Lim, JooheeNam, Yujin

Park, Nari

Linguistic IssueLinguistic Issue

In New In New ZealandZealand

Contents

• Past

• Present

• Future

Language of New Zealand

• Official languages

• Native languages

• Immigrant languages

Multilingual society

The History of Immigration

• Polynesian settlement

• Migration from 1840

• Post World War II migration

• Introduction of points-based system

Polynesian settlement

• In the 13th Century The Polynesian ancestors of the

Maori

• Unique ‘Maori Culture & Language’

Late of 18th Cen.• 1769, James Cook

– The First inflow of English

• 1792,The First English-speaking settler

– From penal colony in Sydney

• The 1840 Treaty of Waitangi

– From Australia and Britain

– Maori were outnumbered

Post World War II migration• 1950,Accepted 5,000 refugees• A labor shortage

– A bilateral agreement for skilled migrants Netherlands

• End of 1960, a large demand for unskilled labor– From the South Pacific

points-based system

• 1987, a new Immigration Act– Classified migrants on their skills,

personal qualities and potential contribution to NZ economy and society

• 1991, Requiring IELTS score

Maori English

• English spoken by Maori • ethnic dialect and social dialect• Representing desire for their

solidarity

• Maori grammar applied to EnglishEx) ‘plural’ is showed in a definitive

Languages of NZ

• The number of languages listed for New Zealand is 4. Of those, 3 are living languages and 1 is a second language without mother-tongue speakers.

www.ethnologue.com

Languages of NZ

1) Living languages ① English : Spoken by 95.9% of people

② Maori : Spoken by 4.1% of people ③ New Zealand Sign Language(24,090)

2) Second language ① Pitcairn-Norfolk

www.ethnologue.com

Languages of NZ

• Afrikaans, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Fijian, Hakka Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Niue, Pukapuka, Samoan, Tahitian, Tokelauan, Tongan, Tuvaluan, Yue Chinese, Arabic…

www.ethnologue.com

New Zealanders vs. other ethnic groups

NzersOthers

Ethnic groups in NZ2006 census

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

European Maori Asian PacificPeoples

Other

20012006

Percentage of population born overseas

2006 census

0

5

10

15

20

25

1996 2001 2006

percent

Rankings of Nine Most Common Overseas Birthplaces in the 2006

Census, Compared with 2001 census

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000

England

China

Australia

Samoa

india

South Africa

fiji

Scoyland

Korea

New Zealand English

• Close to Australian English

• But has several subtle differences - more affinity with southern England

English - influence of Maori speech - the flattened I

www.en.wikipedia.com

Dialects within NZ English

• One group of speakers is recognised as having a distinct way of talking

→ the south of the South Island (Murihiku) harbours a "Celtic fringe" of people

• Because this southern area formed a traditional repository of immigration from Scotland

www.en.wikipedia.com

Immigration Regulation

• First restriction were imposed in 1881

• The prejudice against Asians, especially Chinese

• Since 1986, the policy has broken discrimination against non-British

www.teara.govt.nz

Immigration Regulation

• Money and English ability are required

- Immigration Amendment Act 1991 : A modest level of English was required. Business immigrants were expected to transfer at least NZ$150,000 to New Zealand. Ability in English language was assessed at interviews

www.teara.govt.nz

Education in New Zealand www.minedu.gont.nz

1.Early childhood education – culturally appropriate

2.Primary and Secondary schools – free for New Zealand citizens and permanent residents

3. Tertiary education – equitable and affordable access

The provision of flexible pathways for study

Early child hood Education• education and care for young children and infants from birth to six• A wide range of early childhood services is available

English – the medium language

Maori , Pacific island or other language

Birth – 5 years old : 60%

3 years old : 90%

4 years old : 98%

* Participation rates for different ethnicities vary

In New Zealand early childhood education services are not state-owned, provided or managed

www.minedu.gont.nz

Primary and secondary school Education

Schooling is available to children from age 5 and is compulsory from ages 6to 16

1.Primary school

start at year 1 and continues until year 8

2. Secondary school

covers years 9 to 13 ( during which students are aged 13 to 17)

• Most schools are English language medium,

but some schools teach in the Maori medium.

• Kura Kaupapa Maori- based on Maori culture and value

www.minedu.gont.nz

NCEA

The National Certificate of Educational Achievement

• the national senior secondary school qualification.

• NCEA level 1 is comparable overall to these qualification.

- the British General certificate of secondary education

- Canada or The U.S. grade 10

- year 10 awards in a number of Australian states.

http://www.nzqa.govt.nz/index.html

Tertiary education • All aspects of post-school education and training

• 36 public tertiary

- 8 universities

- 21 institutes of technology and polytechnics

- 4 college of education

- 3 wanaga (maori tertiary education institutions)

Bachelor’s degrees from New Zealand tertiary education providers are comparable overall to:

• British Bachelor’s degrees

• Australia bachelor’s degrees

• 895 private training establishments,

- which include private English language school, registered by the NZ qualification Authority.

- Preparation programs for the IELTS and TOEFL

www.minedu.gont.nz

English language provision

conclusion