHNLF

This viewgraph shows historical development activities of optical fibers.In 1970, fiber development started with multi-mode fiber operating at 850 nm. Then, single-mode fiber operating at 1300 nm followed. After that, dispersion-shifted fiber and non-zero dispersion fibers were developed. In these development processes, technologies of new manufacturing process and novel glass synthesis and purification progressed. In the 1990s, newly categorized functional fibers were developed. Theseincluded optical fiber amplifiers, dispersion compensating fibers and high nonlinearity fibers. And in the late 1990s, holey fibers or photonic crystal fibers were reported. As explained later, the functional fibers can be used in various kinds of optical signal controls. As to the limitation factor in the transmission characteristics, the non-linearity phenomenon is a major factor in densely WDM transmission system.


Low loss Pure-Silica-Core Fiber

SiO2

Refractive Index

Conventional SMF= GeO2-doped core Fiber Pure-Silica-Core Fiber

(PSCF)

GeO2-SiO2

F-SiO2

• 1986, PSCF was introduced; 0.154dB/km @1550nm [1]

• 2002, The lowest loss PSCF; 0.1484dB/km @1550nm [2]

Ultra-low loss in the C-band.[1] H. Kanamori et al., J. Lightwave Technol.,LT-4 (1986) pp.1144-1150.[2] K. Nagayama et al., Electron. Lett., 38 (2002) pp.1168-1169.

In the following, I would like to present some typical R&D issues.This shows the structure of an optical fiber. In a standard fiber, Ge is used for doping, to create a high refractive core. In the right hand figure, the fiber core is kept to be pure silica, whereas the clad region is doped. This brought two merits.First one is that a purely silicate core assures low attenuation, second is long term reliability for materials. This means it is free from loss increase and stability for radio isotopic radiation. The lowest attenuation attained so far is 0.148 dB/km.


Low Water Peak SMF

• Since 1998, low water peak SMF has been realized [1].

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700Wavelength [nm]

Loss

[dB

/km

]

ITU-T G.652C/D becoming the standard fiber in the terrestrial networks.

SMF (G.652A/B)

Low water peak SMF (G.652C/D)

=

O E S C L

[1] A.K.Srivastava et al., OAA1998, PD2.

This is a typical loss spectrum for a standard fiber. The green line is the conventional case. In the telecommunication area, 1300 and 1550 nm windows are popular wavelength ranges. The wavelength range over 1700 nm is a limited area because of infrared absorption in the silica glass material. The peak around 1400 nm is caused by water contamination in the glass material. This peak can be reduced by removing the water. The result is shown with the blue line in the figure. This fiber is promising for the use as transmission fiber because of its wide wavelength range. It was accepted as ITU-T standard.


0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700Wavelength [nm]

Loss

[dB

/km

]

Water Free Pure-Silica-Core Fiber

Conventional PSCF

Conventional G.652D fibre

O E S C L

Water-free PSCF0.289dB/km @1310nm0.247dB/km @1383nm0.170dB/km @1550nm

20% lower than G.652D

This figure is the same as the previous one, however, the fiber type is a pure silica core fiber. In this case, attenuation is almost 20 % lower than that of the standard fiber. It is promising as a transmission fiber from a viewpoint of low loss and long term reliability.


Requirements for FTTH Construction

Quick Installation

Total cost reduction of FTTH construction

Easy handling Bend-insensitive fiber

Efficient distribution design and technique

Mid-span access

Requirements for access cable:

The number of FTTH subscribers is increasing rapidly, and it is over 3 million in Japan and increases with one hundred thousand users every month. Under this situation, a quick installation technology and total cost reduction for FTTH construction is strongly desired. From the viewpoint of the cable, easy handling is required to reduce installation time and cost. Efficient distribution design and technique are also in high demand. Mid-span access is the key to realize efficient distribution.


High Performance Fiber against Bending

Conventional SM

φ60

R=30mm R=7.5mm

＜Merits＞１．For small size cabinet２．Flexible Cabling３．Compatible to conventional fiber

UltraAccess

φ15

R<5mm

φ5

Holey Fiber Ge doped core

Holey Fiber

A high performance fiber against bending is preferable. This brings reduction of installation time because of its easy handling characteristics. In this diagram, three kinds of fibers are compared. The standard fiber is specified to handle 60 mm bending diameter. By designing a fiber, we can obtain a strong fiber against bending. Furthermore, by using this special fiber, called holey fiber or photonic crystal fiber, the fiber can endure bends of only 5 mm diameter. If optimized, even higher performance is available.


