IR-4: 2014 Research Priorities &
Cristi L PalmerIR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program
Manager
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IR-4 Mission
Facilitate registration of sustainable pest management technology for specialty crops
and minor uses
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30,000+ Crop Uses
101+ Registered Products
23,245 Studies
31,680 Completed Trials
60 – 70 researchers every year
50% of archived records validated
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IR-4 contributes more than $7.2 billion to GDP and
supports 104,650 jobs.
-- The Center for Economic Analysis at MSU, 2011
L. Osborne
L. Osborne, UFL
M. Hausbeck
A. Botin
J. Revell
C. Palmer
S. Wainwright
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Grower Extension Survey
Region Count PercentNorthCentral 25 12%Northeast 91 45%Southern 66 33%Western 16 8%
Total 198 100%
• 198 Respondents from the US• Over half were growers
Segment Count PercentExtension 20 10%Government 12 6%Grower 107 54%Industry 9 5%Interiorscaper 2 1%LCP 32 16%Researcher 16 8%
• Most operations were greenhouse or nursery− Greenhouse 28%− Container Nursery 22%− Field Nursery 15%− Landscape 21%
• Open from July 2012 through August 2013
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Grower and Extension Survey
• Unlike previous years, no one selected scheduled sprays as a management style
• Management Styles (multiple selections)
Management Styles Count PercentBiological Control 52 26%Chemical Control 68 34%IPM 67 34%Organic 29 15%Weekly/Monthly Sprays 0 0%Spray at Thresholds 42 21%
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Grower and Extension Survey
• Top Seven Issues (multiple selections)
Pests Diseases WeedsMites & Spider Mites
(129)Bacterial Diseases (68) Broadleaf – Perennial (81)
Thrips (100) Powdery Mildew (60) Grass (51)Scale & Mealybugs (94) Crown & Root Rot (52) Horsetail & Similar Weeds
(43)Borers & Beetles (75) Downy Mildew (51) Sedge & Nutsedge (32)
Aphids (57) Leaf Spots & Anthracnose (46)
Broadleaf - Summer Annual (23)
Whiteflies (52) Phytophthora & Pythium (42)
Non-grass Monocots (16)
White Grubs & Root Weevils (29)
Nematodes (34) Broadleaf - Winter Annual Broadleaf – Annual/
Perennial (15)
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Project Pros and Cons• Availability and effectiveness
of alternative pest management tools
• Damage potential of target pest(s)
• Performance and crop safety of proposed product(s)
• Compatibility with IPM programs
• Manufacturer interest in labeling product(s)
• Economics
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2014/2015 Research Priorities• Pathology
– Botrytis Efficacy– Leaf Spot & Anthracnose Efficacy– New Fungicide Crop Safety
• Entomology– Thrips Efficacy– Armored Scale Efficacy– New Insecticide & Miticide Crop Safety
• Weed Science– In Season Pre-Emergent Herbicide Crop Safety– Ornamental Grass Herbicide Crop Safety
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Setting the Stage
• Orn. Hort. Program is focused on finding solutions to high priority issues
• Protocol development occurs after priorities have been decided
• Any product not yet registered for the use in question is considered an ‘A’
• Biologics and conventionals side by side
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Biologics tested during last decade for pathogens
Extracts/Softer Chemicals (15+)• Affirm (polyoxin d)• Alexin (fruit & vegetable extract)• CG100 (Caprylic acid)• Citrex (Citrus extraction)• Copper based products• Endorse (polyoxin D)• K-Phite (Phophorus acid salts)• Kleengrow (Didecyl dimethyl ammonium
chloride)• Milstop (potassium bicarbonate)• Omega Gro Plus (Fish oil)• Phosphorous acid/phosphorus acid generators• Proud 3 (thyme oil)• Regalia (Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis)• Triact (Neem Oil Extract)• TriCon (Sodium tetraborahydrate decahydrate)
Live Organisms (10)• Actinovate Soluble (Streptomyces lydicus
WYEC 108)• Bloomtime (Pantoea agglomerans strain
E325)• BMJ (Bacillus mycoides isolate J)• Cease (Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713)• Companion (Bacillus subtillis GB03)• EcoGuard (Bacillus licheniformis SB3086 +
Indole-3-butyric Acid)• PreStop (Gliocladium catenulatum Strain
J1446)• Remedier (Trichoderma asperellum +
Trichoderma gamsii)• RootShield Plus (Trichoderma harzianum
