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An Introduction to Permaculture:Day One
Brooke ’Sparkles’ Murphy and Harry Wykman
17th and 18th of July, 2010
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Introductions
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
*
2 / 77
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Sparkles and The Wicked Problems
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
*
3 / 77
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Permaculture Ethics and IndigenousWisdom
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
4 / 77
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Permaculture Ethics
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
5 / 77
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Care of Earth
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
6 / 77
● Story : MASANOBU
FUKUOKA
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Care of Earth
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
6 / 77
● Story : MASANOBU
FUKUOKA
● Soil
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Care of Earth
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
6 / 77
● Story : MASANOBU
FUKUOKA
● Soil
● Stewardship
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Care of Earth
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
6 / 77
● Story : MASANOBU
FUKUOKA
● Soil
● Stewardship
● Living Things
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Care of Earth
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
6 / 77
● Story : MASANOBU
FUKUOKA
● Soil
● Stewardship
● Living Things
"If permaculture is a philos-ophy, then it is a pragmatic,down-to-earth one, whichtakes the ecological limits ofour power and intelligence asfoundations for anything wedo." — Holmgren [2002, p6]
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Care of Earth
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
7 / 77
"The question which must be addressed . . . isnot how to care for the planet, but how to carefor each of the planet’s millions of small piecesand parcels of land, each one of which is insome precious and exciting way different fromall others." — WENDELL BERRY, Culture andAgriculture, 1977
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Care of People
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
8 / 77
● Story : JOSÉ MARÍA
ARIZMENDIARRIETA
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Care of People
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
8 / 77
● Story : JOSÉ MARÍA
ARIZMENDIARRIETA
● Personal Responsibility(for overconsumption /own needs)
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Care of People
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
8 / 77
● Story : JOSÉ MARÍA
ARIZMENDIARRIETA
● Personal Responsibility(for overconsumption /own needs)
● Non-material well-being(enjoying the simplethings)
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Care of People
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
8 / 77
● Story : JOSÉ MARÍA
ARIZMENDIARRIETA
● Personal Responsibility(for overconsumption /own needs)
● Non-material well-being(enjoying the simplethings)
● New ways of being to-gether
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Fair Share
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
9 / 77
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Fair Share
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
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● Example : The NYUN-GAR people past andpresent
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Fair Share
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
9 / 77
● Example : The NYUN-GAR people past andpresent
● Share beyond our im-mediate circle
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Fair Share
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
9 / 77
● Example : The NYUN-GAR people past andpresent
● Share beyond our im-mediate circle
● Ecological investment(trees, biological capac-ity)
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Fair Share
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom❖ PermacultureEthics
❖ Care of Earth
❖ Care of People
❖ Fair Share
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
9 / 77
● Example : The NYUN-GAR people past andpresent
● Share beyond our im-mediate circle
● Ecological investment(trees, biological capac-ity)
● Social investment (so-cial structures and en-terprise)
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Permaculture In History
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
*
10 / 77
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Check In: What is Permaculture Brainstorm
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
*
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Permaculture Principles 1-3
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
❖ Why Principles?
❖ Principle 1
❖ Principle 2
❖ Principle 3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
*
12 / 77
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Why Principles?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
❖ Why Principles?
❖ Principle 1
❖ Principle 2
❖ Principle 3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
*
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● They are abstract and theoretical
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Why Principles?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
❖ Why Principles?
❖ Principle 1
❖ Principle 2
❖ Principle 3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
*
13 / 77
● They are abstract and theoretical
✦ ie. not limited in time (history) or space (geography,place)
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Why Principles?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
❖ Why Principles?
❖ Principle 1
❖ Principle 2
❖ Principle 3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
*
13 / 77
● They are abstract and theoretical
✦ ie. not limited in time (history) or space (geography,place)
✦ they are therefore transferable between places andtimes
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Why Principles?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
❖ Why Principles?
❖ Principle 1
❖ Principle 2
❖ Principle 3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
*
13 / 77
● They are abstract and theoretical
✦ ie. not limited in time (history) or space (geography,place)
✦ they are therefore transferable between places andtimes
● Facilitate adaptation to continuous change
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Why Principles?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
❖ Why Principles?
