IR-4: 2014 Research Priorities &

Cristi L PalmerIR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program

Manager

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IR-4 Mission

Facilitate registration of sustainable pest management technology for specialty crops

and minor uses

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30,000+ Crop Uses

101+ Registered Products

23,245 Studies

31,680 Completed Trials

60 – 70 researchers every year

50% of archived records validated

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IR-4 contributes more than $7.2 billion to GDP and

supports 104,650 jobs.

-- The Center for Economic Analysis at MSU, 2011

L. Osborne

L. Osborne, UFL

M. Hausbeck

A. Botin

J. Revell

C. Palmer

S. Wainwright

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Grower Extension Survey

Region Count PercentNorthCentral 25 12%Northeast 91 45%Southern 66 33%Western 16 8%

Total 198 100%

• 198 Respondents from the US• Over half were growers

Segment Count PercentExtension 20 10%Government 12 6%Grower 107 54%Industry 9 5%Interiorscaper 2 1%LCP 32 16%Researcher 16 8%

• Most operations were greenhouse or nursery− Greenhouse 28%− Container Nursery 22%− Field Nursery 15%− Landscape 21%

• Open from July 2012 through August 2013

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Grower and Extension Survey

• Unlike previous years, no one selected scheduled sprays as a management style

• Management Styles (multiple selections)

Management Styles Count PercentBiological Control 52 26%Chemical Control 68 34%IPM 67 34%Organic 29 15%Weekly/Monthly Sprays 0 0%Spray at Thresholds 42 21%

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Grower and Extension Survey

• Top Seven Issues (multiple selections)

Pests Diseases WeedsMites & Spider Mites

(129)Bacterial Diseases (68) Broadleaf – Perennial (81)

Thrips (100) Powdery Mildew (60) Grass (51)Scale & Mealybugs (94) Crown & Root Rot (52) Horsetail & Similar Weeds

(43)Borers & Beetles (75) Downy Mildew (51) Sedge & Nutsedge (32)

Aphids (57) Leaf Spots & Anthracnose (46)

Broadleaf - Summer Annual (23)

Whiteflies (52) Phytophthora & Pythium (42)

Non-grass Monocots (16)

White Grubs & Root Weevils (29)

Nematodes (34) Broadleaf - Winter Annual Broadleaf – Annual/

Perennial (15)

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Project Pros and Cons• Availability and effectiveness

of alternative pest management tools

• Damage potential of target pest(s)

• Performance and crop safety of proposed product(s)

• Compatibility with IPM programs

• Manufacturer interest in labeling product(s)

• Economics

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2014/2015 Research Priorities• Pathology

– Botrytis Efficacy– Leaf Spot & Anthracnose Efficacy– New Fungicide Crop Safety

• Entomology– Thrips Efficacy– Armored Scale Efficacy– New Insecticide & Miticide Crop Safety

• Weed Science– In Season Pre-Emergent Herbicide Crop Safety– Ornamental Grass Herbicide Crop Safety

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Setting the Stage

• Orn. Hort. Program is focused on finding solutions to high priority issues

• Protocol development occurs after priorities have been decided

• Any product not yet registered for the use in question is considered an ‘A’

• Biologics and conventionals side by side

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Biologics tested during last decade for pathogens

Extracts/Softer Chemicals (15+)• Affirm (polyoxin d)• Alexin (fruit & vegetable extract)• CG100 (Caprylic acid)• Citrex (Citrus extraction)• Copper based products• Endorse (polyoxin D)• K-Phite (Phophorus acid salts)• Kleengrow (Didecyl dimethyl ammonium

chloride)• Milstop (potassium bicarbonate)• Omega Gro Plus (Fish oil)• Phosphorous acid/phosphorus acid generators• Proud 3 (thyme oil)• Regalia (Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis)• Triact (Neem Oil Extract)• TriCon (Sodium tetraborahydrate decahydrate)

Live Organisms (10)• Actinovate Soluble (Streptomyces lydicus

WYEC 108)• Bloomtime (Pantoea agglomerans strain

E325)• BMJ (Bacillus mycoides isolate J)• Cease (Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713)• Companion (Bacillus subtillis GB03)• EcoGuard (Bacillus licheniformis SB3086 +