T-22 + Trichoderma virens G-41)• Taegro (Bacillus subtilis var
amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24)
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Biologics tested during last decade for arthropods
Extracts/Softer Chemicals (20)• Agra-50 (propylene glycol alginate)• Aza-Direct (azadirachtin)• AzaGuard (azadirachtin)• Azatin XL (azadirachtin)• BugOil (mineral oil)• Hexacide (rosemary oil)• M-Pede (horticulture soap)• MilStop (potassium bicarbonate)• Neemazal F (azadirachtin)• Neemix (azadirachtin)• Ornazin 3% (azadirachtin)• Proud 3 (thyme oil)• Saf-T-Oil (Horticultural Oil)• Safer Soap (Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids)• Sucrocide (Sucrose octanoate ester)• Suffoil X (Petroleum Oil)• Surround WP (Kaolin Clay)• Triact (Neem Oil Extract)• TriCon (Sodium tetraborahydrate decahydrate)• Ultra Pure Oil (Petroleum Oil0
Live Organisms (8)• BotaniGard (Beauveria bassiana)• GrandEvo (Chromobacterium
subtsugae NRRL B-30655)• Met52 (Metarhizium anisopliae
strain F52)• Natural Solutions (Verticillium
lecanii)• NoFly (Paecilomyces
fumosoroseous strain FE 9901)• Preferal (Isaria fumosoroseus)• TickEx EC (Metarhizium
anisophliae)• Venerate (Burkholderia sp. strain
A396)
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Biologics tested during last decade for weeds
Extracts/Softer Chemicals (8)• Avenger Ag (d-limonene)• Baking soda• Bryophyter (oregano oil)• FlowerPharm (cinnamon oil +
rosemary oil)• Emery Agro 7000 (ammonium
nonanoate)• Sporotec (clove oil + rosemary oil
+ thyme oil)• WeedPharm (acetic acid)• Xeroton (peroxyacetic acid)
Live Organisms (0)
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Challenges
• Biopesticides being placed into protocols originally designed for chemically-based product screens– Weekly, biweekly, monthly intervals– Screening typically one product throughout
experiment rather than testing rotational programs
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Example Treatment List (Thrips Efficacy)
Priority # Product (active) RatesWk0
Wk1
Wk2
Wk3
Wk4
A 1 Mainspring aka A20520A (cyantranilliprole)
8 fl oz per 100 gal X X X2 16 fl oz per 100 gal X X X3 Grandevo aka MBI-203 DF
(Chromobacterium subtsugaestrain PRAA4-1T)
3 lb per 100 gal X X X X X
4 4 lb per 100 gal X X X X X
5 Venerate aka MBI-206 (Burkholderiasp. strain A396)
1 gal per 100 gal X X X X X6 2 gal per 100 gal X X X X X
Standards (choose 2 products)
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Avid 8 oz per 100 gal; no more than 16 oz per acre X X
Conserve 8 fl oz per 100 gal X X XHachi-Hachi 21 fl oz per 100 gal X X X
Standards 9 Water Spray -- X X X X X10 Untreated --
B AzaGuard 16 fl oz per 100 gal X X X X XProud 3 (Thyme Oil) 4 quarts per 100 gal X X X X X
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More Challenges
• Curative versus preventative
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Example Treatment List (Bacteria Efficacy)Priority # Product Rates
Wk-3
Wk-2
Wk-1
Wk0
Wk1
Wk2
Wk3
Wk4
A
1
Acibenzolar
Spray: 0.5 oz per 100 gal
X X X X X X X2Spray:
Woodies: 1 oz per 100 galHerbaceous: 0.75 oz per 100 gal
3 Drench: 0.25 oz per 100 gal X XA 4 A14658C 4 pt per 100 gal X X X X X XA 5 Agriphage (bacteriophage) TBDA 6 CG100 38.4 fl oz per 100 gal X X X X XA 7 Regalia (MOI 106) 1% v:v
A 8a For Fireblight only:Florel (ethephon)
A 8b For non-Erwinia diseases:ZeroTol 128 fl oz per 100 gal X X X X X
B (Pick 2)
910
Camelot O (copper octanoate) 1 – 2 gal per 100 gal X X X X XKleengrow (Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) 6 oz per 100 gal at propagation X X X
HM-0736 (laminarin) 14.4 fl oz per 100 gal X X X X X X XNAI-4201 (tiadanil) 5 fl oz per 100 gals X X X X
C Citrex 150 cc per 100 liters of water X X X X X X XC Kasumin (kasugamycin) 64 fl oz per 100 gal X X X X X
Standards (Pick 1)
11a Aliette (fosetyl Al) 6.4 to 12.8 oz per 100 gal X X11b Cease + Milstop 3 qt + 1.25 lb per 100 gal, respectively X X X X X X11c Dithane, Protect (mancozeb) See label for specific rate based on plant11d Copper Compounds See label for specific rate based on plant
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More Challenges
• Curative versus preventative• Level of inocula/infestation levels
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Efficacy on Pythium Root Rot (Pythium ultimum) on Geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum) ‘White Orbit’, Hausbeck, MI, 1999.