❖ Principle 1
❖ Principle 2
❖ Principle 3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
*
13 / 77
● They are abstract and theoretical
✦ ie. not limited in time (history) or space (geography,place)
✦ they are therefore transferable between places andtimes
● Facilitate adaptation to continuous change
● Facilitate critical thought (not commitment to particularstrategies, or even a particular set of principles)
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Principle 1: Observe and interact
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Principle 1: Observe and interact
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Principle 1: Observe and interact
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● We need to know about natural systems - active observation and ex-change are necessary for this
● Emphasis on subtle, slow moving and small (deeply counter cultural)
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Principle 1: Observe and interact
14 / 77
● We need to know about natural systems - active observation and ex-change are necessary for this
● Emphasis on subtle, slow moving and small (deeply counter cultural)
![Page 33: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
/home/harry/Documents/Business/Peacetree
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Principle 2: Catch and store energy
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Principle 2: Catch and store energy
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Principle 2: Catch and store energy
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● Power Principle 1
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Principle 2: Catch and store energy
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● Power Principle 1
● Build biological assets (theoretically limitless capacity)
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Principle 3: Obtain a yield
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Principle 3: Obtain a yield
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Principle 3: Obtain a yield
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● Power Principle 2 — overemphasised in industrial society
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Principle 3: Obtain a yield
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● Power Principle 2 — overemphasised in industrial society
● Necessary positive feedback (yield) and negative feedback (competi-tion)
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/home/harry/Documents/Business/Peacetree
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Plants
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
24 / 77
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Which Principle is That?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
25 / 77
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Which Principle is That?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
25 / 77
Obtain a Yield
![Page 51: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Which Principle is That?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
25 / 77
Obtain a Yield
![Page 52: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Why Plants?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
26 / 77
Permaculture is not just organic gardening or alternativeagriculture but plants have a priviledged place inpermaculture systems.
![Page 53: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Why Plants?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
26 / 77
Permaculture is not just organic gardening or alternativeagriculture but plants have a priviledged place inpermaculture systems.
Why?
![Page 54: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Why Plants?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
26 / 77
Permaculture is not just organic gardening or alternativeagriculture but plants have a priviledged place inpermaculture systems.
Why? — Photosynthesis.
![Page 55: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Why Plants?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
26 / 77
Permaculture is not just organic gardening or alternativeagriculture but plants have a priviledged place inpermaculture systems.
Why? — Photosynthesis.
"Solar energy (in the form of visible light) is usedby plants to transform water and carbon dioxidefrom the atmosphere into carbohydrates by thephotosynthetic process. These carbohydrates arethe start of the chemical energy supply chainthat provides for the needs of all other livingthings , as well as (indirectly) creating the fossilfuels of coal, oil and gas." [Holmgren, 2002, p31]
![Page 56: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Perennial and Annual
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
27 / 77
What’s the Difference?
![Page 57: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Guild Functions: Beneficial Insect NectaryPlants
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
28 / 77
Fennel
● Member of the Apiaceae family (with parsley, carrot, dilletc.), a family famous for their usefulness at attractingbeneficial insect, in particular those with small mouthparts like hover flies and parasitic wasps.
![Page 58: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Guild Functions: Honey Plants
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
29 / 77
Bush Basil● great bee plant
● very attractive hedge orstandard plant
● has potential to be apest-confuser also
![Page 59: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Guild Functions: Pollinator Support Plants
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
30 / 77
Lemon Balm● Generalist nectary plant
● Can be used as aground cover — has aclumping habit so manyplants are required
![Page 60: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Guild Functions: Aromatic Pest-confusingPlants
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
31 / 77
Thyme
● Aromatic pest-confuser
● Nectary plant
● Ground Cover
● Culinary Use
● Thyme is valued for itsantiseptic and antioxi-dant properties, it is anexcellent tonic and isused in treating respira-tory diseases and a va-riety of other ailments[Fern, 2006]
![Page 61: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Guild Functions: Fertility Plants
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
32 / 77
Italian Alder
Photo by John Colwill 2010
● nitrogen fixer
● drought tolerant
● ~10 m high
● Semi evergreen in Perth
● fast growing
● good windbreak
Martin Crawford uses thistree extensively throughouthis forest garden.
![Page 62: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Guild Functions: Ground Cover Plants
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
33 / 77
Apple Mint● Jacke and Toensmeier
give apple mint a ratingof ’2 stars’ (highest) asa ground cover becauseof its thick cover.
● Also pest-confuser
● like many other mem-bers of this genus, is of-ten used as a domes-tic herbal remedy, be-ing valued especially forits antiseptic propertiesand its beneficial effecton the digestion
![Page 63: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Guild Functions: Weed Barrier Plants
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
34 / 77
Vetiver Grass
● Vetiver has very fibrous roots which penetrate verydeeply. As a result, vetiver excludes weeds, is usedextensively in tropical areas in erosion control and isdrought tolerant. It is a great mulch plant.
