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Landscapes in Indiana Dunes
Landscape features are dynamic and can be dated:•100s – 1000s of years for dunes•10s – 100s of years for blowouts
Big blowout ~ 150 years old
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Chloroplast coverage and polymorphisms
Position (kb)
ChloroplastGenomeCoverage
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Chloroplast phylogeny
• Neighbor joining tree based on 140kb
• Named haplogroups have >50% bootstrap
• Unfilled lines indicate low-coverage sample
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Chloroplast phylogeny
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Chloroplast phylogeny
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Nuclear genome: Multidimensional scaling
~11000 nuclear loci, mean of 100 random allele samples
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Nuclear loci: Structure analysis
Bayesian clustering algorithm ~11000 nuclear loci, random allele sample, Burn-in 10K, Run 10K
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Ecotypic diversity in switchgrass
• Switchgrass and other wide-ranging grassland species have many ecotypes
• Great variability in size, shape, color, and habitat preference• Example: Upland/lowland divergence
Upland (Michigan) Lowland (Oklahoma)
Adapted to: Shorter growing season,Drier climates
Adapted to: Long growing season,Wet climates
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Reconstructed grassland experiments at Fermilab (2008-2010)
• Two experiments on diversity vs. ecosystem service relationships:
1. Field trial:• Genetic diversity• Species diversity • Functional diversity • +/- nitrogen input
2. Plot experiment:• Genetic diversity (++) • Species diversity
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Field trial: Experimental design
Treatment Rationale
KA Kanlow cultivar (OK)
Lowland SG cultivar
CR Cave-in-Rock cultivar (IL/KY)
Upland SG cultivar
SL Southlow ecopool (MI)
Local SG ecopool
SG 3 SG mixed High diversity SG
BB 3 SG mix
+ 3 Big Bluestem
Warm season mix
CW 3 SG mix
+ Canada Wildrye
Warm season + cool season
PR 3 SG mix
+ 3 Big Bluestem
+ Canada Wildrye
+ Indiangrass
+ 3 legumes
+ 5 other forbs
Prairie mix
Div
ersi
ty
+
-
7 Plant treatments X N fertilization (+/-)
42 x 720m2 plots on a 10 acre site:
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Biomass yield (Fall 2010-3rd year)
N-Fertilized Control
N fertilization:60 lbs/acres of urea
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Ecotype diversity experiment
1-SG 6-SG
6-BB
3-BB+3-SG
4-SG
4-BB
2-BB+2-SG
2-SG
2-BB
1-BB+1-SG
1-BB
Genetic diversity
Mix
_+
Species Cultivar Origin
Switchgrass Kanlow Oklahoma (Lowland)
Cave-In-Rock Illinois/Kentucky
Southlow S Michigan (Ecopool)
Blackwell N Oklahoma
Forestburg Central South Dakota
Sunburst SE South Dakota
Dacotah North Dakota
Big Bluestem Southlow S Michigan (Ecopool)
Rountree Iowa
Epic Missouri
Pawnee Southeast Nebraska
Bonanza Selection from Pawnee
Champ Sand Bluestem hybrid (NE/IA)
Suther North Carolina
1) 14 grass varieties 2) 4 levels of diversity
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Ecotype diversity effects
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Genetic diversity in switchgrass mixtures