Treatment Rate Per2 Liters
Plant Height (cm)x Plant Death (%)19 Apr 3 May 16 Apr 26 Apr 3 May
Banol (propamocarb hydrochloride) 4.7 ml 2.2 a 5.4 bcd 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.3 ab
Heritage 50W (azoxystrobin) 0.06 g 2.3 a 6.2 abc 0.0 a 0.0 0.0 a
RootShield (Trichodermaharzianum T-22) 1.8 g 2.4 a 5.2 cd 25.0 c 37.5 b 56.3 cd
Subdue Maxx 2E (mefenoxam)
0.08 ml 2.5 a 6.6 ab 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.3 ab0.16 ml 2.3 a 5.9 abc 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 a
Terrazole 35WP (etridiazole) 1.5 g 2.3 a 5.8 abc 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 a
Untreated inoculated - 2.2 a 4.1 e 31.3 c 37.5 b 56.3 cd
* Not an IR-4 Experiment: F&N Tests Vol 55: 542. Not all products tested included in table.x Means followed by same letter do not differ significantly based on Student-Newman-Keuls (P=0.05).
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More Challenges
• Curative versus preventative• Level of inocula/infestation levels• Not all Pythium species are equal
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Efficacy on Pythium Root Rot (Pythium irregulare) on Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Grunwald, OR, 2010b.
Treatment Rate Per100 Gal
No. / Interval of Applications
Plant Emergence at Weeks After Planting x2 3 4 5
Adorn 4FL (fluopicolide) 2 fl oz 2/14 days 0.75 e 1 cd 1.13 cd 1.13 cdAliette 80WP (fosetyl Al) 9.6 oz 1 3.25 bc 3.25 b 3.38 b 3.38 bAlude (phosphorus acid
salts) 12.7 fl oz 1 3.75 ab 2.63 b 3.00 b 3.00 b
Rootshield Plus aka BW240 WP 6 oz 1 3.63 ab 3.13 b 3.25 b 3.25 b
BW240 + Aliette 6 oz + 9.6 oz 1 0.63 e 0.63 d 0.63 d 0.63 dCG100 (caprylic acid) 0.6 pt 1 0.63 e 0.5 d 0.5 d 0.5 d
Disarm 480SC (fluoxastrobin) 0.4 fl oz 2/14 days 0.25 e 0.5 d 0.5 d 0.5 d
Fenstop (fenamidone) 10 fl oz 1 0.13 e 0 d 0.13 d 0.13 dHeritage (azoxystrobin) 0.9 oz 2/21 days 1 de 1.13 cd 1.13 cd 1.13 cd
Pageant 38WG (boscalid + pyraclostrobin) 12 oz 2/14 days 0 e 0.13 d 0.13 d 0.13 d
Subdue Maxx (mefenoxam) 1 fl oz 2/21 days 2.25 cd 2.25 bc 2.38 bc 2.38 bcUntreated uninoculated - - 4.88 a 5.25 a 5.38 a 5.38 a
Untreated inoculated - - 0 e 0 d 0 d 0 dx Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly based on Tukey's HSD Test, (P=0.05).
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More Challenges
• Curative versus preventative• Level of inocula/infestation levels• Not all Pythium species are equal• Tank mix incompatibilities
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Efficacy on Pythium Root Rot (Pythium irregulare) on Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Grunwald, OR, 2010b.