Indole-3-butyric Acid)• PreStop (Gliocladium catenulatum Strain

J1446)• Remedier (Trichoderma asperellum +

Trichoderma gamsii)• RootShield Plus (Trichoderma harzianum

T-22 + Trichoderma virens G-41)• Taegro (Bacillus subtilis var

amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24)

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Biologics tested during last decade for arthropods

Extracts/Softer Chemicals (20)• Agra-50 (propylene glycol alginate)• Aza-Direct (azadirachtin)• AzaGuard (azadirachtin)• Azatin XL (azadirachtin)• BugOil (mineral oil)• Hexacide (rosemary oil)• M-Pede (horticulture soap)• MilStop (potassium bicarbonate)• Neemazal F (azadirachtin)• Neemix (azadirachtin)• Ornazin 3% (azadirachtin)• Proud 3 (thyme oil)• Saf-T-Oil (Horticultural Oil)• Safer Soap (Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids)• Sucrocide (Sucrose octanoate ester)• Suffoil X (Petroleum Oil)• Surround WP (Kaolin Clay)• Triact (Neem Oil Extract)• TriCon (Sodium tetraborahydrate decahydrate)• Ultra Pure Oil (Petroleum Oil0

Live Organisms (8)• BotaniGard (Beauveria bassiana)• GrandEvo (Chromobacterium

subtsugae NRRL B-30655)• Met52 (Metarhizium anisopliae

strain F52)• Natural Solutions (Verticillium

lecanii)• NoFly (Paecilomyces

fumosoroseous strain FE 9901)• Preferal (Isaria fumosoroseus)• TickEx EC (Metarhizium

anisophliae)• Venerate (Burkholderia sp. strain

A396)

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Biologics tested during last decade for weeds

Extracts/Softer Chemicals (8)• Avenger Ag (d-limonene)• Baking soda• Bryophyter (oregano oil)• FlowerPharm (cinnamon oil +

rosemary oil)• Emery Agro 7000 (ammonium

nonanoate)• Sporotec (clove oil + rosemary oil

+ thyme oil)• WeedPharm (acetic acid)• Xeroton (peroxyacetic acid)

Live Organisms (0)

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Challenges

• Biopesticides being placed into protocols originally designed for chemically-based product screens– Weekly, biweekly, monthly intervals– Screening typically one product throughout

experiment rather than testing rotational programs

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Example Treatment List (Thrips Efficacy)

Priority # Product (active) RatesWk0

Wk1

Wk2

Wk3

Wk4

A 1 Mainspring aka A20520A (cyantranilliprole)

8 fl oz per 100 gal X X X2 16 fl oz per 100 gal X X X3 Grandevo aka MBI-203 DF

(Chromobacterium subtsugaestrain PRAA4-1T)

3 lb per 100 gal X X X X X

4 4 lb per 100 gal X X X X X

5 Venerate aka MBI-206 (Burkholderiasp. strain A396)

1 gal per 100 gal X X X X X6 2 gal per 100 gal X X X X X

Standards (choose 2 products)

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Avid 8 oz per 100 gal; no more than 16 oz per acre X X

Conserve 8 fl oz per 100 gal X X XHachi-Hachi 21 fl oz per 100 gal X X X

Standards 9 Water Spray -- X X X X X10 Untreated --

B AzaGuard 16 fl oz per 100 gal X X X X XProud 3 (Thyme Oil) 4 quarts per 100 gal X X X X X

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More Challenges

• Curative versus preventative

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Example Treatment List (Bacteria Efficacy)Priority # Product Rates

Wk-3

Wk-2

Wk-1

Wk0

Wk1

Wk2

Wk3

Wk4

A

1

Acibenzolar

Spray: 0.5 oz per 100 gal

X X X X X X X2Spray:

Woodies: 1 oz per 100 galHerbaceous: 0.75 oz per 100 gal

3 Drench: 0.25 oz per 100 gal X XA 4 A14658C 4 pt per 100 gal X X X X X XA 5 Agriphage (bacteriophage) TBDA 6 CG100 38.4 fl oz per 100 gal X X X X XA 7 Regalia (MOI 106) 1% v:v

A 8a For Fireblight only:Florel (ethephon)

A 8b For non-Erwinia diseases:ZeroTol 128 fl oz per 100 gal X X X X X

B (Pick 2)

910

Camelot O (copper octanoate) 1 – 2 gal per 100 gal X X X X XKleengrow (Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) 6 oz per 100 gal at propagation X X X

