laminar and turbulent flow

Distribution of blood Distribution of blood circulationcirculation

• Total volume of blood in all vessels (intravascular volume): – man: 5.4 l (77 ml / kg)– woman: 4.5 l (65 ml / kg)

• Distribution: – Heart 7%– Pulmonary circulation 9%– Systemic circulation 84%

• from that veins 75%• large arteries 15%• small arteries 3%• capilaries: 7%

Pressure – flow – velocity – diameter - resistance

Vessels branchingTPR = 8..l/r4. if vessel of diameter 2 mm branches into two vessels than not to increase periferal resistance the diameter of each has to equals 1.68 mm(NOT for arterioles = resistance)

Blood flow – depends on diameter power to 4, ie increase in diameter of 19% increases blood flow two times

cardiac cycleWiggers diagram

A. atrial contraction, complete ventricular fillling, fourth sound due to turbulence

B. ventr contraction, first sound due to valve closure, no ejection - isovolumetric

C. rapid ejection

D. depolarization – reduced ejection

E. second sound due to closure of aortic vlaves – isoV relaxation

F. rapid ventricular filling, third sound due to turbulence

G. reduced ventricular filling

-10

006

8

11

0

22

35

40

90

Sinussagittalis

Venous system pressure

Pressures and volumesPressures and volumes

• Pulse (systolic) volume (PV)= 70 ml• Final diastolic volume (FDV)= 120 ml• Final systolic volume = 50 ml = functional reserve of heart• Normal systole ejects around 60% of FDV = Ejection fraction = PV/FDV.• Heart distribution = PV x frequency

Venous and arterial pulse

• a: regurgitation from atria

• c: bulge of tricuspidalis

• v: pressure increase in atria before tricuspidal opening

• dicrotic incision: vibration closing of mitral valve

jugular venous pulse

carotic pulse