Treatment Rate Per100 Gal
No. / Interval of Applications
Plant Emergence at Weeks After Planting x2 3 4 5
Adorn 4FL (fluopicolide) 2 fl oz 2/14 days 0.75 e 1 cd 1.13 cd 1.13 cdAliette 80WP (fosetyl Al) 9.6 oz 1 3.25 bc 3.25 b 3.38 b 3.38 bAlude (phosphorus acid
salts) 12.7 fl oz 1 3.75 ab 2.63 b 3.00 b 3.00 b
Rootshield Plus aka BW240 WP 6 oz 1 3.63 ab 3.13 b 3.25 b 3.25 b
BW240 + Aliette 6 oz + 9.6 oz 1 0.63 e 0.63 d 0.63 d 0.63 dCG100 (caprylic acid) 0.6 pt 1 0.63 e 0.5 d 0.5 d 0.5 d
Disarm 480SC (fluoxastrobin) 0.4 fl oz 2/14 days 0.25 e 0.5 d 0.5 d 0.5 d
Fenstop (fenamidone) 10 fl oz 1 0.13 e 0 d 0.13 d 0.13 dHeritage (azoxystrobin) 0.9 oz 2/21 days 1 de 1.13 cd 1.13 cd 1.13 cd
Pageant 38WG (boscalid + pyraclostrobin) 12 oz 2/14 days 0 e 0.13 d 0.13 d 0.13 d
Subdue Maxx (mefenoxam) 1 fl oz 2/21 days 2.25 cd 2.25 bc 2.38 bc 2.38 bcUntreated uninoculated - - 4.88 a 5.25 a 5.38 a 5.38 a
Untreated inoculated - - 0 e 0 d 0 d 0 dx Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly based on Tukey's HSD Test, (P=0.05).
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More Challenges
• Curative versus preventative• Level of inocula/infestation levels• Not all Pythium species are equal• Tank mix incompatibilities• May be live organisms: environmental
parameters
Bacillus
Streptomyces
Gliocladium
Trichoderma
Beauveria Chromobacterium
Metarhizium
Verticillium Paecilomyces
Burkholderia
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Western Flower Thrips Control on Petunia (Petunia sp.) ‘Dreams Midnight’, Chen, LA, 2006a
Treatment Rate per 100 gal z
Population Counts y, Means Separations x, and % Control7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT
AdultsBotaniGard 1 app 1.0 a (50) 1.2 b (70) 1.7 bc (70)BotaniGard 2 app 0.0 a (100) 3.0 a (25) 1.2 bc (79)
Conserve 6 oz 1.0 a (50) 3.3 a (18) 2.5 b (56)QRD400 0.5% 2.0 a (0) 0.7 b (83) 0.2 c (96)
QRD400 0.25% 1.0 a (50) 0.5 b (88) 0.0 c (100)Proud3 4 qt 0.0 a (100) 0.2 b (95) 0.3 c (95)Proud3 2 qt 0.0 a (100) 0.0 b (100) 0.2 b (96)Tricon 50 oz 0.0 a (100) 0.2 b (95) 0.3 c (95)
Tricon + Conserve 0.0 a (100) 0.5 b (88) 0.8 bc (86)Untreated 2.0 a (0) 4.0 a (0) 5.7 a (0)
NymphsBotaniGard 1 app 0.2 b (96) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)BotaniGard 2 app 0.0 b (100) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)
Conserve 6 oz 0.0 b (100) 1.0 a (0) 0.0 a (100)QRD400 0.5% 0.5 b (89) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)
QRD400 0.25% 0.0 b (100) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)Proud3 4 qt 0.3 b (93) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)Proud3 2 qt 0.0 b (100) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)Tricon 50 oz 0.0 b (100) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)
Tricon + Conserve 0.0 b (100) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)Untreated 4.5 a (0) 1.0 a (0) 0.2 a (0)
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Western Flower Thrips Control on Marigold (Tagetespatula) ‘Boy O Boy’, Ludwig, TX, 2010Treatment Population Counts z, Means Separations y, and Henderson’s Percent Control
Precount 6 DAT 14 DAT 21 DATAdults
Aria (flonicamid) / Botanigard 22 % WP 2.2±0.5 a 5.0±1.7 a (0) 4.7±1.4 ab (0) 5.0±0.8 a (0)Aria (flonicamid) / Tick-Ex EC 2.8±1.0 a 5.5±1.3 a (0) 9.3±3.6 a (0) 3.8±1.5 a (0)
