Download - Lecture 2
![Page 1: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
![Page 2: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
• Need to gain information from data.
• Data must be organised and reduced.
• Descriptive statistics
– Organising data into tables, charts and graphs.
– Numerical calculations.
• Single variable data
• Raw data
– Collected data before it is grouped or ranked.
![Page 3: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Example: The data below shows the gender of 50 employees and the
department in which they work at ABC Ltd.
Organising and graphing qualitative data in a
frequency distribution table.
Emp. no. Gender Dept. Emp. no. Gender Dept …..
1 M HR 6 M Fin. …..
2 F Mark. 7 M Mark. …..
3 M Fin. 8 M Fin. …..
4 F HR 9 F HR …..
5 F Fin. 10 F Fin. …..
M – Male
F – Female
HR – Human resources
Mark. – Marketing
Fin. – Finance
![Page 4: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Emp. no. Gender Dept. Emp. no. Gender Dept …..
1 M HR 6 M Fin. …..
2 F Mark. 7 M Mark. …..
3 M Fin. 8 M Fin. …..
4 F HR 9 F HR …..
5 F Fin. 10 F Fin. …..
HR Marketing Finance
M
F │
│
│
│ │
│ │
│ │
│
![Page 5: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
HR Marketing Finance
M 4 10 5
F 10 16 5
Organising and graphing qualitative data in a frequency
distribution table.
![Page 6: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
HR Marketing Finance Total
M 4 10 5 19
F 10 16 5 31
Total 14 26 10 50
Organising and graphing qualitative data in a frequency
distribution table.
![Page 7: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Pie charts
HR Mark Fin Total
Total 14 26 10 50
Degrees 14/50×360
= 101
26/50×360
= 187
10/50×360
= 72 360
Percentage 14/50×100
= 28
26/50×100
= 52
10/50×100
= 20 100
Employees at ABC
28%
52%
20%
Human resources
Marketing
Finance
![Page 8: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Pie charts
Male Female Total
Total 19 31 50
Degrees 19/50×360
= 137
31/50×360
= 223 360
Percentage 19/50×100
= 38
31/50×100
= 62 100
Employees at ABC
38%
62%
Male
Female
![Page 9: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Bar graphs
Employees at ABC
14
26
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Human
resources
Marketing Finance
Num
ber
of
work
ers
Employees at ABC
19
31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Male Female
Num
ber
of
work
ers
HR Marketing Finance Total
M 4 10 5 19
F 10 16 5 31
Total 14 26 10 50
![Page 10: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Employees at ABC
0
5
10
15
20
Male Female
Num
ber
of w
ork
ers
Human
resources
Marketing
Finance
Employees at ABC
0
5
10
15
20
Human
resources
Marketing Finance
Num
ber
of w
ork
ers
Male
Female
Multiple bar graphs
HR Marketing Finance Total
M 4 10 5 19
F 10 16 5 31
Total 14 26 10 50
![Page 11: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Employees at ABC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Male Female
Num
ber
of w
ork
ers
Finance
Marketing
Human
resources
Employees at ABC
05
1015202530
Human
resources
Marketing Finance
Num
ber
of
work
ers
Female
Male
Stacked bar graphs
HR Marketing Finance Total
M 4 10 5 19
F 10 16 5 31
Total 14 26 10 50
![Page 12: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
• Frequency table consists of a number of classes and each observation is counted and recorded as the frequency of the class.
• If n observations need to be classified into a frequency table, determine:
–
– max minClass widthx x
c
Organising and graphing quantitative data in a frequency
distribution table.
Number of classes:
1 3,3logc n
![Page 13: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Example: The following data represents the number of telephone calls
received for two days at a municipal call centre. The data was
measured per hour.
8 11 12 20 18 10 14 18 16 9
5 7 11 12 15 14 16 9 17 11
6 18 9 15 13 12 11 6 10 8
11 13 22 11 11 14 11 10 9
19 14 17 9 3 3 16 8 2
Organising and graphing quantitative data in a frequency
distribution table.
![Page 14: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
1 3,3log
1 3,3log 48 6,5 7
Number of classes n
max min 22 22,86 3
7
x xClass width
k
Frequency distribution
8 11 12 20 18 10 14 18 16 9
5 7 11 12 15 14 16 9 17 11
6 18 9 15 13 12 11 6 10 8
11 13 22 11 11 14 11 10 9
19 14 17 9 3 3 16 8 2
![Page 15: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
– first class min min[ ; )x x class width[ 2 ; 2 3 )[ 2 ; 5 )
– second class [ 5 ; 5 3 )[ 5 ; 8 )[ 5 ; 5 )class width
Frequency distribution
8 11 12 20 18 10 14 18 16 9
5 7 11 12 15 14 16 9 17 11
6 18 9 15 13 12 11 6 10 8
11 13 22 11 11 14 11 10 9
19 14 17 9 3 3 16 8 2
“[“ value is included in class
“)“ value is excluded from class
![Page 16: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Classes Count
[2;5)
[5;8)
[8;11)
[11;14)
[14;17)
[17;20)
[20;23)
16
3
4
11
13
9
2
6
8 11 12 20 ….
