Download - Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
1/27
William Gregg Adele McFadden
Dave Cortes Veronica George
MALNUTRITION AND
OBESITY
NUR 244
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
2/27
Index
Nutrition
Exercise
Malnutrition
Obesity
More boring Stuff
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
3/27
Nutrition
So what should you eat and
how much?
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
4/27
Read Before You Eat
Remember to read thenutritional labels and stayaway from miraclefoods and diets.
!!!You WON the world lottery!!
Click HEREto redeem your prize
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
5/27
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
6/27
Nutrition Tips Relate the dietary guidelines to your lifestyle.
Progress through small changes to diet and level of activity.
Dont be shy to try new foods (healthier).
Balance what you eat with your physical activity.
You can still enjoy all foods, just dont overdo it.
Make a weekly routine of in/outdoor recreations.
Monitor food and beverage intake, physical activity, and body weight.
Reduce portion sizes if needed.
When eating out, make better choices.
Limit TV/sitting time.
Things to remember with age Metabolism slows down; generally total food intake needs to be reduced.
Exercise is an important component to balancing food intake and output.
Sedentary lifestyle creates a greater need for daily exercise.
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
7/27
Exercise Recommendations
Regular physical activity helps improve overall health and fitness, and reducesrisk for many chronic diseases.
Children6 - 17
Adults18 - 64
Older Adults65+
Light 60min+ per dayModerate-3day per week 75min+ per week 75min+ per week
3day per week 2day+ per week 2day+ per week
3day per week 75min+ per week 75min+ per week
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
8/27
Body Mass Index ~ BMI
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
9/27
Malnutrition
~ Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements
Inadequate or unbalanced diet
Problems with digestion or absorption
Certain medical conditions
Common causes
A significant problem all over the world,
especially among children. Poverty, naturaldisasters, political problems, and war allcontribute to conditions. Its not just indeveloping countries.
Maintaining
Weight
Losing
Weight
Gaining
Weight
Caloriestaken in are
equal tocaloriesburned.
Caloriestaken in are
less thancaloriesburned.
Caloriestaken in are
more thancaloriesburned.
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
10/27
Types of Malnutrition
Protein-Energy Malnutrition(PEM) & Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (PCM)
Marasmus ~ a calorie malnutrition in which body fat and protein are
wasted.
Kwashiorkor ~ lack of protein quantity and quality in the presence ofadequate calories. Body weight is normal with low serum protein.
Marasmic-kwashiorkor ~ combined protein and calorie malnutrition.
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
11/27
Eating Disorders
Anorexia NervosaSelf induced starvation resulting froma fear Of fatness, even though beingunderweight.
Bulimia NervosaCharacterized by episodes of bingeeating in which the patient ingest a
large amount of food in a short time.Then followed by some form ofpurging behavior, like vomitinglaxatives, extreme exercise, ordiuretics.
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
12/27
About Malnutrition Symptoms
Symptoms vary and depend on what is causing the malnutrition. Fatigue, dizziness, and weight loss.
Signs and tests
Nutritional assessments and blood work. Treatment
Replacing missing nutrients via oral/parenteral routes, treating other symptoms, and underlyingmedical condition if applicable. Possibly a referral for mental health or reports to social services.
Prognosis
Depends on the cause and most can be corrected. If malnutrition is caused by a medical condition,that illness has to be treated in order to fix the nutritional deficiency.
Complications
If untreated, malnutrition can lead to
Mental or physical disability
Illness
Death
Fainting
Lack of menstruation
Lack of growth in children
Rapid hair loss
Prevention
Eating a good, well-balanced diet helps to prevent most forms of malnutrition .
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
13/27
Concept Map of Malnutrition
Possible causes Malnutrition
Inadequate dietaryintake
Resources and ControlHuman, Economic,
Organizational resources
Potential Resources
Disease
Inadequatecare of children
and women
Insufficientheath services
& unhealthyenvironment
Inadequateaccess to food
Manifestation
ImmediateCauses
UnderlyingCause
BasicCauses
L ti f M l t iti
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
14/27
Locations of Malnutrition
Rates of Protein-energy malnutrition by country (per 100,000 inhabitants).