HM-0736 (laminarin) 14.4 fl oz per 100 gal X X X X X X XNAI-4201 (tiadanil) 5 fl oz per 100 gals X X X X

C Citrex 150 cc per 100 liters of water X X X X X X XC Kasumin (kasugamycin) 64 fl oz per 100 gal X X X X X

Standards (Pick 1)

11a Aliette (fosetyl Al) 6.4 to 12.8 oz per 100 gal X X11b Cease + Milstop 3 qt + 1.25 lb per 100 gal, respectively X X X X X X11c Dithane, Protect (mancozeb) See label for specific rate based on plant11d Copper Compounds See label for specific rate based on plant

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More Challenges

• Curative versus preventative• Level of inocula/infestation levels

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Efficacy on Pythium Root Rot (Pythium ultimum) on Geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum) ‘White Orbit’, Hausbeck, MI, 1999.

Treatment Rate Per2 Liters

Plant Height (cm)x Plant Death (%)19 Apr 3 May 16 Apr 26 Apr 3 May

Banol (propamocarb hydrochloride) 4.7 ml 2.2 a 5.4 bcd 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.3 ab

Heritage 50W (azoxystrobin) 0.06 g 2.3 a 6.2 abc 0.0 a 0.0 0.0 a

RootShield (Trichodermaharzianum T-22) 1.8 g 2.4 a 5.2 cd 25.0 c 37.5 b 56.3 cd

Subdue Maxx 2E (mefenoxam)

0.08 ml 2.5 a 6.6 ab 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.3 ab0.16 ml 2.3 a 5.9 abc 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 a

Terrazole 35WP (etridiazole) 1.5 g 2.3 a 5.8 abc 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 a

Untreated inoculated - 2.2 a 4.1 e 31.3 c 37.5 b 56.3 cd

* Not an IR-4 Experiment: F&N Tests Vol 55: 542. Not all products tested included in table.x Means followed by same letter do not differ significantly based on Student-Newman-Keuls (P=0.05).

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More Challenges

• Curative versus preventative• Level of inocula/infestation levels• Not all Pythium species are equal

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Efficacy on Pythium Root Rot (Pythium irregulare) on Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Grunwald, OR, 2010b.

Treatment Rate Per100 Gal

No. / Interval of Applications

Plant Emergence at Weeks After Planting x2 3 4 5

Adorn 4FL (fluopicolide) 2 fl oz 2/14 days 0.75 e 1 cd 1.13 cd 1.13 cdAliette 80WP (fosetyl Al) 9.6 oz 1 3.25 bc 3.25 b 3.38 b 3.38 bAlude (phosphorus acid

salts) 12.7 fl oz 1 3.75 ab 2.63 b 3.00 b 3.00 b

Rootshield Plus aka BW240 WP 6 oz 1 3.63 ab 3.13 b 3.25 b 3.25 b

BW240 + Aliette 6 oz + 9.6 oz 1 0.63 e 0.63 d 0.63 d 0.63 dCG100 (caprylic acid) 0.6 pt 1 0.63 e 0.5 d 0.5 d 0.5 d

Disarm 480SC (fluoxastrobin) 0.4 fl oz 2/14 days 0.25 e 0.5 d 0.5 d 0.5 d

Fenstop (fenamidone) 10 fl oz 1 0.13 e 0 d 0.13 d 0.13 dHeritage (azoxystrobin) 0.9 oz 2/21 days 1 de 1.13 cd 1.13 cd 1.13 cd

Pageant 38WG (boscalid + pyraclostrobin) 12 oz 2/14 days 0 e 0.13 d 0.13 d 0.13 d

Subdue Maxx (mefenoxam) 1 fl oz 2/21 days 2.25 cd 2.25 bc 2.38 bc 2.38 bcUntreated uninoculated - - 4.88 a 5.25 a 5.38 a 5.38 a

Untreated inoculated - - 0 e 0 d 0 d 0 dx Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly based on Tukey's HSD Test, (P=0.05).

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More Challenges

• Curative versus preventative• Level of inocula/infestation levels• Not all Pythium species are equal• Tank mix incompatibilities

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Efficacy on Pythium Root Rot (Pythium irregulare) on Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Grunwald, OR, 2010b.