5 7 11 12 ….
6 18 9 15 ….
11 13 22 11 ….
19 14 17 9 ….
Frequency distribution
|
|
|
|
|
|
│││
││││
│││││││││
│││││││││││││
│││││││││││
││││││
││
![Page 17: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Classes Frequency (f)
[2;5) 3
[5;8) 4
[8;11) 11
[11;14) 13
[14;17) 9
[17;20) 6
[20;23) 2
Total 48
Frequency distribution
![Page 18: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Classes f % frequency
[2;5) 3 3/48×100 = 6,3
[5;8) 4 4/48×100 = 8,3
[8;11) 11 11/48×100 = 22,9
[11;14) 13 27,1
[14;17) 9 18,8
[17;20) 6 12,5
[20;23) 2 4,2
Total 48 100
Frequency distribution
![Page 19: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Classes f % f Cumulative frequency (F)
[2;5) 3 6,3 3
[5;8) 4 8,3 3 + 4 = 7
[8;11) 11 22,9 7 + 11 = 18
[11;14) 13 27,1 18 + 13 = 31
[14;17) 9 18,8 31 + 9 = 40
[17;20) 6 12,5 40 + 6 = 46
[20;23) 2 4,2 46 + 2 = 48
Total 48 100
Frequency distribution
![Page 20: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Classes f % f F % F
[2;5) 3 6,3 3 3/48×100 = 6,3
[5;8) 4 8,3 7 7/48×100 = 14,6
[8;11) 11 22,9 18 18/48×100 = 37,5
[11;14) 13 27,1 31 64,6
[14;17) 9 18,8 40 83,3
[17;20) 6 12,5 46 95,8
[20;23) 2 4,2 48 100
Total 48 100
Frequency distribution
![Page 21: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Classes f F Class mid-points (x)
[2;5) 3 3 (2 + 5)/2 = 3,5
[5;8) 4 7 (5 + 8)/2 = 6,5
[8;11) 11 18 (8 + 11)/2 = 9,5
[11;14) 13 31 (11 + 14)/2 = 12,5
[14;17) 9 40 15,5
[17;20) 6 46 18,5
[20;23) 2 48 21,5
Total 48
Frequency distribution
![Page 22: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Classes f % f F % F (x)
[2;5) 3 6,3 3 6,3 3,5
[5;8) 4 8,3 7 14,6 6,5
[8;11) 11 22,9 18 37,5 9,5
[11;14) 13 27,1 31 64,6 12,5
[14;17) 9 18,8 40 83,3 15,5
[17;20) 6 12,5 46 95,8 18,5
[20;23) 2 4,2 48 100 21,5
Total 48 100
Frequency distribution
![Page 23: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Classes f % f
[2;5) 3 6,3
[5;8) 4 8,3
[8;11) 11 22,9
[11;14) 13 27,1
[14;17) 9 18,8
[17;20) 6 12,5
[20;23) 2 4,2
y-axis
x-axis
Histograms
![Page 24: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Histograms
Number of telephone calls per hour
at a municipal call centre
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Number of calls
Nu
mb
er
of
ho
urs
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
![Page 25: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Class mid-points (x) f % f
3,5 3 6,3
6,5 4 8,3
9,5 11 22,9
12,5 13 27,1
15,5 9 18,8
18,5 6 12,5
21,5 2 4,2
y-axis
x-axis
Frequency polygons
![Page 26: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Number of telephone calls per hour
at a municipal call centre
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0.5 3.5 6.5 9.5 12.5 15.5 18.5 21.5 24.5
Number of calls
Nu
mb
er
of
ho
urs
Arbitrary mid-points to
close the polygon.
(x)
3,5
6,5
9,5
12,5
15,5
18,5
21,5
Frequency polygons
![Page 27: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Classes F % F
[2;5) 3 6,3
[5;8) 7 14,6
[8;11) 18 37,5
[11;14) 31 64,6
[14;17) 40 83,3
[17;20) 46 95,8
[20;23) 48 100
y-axis
x-axis
Ogives
![Page 28: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Ogive of number of call received
at a call centre per hour
0102030405060708090
100
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
Number of calls
% C
um
ula
tiv
e
nu
mb
er
of
ho
urs
None of the hours had
less than 2 calls.
Ogives
![Page 29: Lecture 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/54845870b4af9fbb788b461f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Ogive of number of call received
at a call centre per hour
0102030405060708090
100
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
Number of calls
% C
um
ula
tiv
e
nu
mb
er
of
ho
urs
Ogives
50% of the hours had less
than 12 calls per hour.
80% of the
hours had
less than
17 calls
per hour.
20% of the
hours had
more than
17 calls
per hour.