~Video~http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17QwWM1LJMI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17QwWM1LJMIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17QwWM1LJMIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17QwWM1LJMI -
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
15/27
Deaths
Under nourished children with an impaired immune system, may not defendthemselves against diseases that well.
According to the World Food Program (WFP), malnutrition is one of the causesof death for 10 million children under five. It is estimated that 53% of deaths inchildren under the age of 5 are due to malnutrition.
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
16/27
Obesity
~ Imbalanced Nutrition: More Than Body Requirements
VS.
Obesity means having too much body fat. It is not the same as being overweight,
which means weighing too much. A person may be overweight from extra muscle,bone, or water, as well as from having too much fat.
Both terms mean that a person's weight is higher than what is thought to behealthy for his or her height.
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
17/27
Fat StorageFats are a major form of stored energy: a single gram of fat stores about 9 kcal per gram, whereas a gram ofcarbohydrate or protein stores only about 4 kcal. Such a concentrated form of stored energy allows us to survivefor long periods of time without eating. A body of about 20% fat can allow someone to go without food for 20-30days.
How Fats, Carbohydrates, and Protein are StoredFirst, fats, carbohydrates, and protein are broken down in the intestine into their basic parts. Then used for immediateenergy or stored for later use.
Fatsare broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Excess fat that isnt needed for immediate energy demands isstored as adipose tissue (also in liver).
Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars. Sugars that arent used right away for energy are stored as glycogen inliver and muscle cells or converted, mostly in the liver, to triglycerides. The triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue.Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate that can easily be converted into energy.
Protein is broken down into amino acids that may be used for new protein synthesis, or the amino acids may beconverted to carbohydrate and fat.
About 80% of adipose tissue is composed of lipids. The large lipid content of the cell makes fat a good cushion againstimpact, helping to protect the bodys organs. And because lipids are very poor conductors of heat, fat tissue is anexcellent insulator.
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
18/27
Fat Storage (cont..)
Insulin and Energy Storage . Insulin, a hormone secreted by the beta cells of thepancreas, plays a major role in lipogenesis. Insulin facilitates the storage of fat and
keeps it from being used for energy. Insulin is needed for the transport of glucose intothe interior of cells, where it helps convert triglycerides into a storable form of fat. Theconversion of glucose into fat is also assisted by insulin through the activation ofseveral key enzymes.
Fats and lipids are crucial components of cell membranes. They keep the watery contentsof the cell separate from the watery environment around it.
Adipose tissue produces numerous hormones, including prostaglandins, which regulatemany of the bodys functions, and sex hormones, such as estrogen.
Structural fat is found in the myelin sheaths of neural cells and is a key component of thesynapses.
More than 50% of the dry weight of the brain is composed of fat. Mitochondria have critical function of converting fats into energy so the body can
function properly.
Nice Stuff About The Fluffy
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
19/27
Common Causes Hereditary/genetic
Learned diet as child
Eating more food than your body can use Career (meals)
Drinking too much alcohol
lifestyle (no free time)
Not getting enough exercise
Lack of impulse/self control
Medical Causes Hypothyroidism Quitting smoking Stress, anxiety, depression, sleep
impairments Menopause
pregnancy Medications (birth control,
antidepressants, antipsychotics)
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
20/27
Examining Obesity
Perform a physical exam.
Ask questions about medical history, eating habits, and exercise routine. BMI is measured using height and weight. It estimates how much body
fat the patient has.
A waist measurement is another way to estimate body fat. Extra weightaround your middle or stomach area increases the risk for developing
type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. People with "apple-shaped"bodies (meaning their waist is bigger than their hips) also have anincreased risk for these diseases.
Skin fold measurements may be taken to check body fat percentage.
Blood tests may be done to look for thyroid or hormone problems that
could lead to weight gain.