![Page 64: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Plants and Human Services
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Why Plants?
❖ Perennial andAnnual
❖ nectar
❖ honey
❖ polinator support
❖ pest-confusing
❖ fertility
❖ ground cover
❖ weed barrier❖ Plants and HumanServices
Plant Tour
35 / 77
Microclimate Creation andBeauty
"The net coolingeffect of a young,healthy tree isequivalent to tenroom-size air con-ditioners operating20 hours a day."[Lancaster, 2007,p. 285]
● Not least, plants makeplaces livable.
![Page 65: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Plant Tour
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
*
36 / 77
![Page 66: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The Seven F’s
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
37 / 77
![Page 67: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Which Principle is That?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
38 / 77
![Page 68: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Which Principle is That?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
38 / 77
Obtain a Yield
![Page 69: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Which Principle is That?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
38 / 77
Obtain a Yield
![Page 70: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Plants and Human Yields: The Seven F’s
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
39 / 77
The Seven F’s provide a good framework for considering thevariety of plant-derived yields.
![Page 71: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Plants and Human Yields: The Seven F’s
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
39 / 77
The Seven F’s provide a good framework for considering thevariety of plant-derived yields.
1. food,
![Page 72: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Plants and Human Yields: The Seven F’s
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
39 / 77
The Seven F’s provide a good framework for considering thevariety of plant-derived yields.
1. food,
2. fuel,
![Page 73: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Plants and Human Yields: The Seven F’s
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
39 / 77
The Seven F’s provide a good framework for considering thevariety of plant-derived yields.
1. food,
2. fuel,
3. fiber,
![Page 74: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Plants and Human Yields: The Seven F’s
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
39 / 77
The Seven F’s provide a good framework for considering thevariety of plant-derived yields.
1. food,
2. fuel,
3. fiber,
4. fodder,
![Page 75: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Plants and Human Yields: The Seven F’s
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
39 / 77
The Seven F’s provide a good framework for considering thevariety of plant-derived yields.
1. food,
2. fuel,
3. fiber,
4. fodder,
5. fertilizer, and
![Page 76: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Plants and Human Yields: The Seven F’s
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
39 / 77
The Seven F’s provide a good framework for considering thevariety of plant-derived yields.
1. food,
2. fuel,
3. fiber,
4. fodder,
5. fertilizer, and
6. "farmaceuticals," and
![Page 77: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Plants and Human Yields: The Seven F’s
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
39 / 77
The Seven F’s provide a good framework for considering thevariety of plant-derived yields.
1. food,
2. fuel,
3. fiber,
4. fodder,
5. fertilizer, and
6. "farmaceuticals," and
7. fun
![Page 78: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Plants and Human Yields: Food
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
40 / 77
Chestnut
![Page 79: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Plants and Human Yields: Fuel
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
41 / 77
Leucaena
![Page 80: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Plants and Human Yields: Fiber
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
42 / 77
New Zealand Flax
![Page 81: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Plants and Human Yields: Fodder
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
43 / 77
Tagasaste
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Plants and Human Yields: Fertiliser
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
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Comfrey According to Jacke andToensmeier [2005], Comfreyis a ’3 star’ dynamic accumu-lator Because it covers themain plants nutrients, N, P, Kand Ca. It covers:
● K — Potassium
● P — Phosphorus
● Ca — Calcium
● Cu — Copper
● Fe — Iron
● Mg — Magnesium
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Plants and Human Yields:"Farmaceuticals"
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
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Yarrow Yarrow has a high reputa-tion and is widely employedin herbal medicine, adminis-tered both internally and ex-ternally. It is used in the treat-ment of a very wide rangeof disorders but is particularlyvaluable for treating wounds,stopping the flow of blood,treating colds, fevers, kidneydiseases, menstrual pain etc[Fern, 2006]
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Plants and Human Yields: Fun
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s❖ Which Principle isThat?❖ Plants andHumans
❖ food
❖ fuel
❖ fibre
❖ fodder
❖ fertiliser
❖ farmaceuticals
❖ fun
Principles 4-6
47 / 77
Elder
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Principles 4-6
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
❖ Principle 4
❖ Principle 5
❖ Principle 6
❖ The Structure ofthe Principles
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
48 / 77
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Principle 4: Apply self-regulation andaccept feedback
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Principle 4: Apply self-regulation andaccept feedback
49 / 77
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Principle 4: Apply self-regulation andaccept feedback
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● Checks Power Principles
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Principle 4: Apply self-regulation andaccept feedback
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● Checks Power Principles
