malnutrtition and obesity project

8/3/2019 Malnutrtition and Obesity Project

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William Gregg Adele McFadden

Dave Cortes Veronica George

MALNUTRITION AND

OBESITY

NUR 244


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Index

Nutrition

Exercise

Malnutrition

Obesity

More boring Stuff


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Nutrition

So what should you eat and

how much?


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Read Before You Eat

Remember to read thenutritional labels and stayaway from miraclefoods and diets.

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Nutrition Tips Relate the dietary guidelines to your lifestyle.

Progress through small changes to diet and level of activity.

Dont be shy to try new foods (healthier).

Balance what you eat with your physical activity.

You can still enjoy all foods, just dont overdo it.

Make a weekly routine of in/outdoor recreations.

Monitor food and beverage intake, physical activity, and body weight.

Reduce portion sizes if needed.

When eating out, make better choices.

Limit TV/sitting time.

Things to remember with age Metabolism slows down; generally total food intake needs to be reduced.

Exercise is an important component to balancing food intake and output.

Sedentary lifestyle creates a greater need for daily exercise.


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Exercise Recommendations

Regular physical activity helps improve overall health and fitness, and reducesrisk for many chronic diseases.

Children6 - 17

Adults18 - 64

Older Adults65+

Light 60min+ per dayModerate-3day per week 75min+ per week 75min+ per week

3day per week 2day+ per week 2day+ per week

3day per week 75min+ per week 75min+ per week


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Body Mass Index ~ BMI


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Malnutrition

~ Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements

Inadequate or unbalanced diet

Problems with digestion or absorption

Certain medical conditions

Common causes

A significant problem all over the world,

especially among children. Poverty, naturaldisasters, political problems, and war allcontribute to conditions. Its not just indeveloping countries.

Maintaining

Weight

Losing

Weight

Gaining

Weight

Caloriestaken in are

equal tocaloriesburned.


less thancaloriesburned.


more thancaloriesburned.


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Types of Malnutrition

Protein-Energy Malnutrition(PEM) & Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (PCM)

Marasmus ~ a calorie malnutrition in which body fat and protein are

wasted.

Kwashiorkor ~ lack of protein quantity and quality in the presence ofadequate calories. Body weight is normal with low serum protein.

Marasmic-kwashiorkor ~ combined protein and calorie malnutrition.


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Eating Disorders

Anorexia NervosaSelf induced starvation resulting froma fear Of fatness, even though beingunderweight.

Bulimia NervosaCharacterized by episodes of bingeeating in which the patient ingest a

large amount of food in a short time.Then followed by some form ofpurging behavior, like vomitinglaxatives, extreme exercise, ordiuretics.


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About Malnutrition Symptoms

Symptoms vary and depend on what is causing the malnutrition. Fatigue, dizziness, and weight loss.

Signs and tests

Nutritional assessments and blood work. Treatment

Replacing missing nutrients via oral/parenteral routes, treating other symptoms, and underlyingmedical condition if applicable. Possibly a referral for mental health or reports to social services.

Prognosis

Depends on the cause and most can be corrected. If malnutrition is caused by a medical condition,that illness has to be treated in order to fix the nutritional deficiency.

Complications

If untreated, malnutrition can lead to

Mental or physical disability

Illness

Death

Fainting

Lack of menstruation

Lack of growth in children

Rapid hair loss

Prevention

Eating a good, well-balanced diet helps to prevent most forms of malnutrition .


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Concept Map of Malnutrition

Possible causes Malnutrition

Inadequate dietaryintake

Resources and ControlHuman, Economic,

Organizational resources

Potential Resources

Disease

Inadequatecare of children

and women

Insufficientheath services

& unhealthyenvironment

Inadequateaccess to food

Manifestation

ImmediateCauses

UnderlyingCause

BasicCauses

L ti f M l t iti


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Locations of Malnutrition

Rates of Protein-energy malnutrition by country (per 100,000 inhabitants).

