laminar and turbulent flow
Distribution of blood Distribution of blood circulationcirculation
• Total volume of blood in all vessels (intravascular volume): – man: 5.4 l (77 ml / kg)– woman: 4.5 l (65 ml / kg)
• Distribution: – Heart 7%– Pulmonary circulation 9%– Systemic circulation 84%
• from that veins 75%• large arteries 15%• small arteries 3%• capilaries: 7%
Pressure – flow – velocity – diameter - resistance
Vessels branchingTPR = 8..l/r4. if vessel of diameter 2 mm branches into two vessels than not to increase periferal resistance the diameter of each has to equals 1.68 mm(NOT for arterioles = resistance)
Blood flow – depends on diameter power to 4, ie increase in diameter of 19% increases blood flow two times
cardiac cycleWiggers diagram
A. atrial contraction, complete ventricular fillling, fourth sound due to turbulence
B. ventr contraction, first sound due to valve closure, no ejection - isovolumetric
C. rapid ejection
D. depolarization – reduced ejection
E. second sound due to closure of aortic vlaves – isoV relaxation
F. rapid ventricular filling, third sound due to turbulence
G. reduced ventricular filling
-10
006
8
11
0
22
35
40
90
Sinussagittalis
Venous system pressure
Pressures and volumesPressures and volumes
• Pulse (systolic) volume (PV)= 70 ml• Final diastolic volume (FDV)= 120 ml• Final systolic volume = 50 ml = functional reserve of heart• Normal systole ejects around 60% of FDV = Ejection fraction = PV/FDV.• Heart distribution = PV x frequency
Venous and arterial pulse
• a: regurgitation from atria
• c: bulge of tricuspidalis
• v: pressure increase in atria before tricuspidal opening
• dicrotic incision: vibration closing of mitral valve
jugular venous pulse
carotic pulse