● Natural systems: Self-restraint avoids forceful negative feedback (eg.effects of climate change)
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Principle 5: Use and value renewableresource and services
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Principle 5: Use and value renewableresource and services
52 / 77
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Principle 5: Use and value renewableresource and services
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● Neither limited environmentalism (value only) nor industrial (use only)— using and valuing preserves
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Principle 5: Use and value renewableresource and services
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● Neither limited environmentalism (value only) nor industrial (use only)— using and valuing preserves
● Resources (eg. timber) and services (eg. shade or heat)
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Principle 6: Produce no waste
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Principle 6: Produce no waste
55 / 77
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Principle 6: Produce no waste
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● Internal efficiency
![Page 102: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Principle 6: Produce no waste
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● Internal efficiency
● Maintenance as a subversive activity
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The Structure of the Principles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
❖ Principle 4
❖ Principle 5
❖ Principle 6
❖ The Structure ofthe Principles
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
58 / 77
Principles 1 - 6
![Page 106: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
The Structure of the Principles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
❖ Principle 4
❖ Principle 5
❖ Principle 6
❖ The Structure ofthe Principles
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
58 / 77
Principles 1 - 6
● Self-reliance
![Page 107: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
The Structure of the Principles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
❖ Principle 4
❖ Principle 5
❖ Principle 6
❖ The Structure ofthe Principles
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
58 / 77
Principles 1 - 6
● Self-reliance
Principles 7 - 12
![Page 108: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
The Structure of the Principles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
❖ Principle 4
❖ Principle 5
❖ Principle 6
❖ The Structure ofthe Principles
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
58 / 77
Principles 1 - 6
● Self-reliance
Principles 7 - 12
● Interdependence
![Page 109: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
The Structure of the Principles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
❖ Principle 4
❖ Principle 5
❖ Principle 6
❖ The Structure ofthe Principles
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
58 / 77
Principles 1 - 6
● Self-reliance
Principles 7 - 12
● Interdependence
● Standing Back
![Page 110: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Soil and Composting
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
59 / 77
![Page 111: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Which Principle is That?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
60 / 77
![Page 112: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Which Principle is That?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
60 / 77
ProduceNo Waste
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Which Principle is That?
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
60 / 77
ProduceNo Waste
![Page 114: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Soil
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
61 / 77
What do we know about soil?
![Page 115: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Soil Types: Parts and Particles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
62 / 77
Soil is primarily made up of
● minerals ,
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Soil Types: Parts and Particles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
62 / 77
Soil is primarily made up of
● minerals ,
● water ,
![Page 117: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Soil Types: Parts and Particles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
62 / 77
Soil is primarily made up of
● minerals ,
● water ,
● gases , and
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Soil Types: Parts and Particles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
62 / 77
Soil is primarily made up of
● minerals ,
● water ,
● gases , and
● living and decayingorganic matter .
![Page 119: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Soil Types: Parts and Particles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
62 / 77
Soil is primarily made up of
● minerals ,
● water ,
● gases , and
● living and decayingorganic matter .
Ideally, these parts will beformed into a crumb, allow-ing the retention of waterand nutrient while maintain-ing sufficient space for ex-change of gasses, includingoxygen.
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Soil Types: Parts and Particles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
63 / 77
Soils are broadly classifiedby the size and relativeamount of their componentparts.
![Page 121: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Soil Types: Parts and Particles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
63 / 77
Soils are broadly classifiedby the size and relativeamount of their componentparts.
● sands are those soilswhere particles be-tween 2-0.05mm;
![Page 122: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Soil Types: Parts and Particles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
63 / 77
Soils are broadly classifiedby the size and relativeamount of their componentparts.
● sands are those soilswhere particles be-tween 2-0.05mm;
● silts are 0.05-0.002mm;
![Page 123: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Soil Types: Parts and Particles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
63 / 77
Soils are broadly classifiedby the size and relativeamount of their componentparts.
● sands are those soilswhere particles be-tween 2-0.05mm;
● silts are 0.05-0.002mm;
● clays are less than0.002mm.
