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Clean Marine Transit OverviewClean Marine Transit Overview

John BoeselJohn BoeselPresidentPresident

www.calstart.orgwww.calstart.org

November 2, 2000Alameda, CANovember 2, 2000November 2, 2000Alameda, CAAlameda, CA

MARAD Workshop MARAD Workshop MARAD Workshop

Copyright CALSTART, Inc. 1998

2000 150+ Worldwide 150+ Worldwide

ParticipantParticipantNetworkNetwork

6 Offices in 4 6 Offices in 4Western StatesWestern States

WestStart Consortium:A “Virtual” Business Cluster


WestStart Participants

• Motorola• Toyota Motor Corporation• General Motors Advanced Technology Vehicles• Daimler Chrysler• Motor Coach Industries• Freightliner Corporation• Lockheed Martin• Gas Technology Institute• However, 70% Are Small Start-up Businesses

Yellow font indicates Boardmembers


• Mobility Systems - developing andimplementing clean mobilitysystems

What WestStart Does

• Spurring technology - manage technologydevelopment and demonstration projects

• Implementation for fleets - clean solutions forairports, parks, and campuses

• Industry information and analysis - provideindustry information services, market research,marketing, reports and studies


New Technology Threat toOPEC - Saudi Sheik

• Technology will reduceconsumption, increaseproduction from areasoutside OPEC

• Within 20 yearstechnology will have cutdeep into demand fortransport fuels

• Hybrid engines andhydrogen fuel cells willdrastically cutconsumption of gasoline

“Technology is the thereal enemy for OPEC”

--Shiek Ahmed Zaki Yamani, former Saudi Arabian Oil Minister


Air Pollution Health Effects

• USC Study Shows NOx and PMdangerous to children (USCStudy)

• L.A. air contains 426-timesallowable level of air toxics(House report)


EPA Calls for Lower Sulfur Fuel

• May, 2000 EPA proposes rules to cut truck and busemissions by a 97% reduction in sulfur content indiesel fuel over next 10 years

• EPA officials claim it’s the biggest effort to reducesmog and cut toxic air contaminants in the agency’s30 year history

• Rules calls for 95% reduction in NOx and 90%reduction in PM

• Move comparable to removing lead from gasoline


TOSCO to Supply LowSulphur Diesel to NY MTA

• Tosco will supply low sulfurdiesel fuel to NY MTA for usein diesel-powered buses

• Maximum sulfur content offuel not to exceed 30 ppm -90% lower than current EPAmaximum of 500 ppm

• Deliveries started in Sept.2000

• First large city transit agencyto convert its bus fleet toultra low sulfur diesel fuel


EPA Sets Rules forCleaner Diesel Engines

• August, 2000 EPA adopts rule requiring cleanerdiesel engines for truck and bus

• Engines must emit 40% less air pollution by 2004• Rule is part of EPA’s two-part strategy to improve

vehicle engines and have cleaner diesel fuel in U.S.market

• Second phase of program will require cleaner dieselfuel with lower sulphur content and cleaner enginesby 2007, reducing bus and truck pollution by another90%.


U.S. Forest Service and Park ServiceBanning Off-Road Vehicles?

Recreation is soaringin national forests andparksOff-road vehiclesmajor sources ofpollutionBans proposed onsnowmobiles in selectparksEnvironmentalistspushing to ban all off-road vehicles at parksand forests


NGV Market Niches

• High mileage fleets neededto pay for station costs

• Cost cheaper thangasoline at current prices

• M-HDV Markets: buses,refuse trucks, and intra-regional trucking

• LDV Markets: shared ride,police, taxi, andgovernment fleets


Natural Gas Transit Buses

• 22% of all newtransit buses arefueled by naturalgas

• Major transitproperties makingswitch to NG

• 3,204 NG TransitBuses on RoadToday

• 70-80% CNG


LAMTA Purchases Another 370CNG Buses

• Passengers uniondemanded NG purchase

• By Q1 2001, MTA will havemore than 1,500 CNG Buses

• LAMTA now largest operatorof CNG buses in World

• SCAQMD study attributes 70%of toxic air emissions todiesel trucks and buses

• NGVs represent 1day ofthroughput for SoCal Gas --Utility


Washington D.C. TransitPlans CNG Buses

• Washington MetropolitanTransit District announcedplans in Sept 2000 topurchase 100 CNG buses at acost of $39 million

