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LIQUID PREPARATION
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Liquid Preparation
Liquid preparation :
Internal / internal use / Potio
External / external use / topical
Dosage form of liquid or semi-liquid
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GENERAL FORMULA1.Active material (solute)
2.Solvents / carriers Substance / Solvent
a. Other Solvents
Isopropyl Myristic Isopropyl palmitic
Karosen
Xylene
Liquid paraffin Oil plants
Crude fat
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Cont
b. Water / aquadestilata / H2O
Pure water
Distilled water
Potable water
c. Alcohol / Ethanol / Ethyl alcohol / Spiritus
Alcohol
Spiritus dilutus
Spiritus Fortior
d. Glycerin
Glycerin spisum
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Excipient1.
Cosolvent : ethanol, sorbitol2. Buffer : carbonate, citrate, gluconate, lactate, phosphate
3. Preservatives : Nip-Nip, benzoic acid, BHA, BHT, Na-sulfite, Na-
bisulfite
Terms: odorless, stable, united
4. Corrigens
Saporis / taste, for example: sucrose, glycerin, sorbitol
Koloris / color, for example: carotenoids, chlorophyll,antosianin
Odoris / scent, for example: orange, strawberry
Antioxidants : for solutions using fatty oils
example : propyl galat, propyl hydroxy toluene
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Advantages - Disadvantages
Advantages1. Dosage evenly
2. Quick absorsption
3. Can be given to childrenand the elderly
4. Not irritate the gastric
mucosa
Disadvantages1. Possibility emulsion
separates and suspension
2. Easy overgrown with
microorganisms
3. Sometimes dose not
appropriate
4. Notice must shaken
5. Packaging, storage, and
carriage of less practical
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SOLUTION / SOLUTIO
The solution is a blending of the molecules of two or
more bodies to form a clear liquid
The solution is a homogeneous phase system consisting
of two or more components :
- Solut : solute, the molecular dispersed as
small molecules or ions.
- Solvent : solvent or phase out, the scene ofthe dispersion
Example:
Solutio citratis magnesii (magnesium citrate in water)
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MIXTURA / MIKSTURA
Pharmaceutical form of liquid / solution of
two or more substances in a solvent
e.g :
Mixtura citratis magnetici (Magnesium
sitrat, Sirupus simplex Spiritus citri)
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Terms
1. Generally or if not otherwise stated, are used as the solvent is
water
2. If the solvent used alcohol, called Solutio spirituosa
3. Drug solution that contains a lot of sugar called syrup / syrup
4. If you use a solvent called elixir hidroalkohol
5. Sum up the solution of the active ingredient of natural
substances called tinctura / ekstracta
6. The solution is made of flavor materials called aqua aromatika
7. The solution is made in a certain way is sterile and is intended
for parenteral use is called injection
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Formulation of liquid preparation
Determination of drug form very depend on
physicochemical properties active material, excipient
and stability of the preparation.
In principle, determined by:
1. Solubility substance in carrier
2. Stability drug in carrier
3. Absorption and penetration of active material
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SolubilityIs the number of solute (grams) in asolvent (ml)
Solubility EXPRESS IN% w / v
PROCESS solubility
CohesiveAttraction force
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HOW TO INCREASE solubility
Heating
Refinition, stirring or shaking
Settings with the addition ofbuffer pH
The use of cosolvent
SolubilizationComplexation
Chemical modification
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REFINITION / STIRRING
Intended to reduce the size of the soluteparticles.
Surface area of the solute particles will
increase so that more substances are incontact with solvent.
Also increase circulation contact between thesolvent and solute by refinition/stirring
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COSOLVENT
1. Usually used Cosolvent in water soluble
2. Increasing the solubility of weak electrolyte
3. Sometimes the solubility of the drug mixed
solvent > solubility of each solvent4. Be careful of the possibility of toxicity and
irritation
5. Example of cosolvent : ethanol, sorbitol,propilenglikol, glycerol
6. Example: 0.4% phenobarbital not soluble inwater. Then the cosolvent used propylene glycoland glycerin
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Additions with SETTINGS buffer pH
1. pH very influence to the solubility of activematerial are weak acids or weak base
2. Buffer substances is hold active material pHchanges so that it can remain stable andsoluble
3. Buffer made in accordance with the capacityneeded
4. Should not be toxic and compatible withother Example: borate buffer, citrat,phosphate, lactate tartrateBorate buffer is used only for externalmedicines
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SOLUBILIZATION1. To increase the solubility of active material
in water
2. Used Surfactan = Surface active agent
3. Selected according to the nature of the
solvent system, hydrophilic or lipofil4. Compatible with other components
5. must non-volatile, non-toxic, taste andsmell good
6. Example: vitamins non-soluble watersoluble in fat using Polysorbate surfactan
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COMPLEXATION1. Less soluble substances bind with soluble
substances formed soluble complexes
2. Complex is macromolecule
3. The good thing is a reversible complex,that it before and after interacted withbiological fluids will deliver medicinematerials
4. Example: mix iodine with PVP 10-15%
solution (iodine solution become larger inwater)
Salisil benzoate and caffeine.
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CHEMICAL MODIFICATION
To get the result derivative subtance moresoluble in water.
For example:
1. Chloramphenicol base isnt soluble, changeinto (still base) chloramphenicol succinate,chloramphenicol stearic
2. Hydrocortisone isnt soluble, made salts form
into hydrocortisone acetat
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SOLUTION
GENERAL FORMULA preparation:
1. Active material
2. Solvent / carrier
3. Excipient
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ACTIVE MATERIAL1. Generally found in small amounts, except
syrup, syrup; sirupus simplex contains65% sugar in water
2. Each dose or a particular volume ofpreparations containing appropriateactive material
3. Should have the Therapy power
4. Preparation should be easy to use,comfortable and stable
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SOLVENT / CARRIERWhich must be observed:1. For the solvent; purity, low toxicity, suitable viscosity,
taste, neutral
2. For active material: solvent does not change thenature of physicochemical of the active material
3. Well-used solvent is water: for parenteral medications,eye drops, eyewash or injection
4. In a certain condition used cosolvent : alcohol,glycerin, propilenglikol
5. Aceton, etiloksida, IPA canntbe used for oral because
toxic6. Fatty oil such as Seed cotton oil, Coconut oil, Sesame
oil, Corn oil can be used for solvent Injectionpreparation
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EXCIPIENT
1. Cosolvent
2. Buffer
3. Preservative
4. Substances giving taste, flavorand color (corrigens)
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Thank You