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Land Market Based Interventions in LAC: Protierras in Bolivia
Martín Valdivia
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Protierras in Bolivia• Objective: ProTierras-DA aims at helping poor, landless get
access to land with the capacity to achieve their productive potential– Market based, even involving community land– Spatial development approach
• Program has two key components:– Land acquisition component (CAT for its initials in Spanish) –
reimbursable, not only land purchases– Supplementary investments component (CIC)
• Landless or small poor farmers need to get organized in producers´ associations (APs)– Groups are endogenously formed– By now, they average between 15-25 families
• APs are the direct beneficiaries that assume the debt for the CAT and receive/implement the CIC investment plan
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Protierras in Bolivia• CIC includes:
– infrastructure for water management, – commercialization infrastructure, services and others, – financing of technical assistance services
• Current programming assumes a total support per family of US $ 6,000– 40% of those funds for CAT, reimbursable– 60% for the CIC– Initial steps have shown the need to be flexible about it
• Program in pilot phase:– Work restricted to in 3 municipalities in Santa Cruz province: Mineros,
Pailón, Charagua– Program has been introduced in all municipalities and “capitanías”
through participatory workshops– 10 APs will have start receiving the money this year– Another 20 groups in the pipeline:
• Individual clearance (ID, poverty, no debts)• Legal clearance to land acquisition (titling efforts not so developed)
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Evaluating Protierras• Key question: What's the impact of this kind of intervention on
the different measures of welfare of beneficiaries and the intensity of land use?– Are the $ 6k per family enough to sustainably increase their
agricultural productivity and income?, compare to other income generating interventions (rural roads, specialized services such as credit, TA, etc)
– Does the program's procedures guarantee CIC to include best investment plan?
– Does strength of social ties between AP members condition the impact of the program on the productivity and welfare of beneficiaries?
• Other important questions:– Is productive land abundant in this environment so that project can
focus on truly unused land? (connection to titling project)– Does the program's eligibility criteria exclude too many of the
poor/socially excluded?– Are APs going to remain working as a unit or separate in individual
parcels? How does that decision affect the effects of the program?– What would be the effect of the program on gender equity?
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Methodological issues for evaluation
• Building a baseline and control group– Changes over time are not enough to establish the program's impact
– We do not have the full list of beneficiaries for the next 2 years
– Household survey is crucial for BL but not enough to capture distributional impacts
• Need village-level surveys, census-like registering of the previous situation of land involved
• Ideal situation: randomize timing of benefits among those that finish the pipeline– Treatment and control groups are likely to have same observed
characteristics, incentives, drive
– Very efficient in terms of survey costs
– Politically unfeasible
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Methodological issues for evaluation II
• What is feasible for evaluating the pilot?– Match intervened communities with observably equivalent
communities outside but nearby the three municipalities (census data)• Challenge 1: how to identify those families in control areas
that would have become beneficiaries?– Need to interview non-beneficiaries within treatment localities
(increasing costs)– Sampling needs to stratify among current beneficiaries, those in the
pipeline, and the rest of the community– Estimate a participation model and use it to predict those in control
areas more likely to become beneficiaries• Challenge 2: many of the most important effects come in the
long-run– Low chance to sustain a control group for too long– Demands clear and early definition of timing of expected impacts
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Methodological issues for evaluation III
• Opportunities– Randomize variants of the intervention even during pilot
• Specific incremental interventions associated to social capital formation, gender equity at AP level
• Not too intrusive to projects´ main goal
• Clear example of how evaluation strategy can timely help implementation
– Plan expansion consistent with an evaluation strategy:• Not too large so that we can manage pressure to intervene in control areas
• Randomize communities included in next round of expansion
• Consider more variants of the basic interventions– Provision mechanisms for technical assistance
– What to do with the organization of the APs?