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Issues Facing Beginning Farmers and Ranchers
July 9, 2007Michael Duffy
Director, Iowa State Beginning Farmer Center
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Access to Land Resource
• Increasing land values limit ability to purchase
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U.S. Average Land Values
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
$1,600
$1,800
$2,000
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
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Percent Change in Land Values by Region, 2002 to 2006
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Northea
st:
Lake
Sta
tes:
Corn B
elt:
Norther
n Plai
ns:
Appala
chia
n:
South
east:
Delta S
tate
s:
South
ern
Plains
:
Mou
ntain
:
Pacific
:
48 S
tate
s 3/
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Current Percentage Changes in Land Values, 7th Federal Reserve District
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
IL IN IA WI 7th District
1st Quarter '07 April to April '07
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Access to Land Resource
• Increasing land values limit ability to purchase
• Increasing rents and changing rent options limit ability to access land
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Percent Change in Cash Rent by Region from 1999 to 2006
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
North
east:
Lake
Sta
tes:
Corn
Belt:
North
ern
Plains
:
Appal
achia
n:
South
east
:
Delta
Sta
tes:
South
ern
Plains
:
Mou
ntai
n:
Pacific
:
48 S
tate
s 3/
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Distribution of Rented Land in Iowa by Type of Lease and Year
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1982 1992 2002
Cash Crop Share Other
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Access to Land Resource
• Increasing land values limit ability to purchase
• Increasing rents and changing rent options limit ability to access land
• Competition for land as existing farmers try to expand
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Percent of U.S. Farmland by Farm Classification
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1910 1925 1935 1945 1954 1964 1974 1982 1992 1998 2000 2002 2004
Full Owner Part Owners All Tenants
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Existing Farm Transition Possibilities
• Changing demographics of farmland owners
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Percent of U.S. Farmland by Age of Owner
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
< 25 25 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 > 70
1988 1999
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Distribution of Iowa Farmland by Age of Owner and Year
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
< 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 > 75
1982 1992 2002
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Existing Farm Transition Possibilities
• Changing demographics of farmland owners
• Retiring farmers planning or lack of planning
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Farmer Retirement Plans by State
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
IA VA NC PA&NJ
Never retire Semi-retire Retire
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Percent of Iowa Farms with a Successor Identified
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
All Farms Sales > $250,000
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Percent of Anticipated Retirement Income by Source
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Land Sale LivestockSale
Asset Sale OtherProperty
Sale
Existing farm SocialSecurity
RetirementPlan
Investments Other
Semi retire Fully retire
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Use of Planning Tools by Retirement Plans
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Pension plan Estate plan Will
Never retire Semi retire Fully retire
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Farm Technology
• Tight margin farming that requires a large volume to generate an adequate income
• Preferential pricing for large volumes of commodities
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U.S. Farm Expenses by Category
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000
$45,000
$50,00019
10
1914
1918
1922
1926
1930
1934
1938
1942
1946
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
(mill
ion
dolla
rs)
Manufactured inputs Capital consumption Factor payments
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U.S. Agriculture Total Expenses and Return to Operator
$0
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
$200,000
$250,00019
10
1914
1918
1922
1926
1930
1934
1938
1942
1946
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
(mill
ion
dolla
rs)
Total expenses Return to operator
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Return to Operator as a Percent of Total Expenses
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
1910
1914
1918
1922
1926
1930
1934
1938
1942
1946
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
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Issues Facing Beginning Farmers and Ranchers
• Ineffective entry strategies • Inability to acquire initial capital
investment • Identifying viable farm entry enterprises• Obtaining appropriate financial,
managerial, and production skills• Effective risk management tools
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Issues Facing Beginning Farmers and Ranchers
• Lack of supplemental employment opportunities
• Difficulties transitioning farm from one generation to the next– Lack of qualified help in formulating exit
strategies– Unwilling to give up managerial
responsibility and unwilling to transfer ownership of assets.
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Income Opportunities
• Slow food/local food movements are opening options and alternatives for beginning farmers and ranchers.
• Farmer’s markets are providing new outlets and the opportunity to sell a story
• Food safety concerns• Internet opening many new avenues• Alternative production and crops
- insurance- risk
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Final Thoughts• There are some significant issues facing
beginning farmers and ranchers over the next few years. Some of these are structural and some are related to the current situation
• Beginning farmers and ranchers face a different situation than in the past but this adds a lot of options.
• Credit will be helpful but it will not guarantee success. The beginning farmer and rancher will have to work based on their goals and the resources available.
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