![Page 124: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Soil Types: Parts and Particles
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
63 / 77
Soils are broadly classifiedby the size and relativeamount of their componentparts.
● sands are those soilswhere particles be-tween 2-0.05mm;
● silts are 0.05-0.002mm;
● clays are less than0.002mm.
● a loam is formed byaround 20% clay, 40%silt and 40% sand.
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Soil Nutrients: Macronutrients
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
64 / 77
● Nitrogen (N) is required for vegetative growth,chorophyll production and protein formation .Nitrogen deficiency is indicated by chlorosis (yellowingof leaves) and stunted development.
✦ Sources of Concentrated Nitrogen include animalmanures, green manures / mulches and blood andbone.
![Page 126: Introduction to Permaculture Day One at Earthwise November 2010](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55531863b4c905a7778b473c/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Soil Nutrients: Macronutrients
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
64 / 77
● Nitrogen (N) is required for vegetative growth,chorophyll production and protein formation .Nitrogen deficiency is indicated by chlorosis (yellowingof leaves) and stunted development.
✦ Sources of Concentrated Nitrogen include animalmanures, green manures / mulches and blood andbone.
● Phosphorus (P) is required for flowering andreproduction, tissue ripening and hardinessPhosphorus deficiency is indicated by reduced growthand dull green leaves.
✦ Sources of Concentrated Phosphorus include bonemeal, bird manures and powedered rock phosphate.
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Soil Nutrients: Macronutrients
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
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● Potassium (K) is required for drought tolerance, rootgrowth and thick cell walls . Potassium deficiency is diffucultto recognise though is sometimes indicated by yellowing ofleaf tips and edges and retarded growth.
✦ Sources of Concentrated Potassium include the ash ofyoung wood, bone meal, animal manures and liquidseaweed.
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Soil Nutrients: Macronutrients
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
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● Potassium (K) is required for drought tolerance, rootgrowth and thick cell walls . Potassium deficiency is diffucultto recognise though is sometimes indicated by yellowing ofleaf tips and edges and retarded growth.
✦ Sources of Concentrated Potassium include the ash ofyoung wood, bone meal, animal manures and liquidseaweed.
● Calcium (Ca) is essential in the production of cell walls .Calcium deficiency is results in the most marked retardationof growth. Deficiencies in all other elements are very difficultto recognise, though some indications are given by whichweed species grow readily in a particular soil.
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Soil Nutrients: Macronutrients
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
65 / 77
● Potassium (K) is required for drought tolerance, rootgrowth and thick cell walls . Potassium deficiency is diffucultto recognise though is sometimes indicated by yellowing ofleaf tips and edges and retarded growth.
✦ Sources of Concentrated Potassium include the ash ofyoung wood, bone meal, animal manures and liquidseaweed.
● Calcium (Ca) is essential in the production of cell walls .Calcium deficiency is results in the most marked retardationof growth. Deficiencies in all other elements are very difficultto recognise, though some indications are given by whichweed species grow readily in a particular soil.
● Sulfur (S) is required for protein formation.
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Soil Nutrients: Micronutrients or TraceElements
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
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● Iron (Fe) and Magnesium (Mg) are essential inchlorophyll production. Magnesium deficiency is shownin yellowing between the veins on older leaves.Iron deficiency is shown most clearly in yellowingbetween the veins on young leaves.
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Soil Nutrients: Micronutrients or TraceElements
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
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● Iron (Fe) and Magnesium (Mg) are essential inchlorophyll production. Magnesium deficiency is shownin yellowing between the veins on older leaves.Iron deficiency is shown most clearly in yellowingbetween the veins on young leaves.
● Other trace elements include Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn),Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Boron (B),Chlorine (Cl), Aluminium (Al), Sodium (Na),Silicon (Si) and Cobalt (Co)
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Soil Nutrients: Micronutrients or TraceElements
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
66 / 77
● Iron (Fe) and Magnesium (Mg) are essential inchlorophyll production. Magnesium deficiency is shownin yellowing between the veins on older leaves.Iron deficiency is shown most clearly in yellowingbetween the veins on young leaves.
● Other trace elements include Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn),Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Boron (B),Chlorine (Cl), Aluminium (Al), Sodium (Na),Silicon (Si) and Cobalt (Co)
Trace elements can be added through the use of a rock dust.An example composition of a ’rock dust’ is:
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Soil pH
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
67 / 77
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Soil pH
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
67 / 77
Element Ideal pH Range
Nitrogen 6.0 - 8.0Potassium 6.0
Phosphorus 6.5 - 7.5Most Others 5.5 - 7.0Earthworms > 5
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Soil pH
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
67 / 77
Element Ideal pH Range
Nitrogen 6.0 - 8.0Potassium 6.0
Phosphorus 6.5 - 7.5Most Others 5.5 - 7.0Earthworms > 5
● pH is a measure of theconcentration of hydro-gen ions.