• D.C. mayor calls for CNG onlybus purchases and expandedclean fuels in existing dieselbuses

• New buses could be put intooperation by November 2001


India’s Supreme CourtMandates CNG Buses

New Delhi

• India Supreme Court mandaterequires entire New Delhi busfleet to convert to natural gas orremove buses from service

• Involves 7,000 transit buses and2,000 school buses

• Currently 42 CNG buses usingCummins engines are inoperation with 1,000 on order

• National utility will install 80public CNG refueling stations


Deere Pushing NG Bus andTruck Market

Optimized sparkignited engine -- leanburn, closed-loop,adaptive learnDiesel performance forPower and TorqueFuel economy on parwith dieselPartnership withBluebird


Westport DirectInjection NG Bus

High-pressure, direct-injection natural gastechnologyFar lower emissionsthan diesel butmaintains dieselperformance andefficiencyFormed strategicalliance withCummins


Freightliner/Power SystemsDual-Fuel Class 8:

• Combination LNG-diesel,85%-15% engine

• 400-mile range• 119 gallons onboard with

tanks in frame rails• 410 BHP, 1,250 lb. ft. torque• 80,000 lb. Capacity• Caterpillar system built by

Power Systems


Clean Ports:LNG Use Study

Determined the feasibility ofport trucking and otherfleets to use liquefied naturalgas (LNG)Identified barriers andimplementation strategiesPorts reviewed - LosAngeles and OaklandFunded by DOE; Ports of L.A.& Oakland; Pacific Gas &Electric; and So. Cal. Gas


• Blue RibbonCommission Calls for$2 Billion -- 120 FerrySystem

• Environmental groupsquestion benefits

• CALSTART willconduct comparativedoor-to-door analysis

• Funded by DOE (BNL),DOT, and GTI

S.F. Bay Ferry SystemExpansion Questioned


• Focused on developingcleanest possible marinetransit system

• Partners include: Bay AreaCouncil, Carnegie MelonUniversity, Gas TechnologyInstitute, GANA Inc., andCALSTART

• Seeking funding for NGFerry demonstration

• Incorporate programs real-time emissions monitoring

Clean MarineOpportunities Partnership


Proposed LNG TugDemonstration

• 50 Tugs Currently inOperation in Ports of LAand Long Beach

• Tugs Operate onRelatively Fixed DutyCycle -- Analogous toTransit Buses

• Estimated 70%Reduction in NOx and50% Decrease in PMwith Natural Gas


National Park Clean Ferry Analysis

• National Park Seeks toProvide Ferry Serviceto New Parks in SF BayArea

• Analyzed Potential forNG As Fuel forExpanded FerryService

• Emissions benefitssignificant


New York Orders Hybrid Buses

• 125 hybrid buses ordered• HybriDrive propulsion system from

Lockheed Martin• Uses AC-drive system powered by diesel

generator and batteries• More fuel efficient with far less emissions• Bids for 175 submitted

HybriDrive propulsion systemachieved 80,000+ miles of daily

revenue bus service in 1999


Hybrid Electric Ferries?

