Kingdom Protista
Eukaryote
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Most are unicellular but all do not have tissue or organs
• They eat bacteria, plankton and other protozoans
They live in lakes ponds and streams, some live in bodies of animals as parasites
Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution
• There is now considerable evidence that much protist diversity has its origins in endosymbiosis
• Hypothesis that a cell lives with a host cell
• Mitochondria evolved by endosymbiosis of an aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote
• Plastids evolved by endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic prokaryote -cyanobacterium
Ex – Ameba proteus - fresh water, harmless
Ameboid movement – endoplasm pushes outward, followed by ectoplasm then pseudopods retract
Old terms …
Cytoplasmic streaming – contents of the cell are slightly moving
Phagocytosis – endocytosis of food
Binary fission – asexual reproduction
2. Ciliphora – complex cell, common, pellicle is a stiff protective membrane
movement –cilia row
ex – Stentor
ex- Paramecium
oral groove ingests food, micronucleus – controls reproduction, macronucleus – controls metabolism
Malaria• Currently there are an estimated 500,000,000 infected persons, with
1-2 million dying annually.
• There are four types of Plasmodium
• All of these are transmitted to human hosts solely by way of Anophele mosquito vectors.
• Plasmodium is one of the oldest known parasites; its long history suggests a long, adaptive relationship with the human host.
• Symptoms of the disease may go unnoticed ; clinical signs include fever, chills, weakness, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia,
• Untreated malaria may result in death there are antimalaria drugs
DDT- pesticide
• discovered until 1939, and it was used with great success in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops
• DDT and other pesticides may cause cancer and that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds
• a large public outcry that eventually led to DDT being banned in the US in 1972
• DDT was subsequently banned for agricultural use worldwide under the Stockholm Convention, but its limited use in disease vector control continues to this day and remains controversial
5. Euglenophyta was in the Algae Kingdom
Mixotrophs – heterotroph and autotroph
Has a flagella
pellicle
Ex – Euglena
Fig. 28-07
Long flagellum
Eyespot
Short flagellum
Contractile vacuole
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Plasma membrane
Light detector
PellicleEuglena (LM) 5 µm
6. Dinoflagellates ( pyrrophyta) 2 flagella
Bioluminescence
Ex – red tide
Two flagella make them spin as they move through the water
• Dinoflagellate blooms are the cause of toxic “red tides”
Chromista - Plantlike Protists
Algae
Eukaryote
Autotrophs
No true roots stems or leaves, lack an internal system of tubes which plants have to move material around.
The Kingdom Protista is a messAlgae was classified into 6 divisions
Unicellular algae – Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta, Euglenophyta
Multicellular algae – Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta
2 moved to Protista and 1 moved closer to plants and 1 Fungi moved in
Classification – is based on there pigment and how they store there food.
All algae have chlorophyll A some contain chlorophyl b,c, and d.
Photoautotrophs
Cellulose wall
Algae do not reproduce like plants and they are aquatic.
Structureof Algae
The structure is diverse
multicellular – has the body called a thallus
colonial – group of cells, divides labor
filamentous – row of cells, branching
unicellular –float near surface, plankton
1. Phaeophyta ( phaeos = brown )multicellularEx – kelp -shallowEx – fucus - tidalseaweed
The body is called a thallus; holdfast, stipe, blade they do not have roots, stems or a leaf like plants
2. Rhodophyta
( rhodo=red )
• Nori. The red alga Porphyra is the
source of a traditional Japanese food.
The seaweed isgrown on nets in shallow coastal waters.
4. Bacillariophyta
Ex – Diatom
• unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica
5. Oomycota ( large egg fungi)
Unicellular have a flagella and cellulose cell wall
Ex- White rustDowny mildew 1870
Ich - water mold
Fig. 28-17-3
Germ tube
Cyst
Hyphae
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION
Zoospore(2n)
Zoosporangium(2n)
Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)
Key
Oogonium
Egg nucleus (n)
Antheridial hypha with sperm nuclei (n)
MEIOSIS
Zygotegermination
SEXUALREPRODUCTION
Zygotes(oospores)(2n)
FERTILIZATION
Plant Kingdom ? 440 million yrs ago
4. Chlorophyta ( green algae )
Possibly derived from the same ancestor to plants
A photosynthetic autotroph ..
Ex – Volvox
Ex- Spyrogyra
Hero
• This is a intricate cycle occurring in the oceans, where there is a balance between photosynthetic organism (algae) producing biomass (from carbon dioxide) and oxygen
• Luckily, some of the algae biomass that took carbon dioxide from the environment and "fixed" it into organic molecules sinks out of the system and gets buried on the ocean floor. This buried organic carbon - when buried in high quantities - eventually becomes oil over millions of years.
Pond Scum
• How about - dead zones.• Nutrient run off from rivers causes algal blooms. • Nitrogen and phosphorous work to fertilize the plant on
land - specifically crops ,they also work to fertilize algae once the excess reaches lakes and oceans.
• When the algae bloom as a result of the nutrient addition, they are quickly eaten by protist, zooplankton and bacteria, that turns all that carbon that is now in the form on algae biomass back to carbon dioxide.
• the heterotrophs use up all the oxygen produced by the photosynthesis in the bloom and then some.