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Label the following: a group, an aggregate, social category
1. People standing in line at Walmart2. Social Studies Dept. at Northshore High3. Teenagers4. Right-handed people5. African Americans6. NAACP7. 1st lunch in NHS cafeteria8. Student council9. Men10. People over 6 feet tall11. Mr & Mrs. Boudreaux12. NHS basketball team13. Chi Omega Sorority
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Comparing SocietiesEmile Durkheim :
• Mechanical solidarity-when people share the same values and perform the same tasks they become united in a common whole (ex. Most pre-industrial soc.)
• Organic solidarity-impersonal social relationships that arise with increased job specialization in which individuals can no longer provide for all of their own needs
Ferdinand Tonnies
• Gemeinshaft “community”-refers to societies in which most members know each other. (ex. Preindustrial rural village
• Gesellschaft- “society”- most social relationships are based on need rather than on emotions ( impersonal and temporary) (ex. modern US- example)
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Groups
• Define their boundaries• Have symbols, uniforms, gestures,
handshakes, & language/jargon• Have a goal• Control their member’s behavior (sanctions)
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Groups have leaders
• Instrumental leader-task-oriented; find specific means that will help a group reach its goal
• Expressive leaders- emotion oriented; find ways to keep the group together and maintain morale
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Weber’s model of bureaucracy
1. Division of labor2. Hierarchy of Authority3. Written Rules and Regulations4. Specific lines of promotion and advancement5. Employment Based on Technical Qualifications
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Advantages of Bureaucracies – Best way to coordinate a large number of people– Create order
Disadvantages of Bureacracies– lose sight of original goal– Bureacratic personality-following the rules/
proliferation of red tape– Result in oligarchies
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• Govt. organizations can be bureaucratic• So can voluntary associations• Can have primary groups within large
bureaucracies• Read p. 87 What are the positives and
negatives of a bureaucracy
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Iron law of oligarchy
• Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by a small group of people.
• Peter Principle- people are often promoted to positions for which they may have little ability ( rise to your own level of incompetence)