Central Office

Ribbon is cut

Only the dropped fiber is cut

Low efficiencyof fiber utilization

Enhanced efficiencyof fiber utilization

Central Office

Easily Branching Fiber Ribbon

The second technology is a fiber ribbon, which is easily branched.Usually a ribbon contains four fibers. So that for the case described in the upper figure, a ribbon unit is cut, and one fiber is dropped for service, however, others remain unused. On the other hand, when only the dropped fiber is cut, all the fibers in the ribbon can be dropped at optional points, and the efficiency of the fiber utilization can be enhanced. For this reason, an easily branching ribbon is required.


SZ Slotted Core Cable and Easy Mid-span Access

EZbranch®Only specified fiber cut

Ribbon matrix is removed easily

The key technology attaining it is the SZ slotted core cable. This is very popular in Japan. By removing the cable sheath, the fiber ribbon can be easily taken out. The other one is a special ribbon structure. In this structure, the ribbon matrix is easily removed.


Application Fields of Functional Fiber

Functional FiberAmplificationDispersion CompensationWavelength ConverterSpectrum BroadeningPulse Compression

Application- Photonic Packet Switching

- Sensing, Medicine, Measurement etc.

GeO2

Core < 2 µm

Rare Earth Doped Fiber

High NA Fiber

Holey Fiber

These are typical functional fibers. A doped fiber is a fiber including rare metal ions in its core region. This provides optical amplification. The next one is a high refractive fiber. The last one is a holey fiber. The holey fiber has 20 times stronger nonlinearity, and this enhances the functional features of the optical fiber.In the following, I would like to show you some hot topics in functional fibers.


Amp.

Short Pulse Laser

Signal

③Wavelength Converter(FWM)

λ

λ1 λ2

Pump

②Parametric Amp（FWM）

λ

Pump

Signal

Amp

①Raman Amplifier

λ

Raman ScatteringAmplified signalPump

⑤Pulse Compression

t

④Super continuum Generation

λ

λ: 1000～2000nm

High Nonlinearity Coiled Fiber

Functions Attained by High Nonlinearity Fiber

Pump

I would like to inform you about the nonlinearity in fibers. By using nonlinear fibers, we can obtain unique functions. The first is the Raman amplification, second is the parametric amplifier. These are so called optical amplifications. The third is the wavelength converter based on four wave mixing. The fourth is the spectral broadening based on the Kerr effect. The last is the optical pulse compression. As shown here, these functions are unique features compared with conventional phenomena. Nowadays, the matured fiber manufacturing technology and the progress in optoelectronics make it possible. Also, I would like to address the fiber length used here. It is only a few 10 m long.


HNL FiberOptical Pulse

Input Spectrum Output Spectrum

Super-continuum Generation in Optical Fiber

EDFA

Opticalspectrum

Wavelength

-30

-20

-10

-40

0

1600 20001200 2400Wavelength [nm]

Inte

nsity

[dB

]

1160～2310nm：Dl=1150nm

Pump:1558nm

Total Output Power: 44.2mWRep. Rate: 75MHz

The example of spectral broadening is described here. The operation is very simple, only by inputting an optical pulse to HNLF a very wide wavelength output can be obtained based on the Self Phase Modulation effect. This is a very promising technology for WDM systems.These functional technologies are applicable for sensors, medicine, and in the measurement fields.


Conclusion

1. Broadband Service Market and Network Trend reviewed- Transmission traffic increase expected

in Access and Core Networks

2. R&D Issues for Future Network expected - Easy Installation for Access Network- Necessity for Large capacity Metro and Core Network - Security: Protection from Network Attacker- Network Architecture Recovery from nature disaster - Protocol for Scalable Network- High Capacity Photonic Network

(Optical Burst Switch, Optical Packet Switch)

Finally, I would like to summarize my presentation.I have reviewed the broadband service market briefly. Then I have talked about R&D issues for the future network. Thank you very much.

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