Treatment Rate Per100 Gal

No. / Interval of Applications

Plant Emergence at Weeks After Planting x2 3 4 5

Adorn 4FL (fluopicolide) 2 fl oz 2/14 days 0.75 e 1 cd 1.13 cd 1.13 cdAliette 80WP (fosetyl Al) 9.6 oz 1 3.25 bc 3.25 b 3.38 b 3.38 bAlude (phosphorus acid

salts) 12.7 fl oz 1 3.75 ab 2.63 b 3.00 b 3.00 b

Rootshield Plus aka BW240 WP 6 oz 1 3.63 ab 3.13 b 3.25 b 3.25 b

BW240 + Aliette 6 oz + 9.6 oz 1 0.63 e 0.63 d 0.63 d 0.63 dCG100 (caprylic acid) 0.6 pt 1 0.63 e 0.5 d 0.5 d 0.5 d

Disarm 480SC (fluoxastrobin) 0.4 fl oz 2/14 days 0.25 e 0.5 d 0.5 d 0.5 d

Fenstop (fenamidone) 10 fl oz 1 0.13 e 0 d 0.13 d 0.13 dHeritage (azoxystrobin) 0.9 oz 2/21 days 1 de 1.13 cd 1.13 cd 1.13 cd

Pageant 38WG (boscalid + pyraclostrobin) 12 oz 2/14 days 0 e 0.13 d 0.13 d 0.13 d

Subdue Maxx (mefenoxam) 1 fl oz 2/21 days 2.25 cd 2.25 bc 2.38 bc 2.38 bcUntreated uninoculated - - 4.88 a 5.25 a 5.38 a 5.38 a

Untreated inoculated - - 0 e 0 d 0 d 0 dx Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly based on Tukey's HSD Test, (P=0.05).

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More Challenges

• Curative versus preventative• Level of inocula/infestation levels• Not all Pythium species are equal• Tank mix incompatibilities• May be live organisms: environmental

parameters

Bacillus

Streptomyces

Gliocladium

Trichoderma

Beauveria Chromobacterium

Metarhizium

Verticillium Paecilomyces

Burkholderia

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Western Flower Thrips Control on Petunia (Petunia sp.) ‘Dreams Midnight’, Chen, LA, 2006a

Treatment Rate per 100 gal z

Population Counts y, Means Separations x, and % Control7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT

AdultsBotaniGard 1 app 1.0 a (50) 1.2 b (70) 1.7 bc (70)BotaniGard 2 app 0.0 a (100) 3.0 a (25) 1.2 bc (79)

Conserve 6 oz 1.0 a (50) 3.3 a (18) 2.5 b (56)QRD400 0.5% 2.0 a (0) 0.7 b (83) 0.2 c (96)

QRD400 0.25% 1.0 a (50) 0.5 b (88) 0.0 c (100)Proud3 4 qt 0.0 a (100) 0.2 b (95) 0.3 c (95)Proud3 2 qt 0.0 a (100) 0.0 b (100) 0.2 b (96)Tricon 50 oz 0.0 a (100) 0.2 b (95) 0.3 c (95)

Tricon + Conserve 0.0 a (100) 0.5 b (88) 0.8 bc (86)Untreated 2.0 a (0) 4.0 a (0) 5.7 a (0)

NymphsBotaniGard 1 app 0.2 b (96) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)BotaniGard 2 app 0.0 b (100) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)

Conserve 6 oz 0.0 b (100) 1.0 a (0) 0.0 a (100)QRD400 0.5% 0.5 b (89) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)

QRD400 0.25% 0.0 b (100) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)Proud3 4 qt 0.3 b (93) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)Proud3 2 qt 0.0 b (100) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)Tricon 50 oz 0.0 b (100) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)

Tricon + Conserve 0.0 b (100) 0.0 a (100) 0.0 a (100)Untreated 4.5 a (0) 1.0 a (0) 0.2 a (0)

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Western Flower Thrips Control on Marigold (Tagetespatula) ‘Boy O Boy’, Ludwig, TX, 2010Treatment Population Counts z, Means Separations y, and Henderson’s Percent Control

Precount 6 DAT 14 DAT 21 DATAdults

Aria (flonicamid) / Botanigard 22 % WP 2.2±0.5 a 5.0±1.7 a (0) 4.7±1.4 ab (0) 5.0±0.8 a (0)Aria (flonicamid) / Tick-Ex EC 2.8±1.0 a 5.5±1.3 a (0) 9.3±3.6 a (0) 3.8±1.5 a (0)