~Video~http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17QwWM1LJMI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17QwWM1LJMIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17QwWM1LJMIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17QwWM1LJMI


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Deaths

Under nourished children with an impaired immune system, may not defendthemselves against diseases that well.

According to the World Food Program (WFP), malnutrition is one of the causesof death for 10 million children under five. It is estimated that 53% of deaths inchildren under the age of 5 are due to malnutrition.


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Obesity

~ Imbalanced Nutrition: More Than Body Requirements

VS.

Obesity means having too much body fat. It is not the same as being overweight,

which means weighing too much. A person may be overweight from extra muscle,bone, or water, as well as from having too much fat.

Both terms mean that a person's weight is higher than what is thought to behealthy for his or her height.


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Fat StorageFats are a major form of stored energy: a single gram of fat stores about 9 kcal per gram, whereas a gram ofcarbohydrate or protein stores only about 4 kcal. Such a concentrated form of stored energy allows us to survivefor long periods of time without eating. A body of about 20% fat can allow someone to go without food for 20-30days.

How Fats, Carbohydrates, and Protein are StoredFirst, fats, carbohydrates, and protein are broken down in the intestine into their basic parts. Then used for immediateenergy or stored for later use.

Fatsare broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Excess fat that isnt needed for immediate energy demands isstored as adipose tissue (also in liver).

Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars. Sugars that arent used right away for energy are stored as glycogen inliver and muscle cells or converted, mostly in the liver, to triglycerides. The triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue.Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate that can easily be converted into energy.

Protein is broken down into amino acids that may be used for new protein synthesis, or the amino acids may beconverted to carbohydrate and fat.

About 80% of adipose tissue is composed of lipids. The large lipid content of the cell makes fat a good cushion againstimpact, helping to protect the bodys organs. And because lipids are very poor conductors of heat, fat tissue is anexcellent insulator.


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Fat Storage (cont..)

Insulin and Energy Storage . Insulin, a hormone secreted by the beta cells of thepancreas, plays a major role in lipogenesis. Insulin facilitates the storage of fat and

keeps it from being used for energy. Insulin is needed for the transport of glucose intothe interior of cells, where it helps convert triglycerides into a storable form of fat. Theconversion of glucose into fat is also assisted by insulin through the activation ofseveral key enzymes.

Fats and lipids are crucial components of cell membranes. They keep the watery contentsof the cell separate from the watery environment around it.

Adipose tissue produces numerous hormones, including prostaglandins, which regulatemany of the bodys functions, and sex hormones, such as estrogen.

Structural fat is found in the myelin sheaths of neural cells and is a key component of thesynapses.

More than 50% of the dry weight of the brain is composed of fat. Mitochondria have critical function of converting fats into energy so the body can

function properly.

Nice Stuff About The Fluffy


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Common Causes Hereditary/genetic

Learned diet as child

Eating more food than your body can use Career (meals)

Drinking too much alcohol

lifestyle (no free time)

Not getting enough exercise

Lack of impulse/self control

Medical Causes Hypothyroidism Quitting smoking Stress, anxiety, depression, sleep

impairments Menopause

pregnancy Medications (birth control,

antidepressants, antipsychotics)


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Examining Obesity

Perform a physical exam.

Ask questions about medical history, eating habits, and exercise routine. BMI is measured using height and weight. It estimates how much body

fat the patient has.

A waist measurement is another way to estimate body fat. Extra weightaround your middle or stomach area increases the risk for developing

type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. People with "apple-shaped"bodies (meaning their waist is bigger than their hips) also have anincreased risk for these diseases.

Skin fold measurements may be taken to check body fat percentage.

Blood tests may be done to look for thyroid or hormone problems that

could lead to weight gain.


