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2-AG
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2-AG
Found in milk. Combination of arachidonic acid
and glycerol. Stands for 2-arachidonoylglycerol.
Calcium-dependent chemical that regulates
metabolism; blocking it may reduce weight.
Similar structure to marijuana.
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acetylcholine
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acetylcholine
Also called ACh. First neurotransmitter
discovered. Used in many areas.
Among uses, makes muscles move.
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acetylcholinesterase
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acetylcholinesterase
Also called AChE. Breaks down
acetylcholine.
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affinity
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affinity
How tightly drug binds to receptor.
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agonist
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agonist
As opposed to an antagonist. Acts like
a neurotransmitter. Binds and causes a
receptor to trigger a response.
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alcoholism
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alcoholism
Alcohol dependence. A type of problem
drinking. Characterized by physical
addiction and continued drinking
despite impairments in health and
social relationships.
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amino acids
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amino acids
The building blocks to make proteins.
Composed of hydrogen, carbon,
oxygen and nitrogen.
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amphetamine
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amphetamine
Short for alpha-methylphenethylamine.
A synthesized stimulant that is easily
abused. Structured like dopamine, it is
uptaken, pushes out more dopamine
into synapse, continues euphoric effect.
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anandamide
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anandamide
N-arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA.
Neurotransmitter that is important for
implantation in uterus, impacts feeding
behavior, and may inhibit breast cancer cells.
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antabuse
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antabuse
First drug approved to treat alcoholism.
Causes nausea in subsequent drinking
of alcohol. Inhibits alcohol processing.
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antagonist
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antagonist
As opposed to an agonist. Binds to
receptor and prevents or inhibits a
response.
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anterior pituitary
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anterior pituitary
The front part of the pituitary gland.
Regulated by the hypothalamus, it
secretes hormones such as TSH, FSH,
LH, GH and prolactin.
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autoreceptors
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autoreceptors
Part of the pre-synapse neuron that is
sensitive to its own neurotransmitter.
Acts as a feedback loop.
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cannabinoids
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cannabinoids
Any chemical that impacts cannabinoid
receptors. Best known is THC, found in
marijuana.
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catecholamines
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catecholamines
A group of neurotransmitters created
from tyrosine. Tyrosine is converted
into L-DOPA, and then into dopamine,
norepinephrine and epinephrine,
respectively.
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cocaine
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cocaine
Highly addictive drugs used both as a
local anesthetic and as a stimulant.
Easily crosses the blood-brain barrier
and might cause it to break down.
Abused for its euphoric effect.
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COMT
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COMT
Catechol-O-methyl transferase. Breaks
down catecholamine neurotransmitters
in the synapse. Some drugs used to
treat Parkinson’s disease inhibit COMT.
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delta 9-THC
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delta 9-THC
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Given to
cancer patients to reduce nausea.
Increases appetite.
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dopamine transporter
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dopamine transporter
Reuptakes dopamine into pre-synaptic
neuron.
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efficacy
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efficacy
Maximum amount of effect of a drug.
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endocrine glands
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endocrine glands
A system of glands that secrete
hormones into the blood.
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EPSP
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EPSP
Excitatory postsynaptic potential.
Change in a post-synaptic neuron
making it more likely to fire.
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exocytosis
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exocytosis
As opposed to endocytosis. Movement
of secretions out of a cell.
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gap junction
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gap junction
A nexus. Allows a direct electrical connection
between cells. Makes heart cells fire together.
Also in astrocyte-astrocyte & neuron- glial
connections. In neurons, an electrical synapse.
When one cell is dying, it triggers neighboring
healthy cells to also die (bystander effect).
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g protein
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g protein
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein. Act
like molecular switches that activate a
cascade of events. Work together with
hormones and neurotransmitters to
create metabolic effects.
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gases
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gases
Can be used as a neurotransmitter,
such as carbon monoxide and nitric
acid. Small amounts are used for
neural signaling. Too much is highly
toxic and can cause death.
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hallucinogenic drugs
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hallucinogenic drugs
Includes psychedelics, dissociatives
and deliriants. Cause changes in
perception, thinking and emotion.
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hormone
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hormone
Chemical released by endocrine gland
into the blood. Can impact many cells
and can have long-term effects.
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IPSP
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IPSP
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Firing
of a neuron decreased the likelihood of
a post-synaptic neuron firing.
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ionotropic effects
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ionotropic effects
As opposed the metabotropic.
Localized, short-term effect of a
neurotransmitter or hormone on an ion
channel.
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ligand-gated channels
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ligand-gated channels
As opposed to voltage-gated. Ion
channels that open because of a
neurotransmitter or hormone.
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MAO
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MAO
Stands for L-monoamine oxidases.
Group of enzymes that break down
monoamines such as serotonin,
dopamine and adrenaline.
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metabotropic effect
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metabotropic effect
As opposed the ionotropic.
Generalized, long-term effect of a
neurotransmitter or hormone on an ion
channel or cell.
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methadone
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methadone
Synthetic opioid used to treat heroin
addiction.
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methylphenidate
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methylphenidate
A stimulant used to treat ADHD. Better
known as ritalin.