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
21/27
Prevalence of Obesity
http://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_video
~Video~
http://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_videohttp://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_videohttp://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_videohttp://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_videohttp://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_videohttp://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_videohttp://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_video -
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
22/27
Treating Obesity
#1 Tip ~ Lifestyle changes
An active lifestyle, regular exercise, and healthy eating.
Support from family and friends.
If dieting, your main goal should be to learn new, healthy ways of eating andmake them a part of your daily routine.
Many people find it hard to change their eating habits and behaviors. Stay
focused, and know that it will take time to adjust. Set realistic, safe daily calorie counts.
Weight that's dropped slow and steadily, is more likely to stay off.
Learn how to read the nutrition labels.
Learn healthy ways to prepare food. Extreme diets (fewer than 1,100 calories per day) are not thought to be safe
or to work because rebound weight gained back later.
Learn new ways to manage stress or depression.
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
23/27
Surgical Treatments Bariatric surgery, including gastric bypass surgery, gastroplasty, and gastric banding, for BMI of
40+. All involve bypassing part of the small intestine. The patient still needs to eat a healthy dietand exercise afterward.
Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LABG) creates a small pouch at the top of the stomachby placing a constricting ring, or band, around it. With a smaller stomach, patient gets full morequicker and so eat less. LABG is a less complicated procedure than gastric bypass.
Liposuction directly removes of fat from the body. Less complicated than certain types of bariatricsurgery, like gastric bypass surgery, it may seem like an attractive option for losing weight. But itsnot that simple, unfortunately. Liposuction removes only subcutaneous fat, not visceral fat.Visceral fat is associated in all the obesity disorders associated.
Medications Used if patient have a BMI of 30+ , or 27+ with hypertension, diabetes, or abnormal blood fatlevels.
Mainly appetite suppressants and lipase inhibitors.
Other medications, including antidepressants, anti-epileptics, and diabetic medications, may beused for treating obesity, even though the FDA hasnt approved their use for this purpose.
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
24/27
Complications of Obesity
Obesity is a health threat on every part of the body
Bone and joint problems Gallstones, gout, and liver problems
Heart attack from coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke
High blood cholesterol and triglycerides
Hypertension
Type 2 diabetes
Stopping breathing during sleep (sleep apnea). This can cause daytime fatigue orsleepiness, poor attention, and problems at work
Urinary incontinence
Depression
Decreased wound healing
Chronic back pain
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
25/27
Financial Cost of ObesityObesity Is a Costly Epidemic
The health problems caused by overweight and obesity are enormous and havea significant impact on the US health care system.
In 2008, the direct and indirect costs totaled about $147 billion.
On average, people who are considered obese pay $1,429 (42%) more in healthcare costs than normal-weight individuals.
Health insurance
Medicare pays $1,723 more than it pays for normal-weight beneficiaries.
Medicaid pays $1,021 more than it pays for normal-weight beneficiaries. Private insurers pay $1,140 more than they pay for normal-weight beneficiaries.
Services provided
Medicare pays $95 more for an inpatient service, $693 more for a non-inpatientservice, and $608 more for prescription drugs in comparison with normal-
weight patients. Medicaid pays $213 more for an inpatient service,$175 more for a non-inpatient
service, and $230 more for prescription drugs in comparison with normal-weight patients.
Private insurers pay $443 more for an inpatient service, $398 more for a non-inpatient service, and $284 more for prescription drugs in comparison with
normal-weight patients.
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
26/27
Questions?
-
8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project
27/27
References
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Protein-energy_malnutrition_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg.Web. Retrieved on 15July 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004552/
http://www.foodsecurity.gov.kh/conceptual-framework-malnutrition.
All Images and GIFs. www.google.com/imgres. Retrieved on 15July2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001441/
http://www.thequietworld.com/ahealthyworld/index.php?page=povertyandpneumonia
http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/everyone/guidelines/olderadults.html.Web. Retrieved on 15July2011.
http://www.choosemyplate.gov/tipsresources/printmaterials.html .Web. Retrieved on 15July 2011. http://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/fat_is_good