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Soil pH
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
67 / 77
Element Ideal pH Range
Nitrogen 6.0 - 8.0Potassium 6.0
Phosphorus 6.5 - 7.5Most Others 5.5 - 7.0Earthworms > 5
● pH is a measure of theconcentration of hydro-gen ions.
● Each point on the scalerepresents a change bya factor of ten in acidity.
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Soil pH
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
67 / 77
Element Ideal pH Range
Nitrogen 6.0 - 8.0Potassium 6.0
Phosphorus 6.5 - 7.5Most Others 5.5 - 7.0Earthworms > 5
● pH is a measure of theconcentration of hydro-gen ions.
● Each point on the scalerepresents a change bya factor of ten in acidity.
● Soil nutrients becomemore or less available toplants depending uponthe pH.
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Soil Life: Mycelia and Mycoremediation
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
68 / 77
Paul Stamets on Mycoremediation
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Energy Cycling
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
69 / 77
Exercise : Shut Your System
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Energy Cycling
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
❖ Which Principle isThat?
❖ Soil
❖ Soil Types
❖ Soil Nutrients
❖ Soil pH
❖ Soil Life
❖ Energy Cycling
Guilds
69 / 77
Exercise : Shut Your System
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A Very Brief Introduction to Guilds
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds❖ Plants andEcosystems
❖ Video
References andResources
* 70 / 77
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Plants and Ecosystems: Guilds
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds❖ Plants andEcosystems
❖ Video
References andResources
* 71 / 77
Traditional Centered Per-maculture Guild
"Guilds are madeup of a close asso-ciation of speciesclustered arounda central element(plant of animal).This assemblyacts in relationto the element toassist in health,aid our work inmanagement,
or buffer adverseenvironmental ef-fects." — MOLLI-SON [1988, p. 60]
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Plants and Ecosystems: Guilds
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds❖ Plants andEcosystems
❖ Video
References andResources
* 72 / 77
More recent PERMACULTURE writing has seen this definitionexpanded. Guilds are not seen as necessarily ‘centered’ butinclude any beneficial interspecies interaction whichdemonstrates either or both mutual support and resourcesharing. JACKE and TOENSMEIER [2005, 151] that
"mutual support guilds build social structure."
They continue, writing that these relationships
". . . can include such diverse interactions aspollination support, inhibition of competitors,physical support or vines, microclimatemodification, providing habitat for critical animals orany number of other functions."
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Video
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds❖ Plants andEcosystems
❖ Video
References andResources
* 73 / 77
Farm for the Future: Martin Crawford’sForest Garden
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References and Resources
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
❖ References
*
74 / 77
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References
Introductions
Sparkles and TheWicked Problems
Permaculture Ethicsand IndigenousWisdom
Permaculture InHistory
Check In
PermaculturePrinciples 1-3
Plants
Plant Tour
The Seven F’s
Principles 4-6
Soil and Composting
Guilds
References andResources
❖ References
*
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References andResources
*
References
Ken Fern. Achillea millefolium - Plants For A Future databasereport, 2006. URLhttp://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Achillea+millefolium
David Holmgren. Permaculture : principles & pathwaysbeyond sustainability. Holmgren Design Services, HepburnVic., 2002. ISBN 9780646418445.
Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier. Edible forest gardens:Ecological vision and theory for temperate climatepermaculture. vol. 1. Chelsea Green Pub. Co., White RiverJunction Vt., 2005. ISBN 9781931498807.
Brad Lancaster. Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands andBeyond (Vol. 2): Water-Harvesting Earthworks. RainsourcePress, Tucson, July 2007. ISBN 0977246418. URLhttp://www.amazon.com/dp/0977246418.
B Mollison. Permaculture : a designer’s manual. Tagari
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Credits
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This document, authored by Harry Wykman in collaboration wi thBrooke ’Sparkles’ Murphy is licensed under a Creative Commo nsAttribution 2.5 Australia License.
● 35 Woolgar WayLOCKRIDGE, 6054
● (08) 9377 1258 or 0419662189
● www.peacetreepermaculture.com.au