Botanigard 22 % WP 2.2±0.5 a 2.5±0.8 a (0) 2.8±1.1 ab (0) 1.3±0.7 a (47)Botanigard 22 % WP + Molt X / Botanigard 3.2±0.5 a 3.5±1.8 a (0) 3.2±0.8 ab (0) 2.3±0.9 a (36)
Botanigard 22 % WP + SuffOil X / Botanigard 3.7±1.2 a 3.5±1.3 a (0) 1.3±0.6 b (57) 1.8±0.3 a (57)Botanigard 25 % WP / Hachi-Hachi 1.8±0.9 a 1.2±0.5 a (4) 3.5±1.0 ab (0) 1.8±0.5 a (11)
Botanigard 22 % WP + Tick-Ex 3.5±1.1 a 1.3±0.4 a (47) 1.8±0.4 b (37) 1.3±0.5 a (67)Tick-Ex (Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52) 3.7±0.9 a 1.7±0.7 a (39) 2.2±0.9 b (27) 6.3±3.1 a (0)
Tick-Ex / Hachi-Hachi 2.2±0.9 a 6.0±1.7 a (0) 3.0±1.1 ab (0) 2.0±0.9 a (19)Untreated 3.3±1.0 a 2.3±0.7 a (0) 2.7±0.6 ab (0) 3.7±0.7 a (0)
ImmaturesAria (flonicamid) / Botanigard 22 % WP 36.0±4.6 a 12.3±2.8 b (55) 13.7±3.8 a (41) 7.0±1.5 b (79)
Aria (flonicamid) / Tick-Ex EC 49.5±8.8 a 31.3±6.6 ab (16) 9.2±3.3 a (71) 18.5±4.8 ab (60)Botanigard 22 % WP 57.0±10.9 a 42.8±8.5 ab (0) 34.0±7.9 a (4) 38.3±10.8 ab (27)
Botanigard 22 % WP + Molt X / Botanigard 36.5±5.3 a 25.7±7.2 ab (7) 34.0±1.0 a (0) 31.0±8.7 ab (8)Botanigard 22 % WP + SuffOil X / Botanigard 50.7±11.0 a 22.0±5.1 ab (42) 28.5±7.1 a (14) 34.2±10.8 ab (27)
Botanigard 25 % WP / Hachi-Hachi 46.8±5.5 a 23.2±5.4 ab (34) 31.5±9.5 a (0) 18.3±7.3 ab (58)Botanigard 22 % WP + Tick-Ex 37.8±12.1 a 36.8±12.0 ab (0) 17.4±4.8 a (29) 32.8±5.2 ab (6)
Tick-Ex (Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52) 49.3±3.8 a 33.7±4.2 ab (9) 28.2±4.1 a (12) 47.0±17.0 ab (0)Tick-Ex / Hachi-Hachi 52.7±11.2 a 45.5±10.7 a (0) 27.4±5.5 a (20) 11.8±3.9 b (76)
Untreated 59.7±6.6 a 45.0±3.7 a (0) 38.8±8.8 a (0) 55.2±10.5 a (0)
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More Challenges
• Curative versus preventative• Level of inocula/infestation levels• Not all Pythium species are equal• Tank mix incompatibilities• May be live organisms: environmental
parameters• Storage stability
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Storage
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More Challenges• Curative versus preventative• Level of inocula/infestation levels• Not all Pythium species are equal• Tank mix incompatibilities• Storage stability and environmental parameters• Potentially dealing with live organisms• Broad versus narrow impacts (target & non-
target)
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Broad versus Narrow
• Pheromones• ‘Softer’ chemistries may have broad targets
– Proud 3– Avenger Ag
• Biologics may be very focused or have broad targets
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Take Home Messages• Biologics have varying characteristics• Read label thoroughly• Read technical literature• Talk with manufacturer & extension agent /
crop advisor to determine whether your situation is suited for product
• Follow guidelines• Observe your results & make subsequent
decisions accordingly
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Thank you !Funding for IR-4 Research:USDA-NIFAUSDA-ARSUSDA-APHISLand Grant Institutions
Researchers:All the fine researchers throughout the US and in cooperating countries
IR-4 Personnel:Michelle FooDiane InfanteEdith LurveySatoru Miyazaki
Mika Pringle-TolsonBecky SiscoEly Vea
Growers:Who donate time to complete the biennial survey and all those plant materials!