• Technology becomingwell established in lightand heavy-dutyapplications

• Key advantage is fueleconomy in urbansetting

• Take advantage ofregenerative braking

• Additional studyrequired


• Stocks of 40+ public fuel cellcompanies have shown gain of400 percent, raised $1.9 billion incapital in 2000

• Big gainers - Ballard, H Power,Millennium Cell, Plug Power, DCHTechnology, Hydrogenics

• Analysts concern ofovervaluation; see long time forcommercialization because ofcosts, safe storage and transport

• Viewed as back-up power for now

Fuel Cells Riding Highon Energy Crisis of 2000


P-2000 fuel cellNecar 4 fuel cell

Ford-DaimlerChrysler:Setting the Perception Pace


Daimler Benz: 1997 Predictionon Fuel Cell Vehicles

• Daimler Benz Boldly predicted inSeptember 1997 that sales of itshybrid-electric fuel-cell cars willhit 100,000 by the year 2004 andthat it will capture "well over" 50percent of the fuel-cell vehicle

• Some say 40,000 light-duty FCVsby 2010 from all manufacturersmay be optimistic

• Cost and infrastructurechallenges remain significant

"We don't really see fuel cell vehiclesmaking significant inroads into themarket for 10 years, and it may take20 years."

-- Tomohiko Kawanabe, Director ofHonda's Tochigi Research andDevelopment Centre -- September,2000


Iceland Hydrogen Project

• DaimlerChrysler,Royal Dutch/Shell,Norsk Hydro,EcoEnergy partners

• Propose fueling cars,trucks, buses -- evenfishing boats -- withhydrogen

• Bus will roll out first• Perfect “closed

system” for testinghydrogen concept

Europe


ZeTek Power Fuel Cell Boat

• Hydra -- first fuelcell boat licensedfor passenger traffic

• Uses alkaline fuelcell

• Deployed in Bonn,Germany

• 12 meters withmaximum speed of 6knots


• Houston AdvancedResearch Center to testat Port of Houston

• 250 kWh fuel cell unitto be installed adjacentto where cruise shipdocks to supplyelectricity; reduce loadof on-board generators

• Use expected to cutemissions and fuelusage

HARC Fuel Cells Test inCruise Ships


Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit

Team: Freightliner, XCELLSIS,and DaimlerChrysler

• Fuel cell power for truckaccessories during non-driving operations

• Reduces emissions andincreases engine life

• 5-10 kW of power


Syntroleum Fuel -- CutsDiesel Emissions 88%?

• Southwest Researchtesting showssynthetic diesel fuelcuts diesel caremissions 88%;pickup emissions 40%;heavy-duty engineroughly 40%

• Fuel can also be usedfor fuel cell feed-stock


• “Pacific Ranger” parkvessel servicing NPSmarine researchplatform off VenturaCounty coast

• Two yeardemonstration projectusing 100% biodieselfuel from cooking oil

• 24 passenger capacity• 56 feet long

Biodiesel Boat - ChannelIslands National Park

Pacific Ranger


• Largest solar vessel -- upto 100 passengers

• Solar panels raised andused as sails

• Practical for short routes• 2 40-kW permanent magnet

brushless DC motors• 5 - 7 knots on solar power

alone• Back-up LPG gas

generator and batteries

Solar Sailor

Australia Passenger Ferry


For the Riders or theContributors?

• Why should a commuter ferry operatorconsider alternative fuels?

• Santa Barbara MTD has largest electricbus fleet in country. SunLine Transit has100% CNG bus fleet.

• 5-10% of residents actually ride the buses• 70-80% have favorable impression of the

buses and the transit property• Everyone pays


Portfolio Diversification

• Are all your investments in stocks?• Energy diversity = greater economic

security• Diversified fuel supplies can lead to

competitive advantages• Should national, state, or regional

economies be dependent upon OPEC’sdecisions?


Future Work

• Public health benefits of clean marinetechnology significant

• Renewed need for energy independence• Rapid pace of clean marine technology likely

to mirror pace of on-road vehicle technology• Additional development and demonstrations

needed• Appropriate role for federal research,

development, and demonstration funding


Clean Transportation Solutions SM

www.calstart.orgwww.weststart.org

Advanced Transportation Technologies SM

Download - Marine overview 11-00 - MARAD – Maritime Administration€¦ · fuel with lower sulphur content and cleaner engines ... companies have shown gain of ... Marine overview 11-00

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