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Prevalence of Obesity

http://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_video

~Video~
http://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_videohttp://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_videohttp://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_videohttp://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_videohttp://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_videohttp://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_videohttp://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/obesity_video


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Treating Obesity

#1 Tip ~ Lifestyle changes

An active lifestyle, regular exercise, and healthy eating.

Support from family and friends.

If dieting, your main goal should be to learn new, healthy ways of eating andmake them a part of your daily routine.

Many people find it hard to change their eating habits and behaviors. Stay

focused, and know that it will take time to adjust. Set realistic, safe daily calorie counts.

Weight that's dropped slow and steadily, is more likely to stay off.

Learn how to read the nutrition labels.

Learn healthy ways to prepare food. Extreme diets (fewer than 1,100 calories per day) are not thought to be safe

or to work because rebound weight gained back later.

Learn new ways to manage stress or depression.


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Surgical Treatments Bariatric surgery, including gastric bypass surgery, gastroplasty, and gastric banding, for BMI of

40+. All involve bypassing part of the small intestine. The patient still needs to eat a healthy dietand exercise afterward.

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LABG) creates a small pouch at the top of the stomachby placing a constricting ring, or band, around it. With a smaller stomach, patient gets full morequicker and so eat less. LABG is a less complicated procedure than gastric bypass.

Liposuction directly removes of fat from the body. Less complicated than certain types of bariatricsurgery, like gastric bypass surgery, it may seem like an attractive option for losing weight. But itsnot that simple, unfortunately. Liposuction removes only subcutaneous fat, not visceral fat.Visceral fat is associated in all the obesity disorders associated.

Medications Used if patient have a BMI of 30+ , or 27+ with hypertension, diabetes, or abnormal blood fatlevels.

Mainly appetite suppressants and lipase inhibitors.

Other medications, including antidepressants, anti-epileptics, and diabetic medications, may beused for treating obesity, even though the FDA hasnt approved their use for this purpose.


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Complications of Obesity

Obesity is a health threat on every part of the body

Bone and joint problems Gallstones, gout, and liver problems

Heart attack from coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke

High blood cholesterol and triglycerides

Hypertension

Type 2 diabetes

Stopping breathing during sleep (sleep apnea). This can cause daytime fatigue orsleepiness, poor attention, and problems at work

Urinary incontinence

Depression

Decreased wound healing

Chronic back pain


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Financial Cost of ObesityObesity Is a Costly Epidemic

The health problems caused by overweight and obesity are enormous and havea significant impact on the US health care system.

In 2008, the direct and indirect costs totaled about $147 billion.

On average, people who are considered obese pay $1,429 (42%) more in healthcare costs than normal-weight individuals.

Health insurance

Medicare pays $1,723 more than it pays for normal-weight beneficiaries.

Medicaid pays $1,021 more than it pays for normal-weight beneficiaries. Private insurers pay $1,140 more than they pay for normal-weight beneficiaries.

Services provided

Medicare pays $95 more for an inpatient service, $693 more for a non-inpatientservice, and $608 more for prescription drugs in comparison with normal-

weight patients. Medicaid pays $213 more for an inpatient service,$175 more for a non-inpatient

service, and $230 more for prescription drugs in comparison with normal-weight patients.

Private insurers pay $443 more for an inpatient service, $398 more for a non-inpatient service, and $284 more for prescription drugs in comparison with

normal-weight patients.


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Questions?


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References

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Protein-energy_malnutrition_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg.Web. Retrieved on 15July 2011.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004552/

http://www.foodsecurity.gov.kh/conceptual-framework-malnutrition.

All Images and GIFs. www.google.com/imgres. Retrieved on 15July2011.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001441/

http://www.thequietworld.com/ahealthyworld/index.php?page=povertyandpneumonia

http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/everyone/guidelines/olderadults.html.Web. Retrieved on 15July2011.

http://www.choosemyplate.gov/tipsresources/printmaterials.html .Web. Retrieved on 15July 2011. http://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/nutrition_and_metabolism_health/obesity/fat_is_good

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