Botanigard 22 % WP 2.2±0.5 a 2.5±0.8 a (0) 2.8±1.1 ab (0) 1.3±0.7 a (47)Botanigard 22 % WP + Molt X / Botanigard 3.2±0.5 a 3.5±1.8 a (0) 3.2±0.8 ab (0) 2.3±0.9 a (36)

Botanigard 22 % WP + SuffOil X / Botanigard 3.7±1.2 a 3.5±1.3 a (0) 1.3±0.6 b (57) 1.8±0.3 a (57)Botanigard 25 % WP / Hachi-Hachi 1.8±0.9 a 1.2±0.5 a (4) 3.5±1.0 ab (0) 1.8±0.5 a (11)

Botanigard 22 % WP + Tick-Ex 3.5±1.1 a 1.3±0.4 a (47) 1.8±0.4 b (37) 1.3±0.5 a (67)Tick-Ex (Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52) 3.7±0.9 a 1.7±0.7 a (39) 2.2±0.9 b (27) 6.3±3.1 a (0)

Tick-Ex / Hachi-Hachi 2.2±0.9 a 6.0±1.7 a (0) 3.0±1.1 ab (0) 2.0±0.9 a (19)Untreated 3.3±1.0 a 2.3±0.7 a (0) 2.7±0.6 ab (0) 3.7±0.7 a (0)

ImmaturesAria (flonicamid) / Botanigard 22 % WP 36.0±4.6 a 12.3±2.8 b (55) 13.7±3.8 a (41) 7.0±1.5 b (79)

Aria (flonicamid) / Tick-Ex EC 49.5±8.8 a 31.3±6.6 ab (16) 9.2±3.3 a (71) 18.5±4.8 ab (60)Botanigard 22 % WP 57.0±10.9 a 42.8±8.5 ab (0) 34.0±7.9 a (4) 38.3±10.8 ab (27)

Botanigard 22 % WP + Molt X / Botanigard 36.5±5.3 a 25.7±7.2 ab (7) 34.0±1.0 a (0) 31.0±8.7 ab (8)Botanigard 22 % WP + SuffOil X / Botanigard 50.7±11.0 a 22.0±5.1 ab (42) 28.5±7.1 a (14) 34.2±10.8 ab (27)

Botanigard 25 % WP / Hachi-Hachi 46.8±5.5 a 23.2±5.4 ab (34) 31.5±9.5 a (0) 18.3±7.3 ab (58)Botanigard 22 % WP + Tick-Ex 37.8±12.1 a 36.8±12.0 ab (0) 17.4±4.8 a (29) 32.8±5.2 ab (6)

Tick-Ex (Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52) 49.3±3.8 a 33.7±4.2 ab (9) 28.2±4.1 a (12) 47.0±17.0 ab (0)Tick-Ex / Hachi-Hachi 52.7±11.2 a 45.5±10.7 a (0) 27.4±5.5 a (20) 11.8±3.9 b (76)

Untreated 59.7±6.6 a 45.0±3.7 a (0) 38.8±8.8 a (0) 55.2±10.5 a (0)

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More Challenges

• Curative versus preventative• Level of inocula/infestation levels• Not all Pythium species are equal• Tank mix incompatibilities• May be live organisms: environmental

parameters• Storage stability

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Storage

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More Challenges• Curative versus preventative• Level of inocula/infestation levels• Not all Pythium species are equal• Tank mix incompatibilities• Storage stability and environmental parameters• Potentially dealing with live organisms• Broad versus narrow impacts (target & non-

target)

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Broad versus Narrow

• Pheromones• ‘Softer’ chemistries may have broad targets

– Proud 3– Avenger Ag

• Biologics may be very focused or have broad targets

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Take Home Messages• Biologics have varying characteristics• Read label thoroughly• Read technical literature• Talk with manufacturer & extension agent /

crop advisor to determine whether your situation is suited for product

• Follow guidelines• Observe your results & make subsequent

decisions accordingly

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Thank you !Funding for IR-4 Research:USDA-NIFAUSDA-ARSUSDA-APHISLand Grant Institutions

Researchers:All the fine researchers throughout the US and in cooperating countries

IR-4 Personnel:Michelle FooDiane InfanteEdith LurveySatoru Miyazaki

Mika Pringle-TolsonBecky SiscoEly Vea

Growers:Who donate time to complete the biennial survey and all those plant materials!