Label the following: a group, an aggregate, social category

1. People standing in line at Walmart2. Social Studies Dept. at Northshore High3. Teenagers4. Right-handed people5. African Americans6. NAACP7. 1st lunch in NHS cafeteria8. Student council9. Men10. People over 6 feet tall11. Mr & Mrs. Boudreaux12. NHS basketball team13. Chi Omega Sorority

Comparing SocietiesEmile Durkheim :

• Mechanical solidarity-when people share the same values and perform the same tasks they become united in a common whole (ex. Most pre-industrial soc.)

• Organic solidarity-impersonal social relationships that arise with increased job specialization in which individuals can no longer provide for all of their own needs

Ferdinand Tonnies

• Gemeinshaft “community”-refers to societies in which most members know each other. (ex. Preindustrial rural village

• Gesellschaft- “society”- most social relationships are based on need rather than on emotions ( impersonal and temporary) (ex. modern US- example)

Groups

• Define their boundaries• Have symbols, uniforms, gestures,

handshakes, & language/jargon• Have a goal• Control their member’s behavior (sanctions)

Groups have leaders

• Instrumental leader-task-oriented; find specific means that will help a group reach its goal

• Expressive leaders- emotion oriented; find ways to keep the group together and maintain morale

Weber’s model of bureaucracy

1. Division of labor2. Hierarchy of Authority3. Written Rules and Regulations4. Specific lines of promotion and advancement5. Employment Based on Technical Qualifications

Advantages of Bureaucracies – Best way to coordinate a large number of people– Create order

Disadvantages of Bureacracies– lose sight of original goal– Bureacratic personality-following the rules/

proliferation of red tape– Result in oligarchies

• Govt. organizations can be bureaucratic• So can voluntary associations• Can have primary groups within large

bureaucracies• Read p. 87 What are the positives and

negatives of a bureaucracy

Iron law of oligarchy

• Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by a small group of people.

• Peter Principle- people are often promoted to positions for which they may have little ability ( rise to your own level of incompetence)