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monoamines
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monoamines
Chemicals derived from amino acids.
They include catecholamines and
tryptamines, and act as
neurotransmitters & neuromodulators.
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neuromodulators
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neuromodulators
A chemical that is released by a neuron to
regulate widespread neural activity. Some, like
dopamine, histamine and acetylcholine also
can be neurotransmitters (direct neural
connectors at chemical synapses).
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neuropeptides
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neuropeptides
Chemicals and neurotransmitters (like
glutamate) that are packed together
and stored in soma and dendrites.
They signal neurons through g-protein
receptors.
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nicotine
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nicotine
Extremely addictive chemical used as a
insecticide and in cigarettes. In low
doses it’s a stimulant; toxic at high
doses. A nightshade plant.
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nitric oxide
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nitric oxide
Nitrogen monoxide. A byproduct of
combustion engines, lightning and cell
production. Act as a vasodilator (lasting only
a few seconds), protects the liver, and
increases if you live in higher altitudes.
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nucleus accumbens
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nucleus accumbens “Pleasure center” because of its role in reward,
pleasure & laughter. Part of basal ganglia; an
NA in each hemisphere. Each has two
structures (core & shell); use GABA as
neurotransmitter. Medium spiny neurons. Also
in aggression, fear and placebo effect.
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opiate drugs
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opiate drugs
Class of narcotic drugs that includes
codeine, heroin, morphine, oxycodone
and hydrocodone.
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oxytocin
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oxytocin
Neuromodulator involved in childbirth,
bonding and milk production. Perhaps
involved in empathy and trust.
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peptide hormones
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peptide hormones
Includes those secreted from pituitary
gland, such as ACTH, prolactin,
vasopressin and oxytocin.
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pituitary gland
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pituitary gland
Small gland (size of pea) on bottom of
hypothalamus. Secretes peptide hormones.
Anterior pituitary secretes HGH, TSH, ACTH,
beta-endorphin, LH, & prolactin. Posterior
pituitary secretes oxytocin & vasopressin.
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posterior pituitary
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posterior pituitary
Secretes oxytocin and vasopressin.
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postsynaptic neuron
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postsynaptic neuron
The neuron stimulated by another
neuron.
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presynaptic neuron
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presynaptic neuron
The neuron that stimulates another
neuron.
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protein hormone
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protein hormone
Also called a peptide hormone.
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purines
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purines
Includes adenine, guanine, xanthine,
caffeine and uric acid.
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reflexes
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reflexes
Involuntary action that occurs automatically
and without need for thinking. Infantile
reflexes last for several months before
disappearing. Lifelong reflexes include
coughing, sneezing, startle and scratching.
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reflex arc
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reflex arc
Shortest behavior unit. Sensory neuron
activate motor neuron (linked by an
interneuron). Path doesn’t go thru brain.
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releasing hormones
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releasing hormones
Controls release of another hormone.
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reuptake
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reuptake
Clearing a synapse by pumping
neurotransmitter back into presynaptic
neuron.
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second messenger
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second messenger
Process by which epinephrine (and
others) change cell activity. Molecules
relay signals from outside to inside cell.
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self-stimulation of the brain
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self-stimulation of the brain
Rats implanted with electrodes in the
lateral posterior hypothalamus push
level compulsively. In humans, can be
used as operant reinforcer.
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spatial summation
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spatial summation
As opposed to temporal summation. A
method for encoding magnitude.
Neuron is triggered by the firing of
multiple neurons at the same time.
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spontaneous firing rate
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spontaneous firing rate
Resting rate that a neuron fires.
Increase or decrease in firing rate can
code separate features (fire more for
green, fire less for red).
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stimulant drugs
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stimulant drugs
Temporarily improves attention, mood
and alertness. Increases heart rate,
blood pressure and arousal. Includes
uppers such as caffeine, cocaine,
amphetamines, nicotine and MDNA.
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synapse
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synapse
Gap between neurons. Can be
chemical or electrical.
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temporal summation
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temporal summation
As opposed spatial summation. A
method for encoding magnitude.
Neuron is triggered by a neuron firing
repeatedly.
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tolerance
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tolerance
The more you use a drug the less
impact it has.
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transmitter-gated channels
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transmitter-gated channels
Neurotransmitter- gated channels. Also
called ligand ion-gated channels.
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transporters
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transporters
Proteins that move neurotransmitters
across cell membranes during
reuptake.
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Type I alcoholism
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Type I alcoholism
Adult or late-onset alcoholism. Less
genetic, affect men and women about
equally. Characterized by binge
drinking, becomes more severe over
time. Less severe than Type II.
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Type II alcoholism
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Type II alcoholism
Child or early-onset alcoholism. Strong
genetic link, often starts in early teens,
impacts many more men than women,
more severe impairment. Often abused
drugs too.
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vasopressin
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vasopressin
Arginine vasopressin. Secreted by
posterior pituitary to retain water and
constrict blood vessels.
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vesicles
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vesicles
Small bubble, envelope or sack in a
cell. Often refers to storage of
neurotransmitters.
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withdrawal
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withdrawal
Symptoms from discontinuing a drug.
Caused by drug tolerance.
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