marine overview 11-00 - marad – maritime administration€¦ · fuel with lower sulphur content...
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Clean Marine Transit OverviewClean Marine Transit Overview
John BoeselJohn BoeselPresidentPresident
www.calstart.orgwww.calstart.org
November 2, 2000Alameda, CANovember 2, 2000November 2, 2000Alameda, CAAlameda, CA
MARAD Workshop MARAD Workshop MARAD Workshop
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2000 150+ Worldwide 150+ Worldwide
ParticipantParticipantNetworkNetwork
6 Offices in 4 6 Offices in 4Western StatesWestern States
WestStart Consortium:A “Virtual” Business Cluster
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WestStart Participants
• Motorola• Toyota Motor Corporation• General Motors Advanced Technology Vehicles• Daimler Chrysler• Motor Coach Industries• Freightliner Corporation• Lockheed Martin• Gas Technology Institute• However, 70% Are Small Start-up Businesses
Yellow font indicates Boardmembers
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• Mobility Systems - developing andimplementing clean mobilitysystems
What WestStart Does
• Spurring technology - manage technologydevelopment and demonstration projects
• Implementation for fleets - clean solutions forairports, parks, and campuses
• Industry information and analysis - provideindustry information services, market research,marketing, reports and studies
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New Technology Threat toOPEC - Saudi Sheik
• Technology will reduceconsumption, increaseproduction from areasoutside OPEC
• Within 20 yearstechnology will have cutdeep into demand fortransport fuels
• Hybrid engines andhydrogen fuel cells willdrastically cutconsumption of gasoline
“Technology is the thereal enemy for OPEC”
--Shiek Ahmed Zaki Yamani, former Saudi Arabian Oil Minister
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Air Pollution Health Effects
• USC Study Shows NOx and PMdangerous to children (USCStudy)
• L.A. air contains 426-timesallowable level of air toxics(House report)
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EPA Calls for Lower Sulfur Fuel
• May, 2000 EPA proposes rules to cut truck and busemissions by a 97% reduction in sulfur content indiesel fuel over next 10 years
• EPA officials claim it’s the biggest effort to reducesmog and cut toxic air contaminants in the agency’s30 year history
• Rules calls for 95% reduction in NOx and 90%reduction in PM
• Move comparable to removing lead from gasoline
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TOSCO to Supply LowSulphur Diesel to NY MTA
• Tosco will supply low sulfurdiesel fuel to NY MTA for usein diesel-powered buses
• Maximum sulfur content offuel not to exceed 30 ppm -90% lower than current EPAmaximum of 500 ppm
• Deliveries started in Sept.2000
• First large city transit agencyto convert its bus fleet toultra low sulfur diesel fuel
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EPA Sets Rules forCleaner Diesel Engines
• August, 2000 EPA adopts rule requiring cleanerdiesel engines for truck and bus
• Engines must emit 40% less air pollution by 2004• Rule is part of EPA’s two-part strategy to improve
vehicle engines and have cleaner diesel fuel in U.S.market
• Second phase of program will require cleaner dieselfuel with lower sulphur content and cleaner enginesby 2007, reducing bus and truck pollution by another90%.
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U.S. Forest Service and Park ServiceBanning Off-Road Vehicles?
Recreation is soaringin national forests andparksOff-road vehiclesmajor sources ofpollutionBans proposed onsnowmobiles in selectparksEnvironmentalistspushing to ban all off-road vehicles at parksand forests
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NGV Market Niches
• High mileage fleets neededto pay for station costs
• Cost cheaper thangasoline at current prices
• M-HDV Markets: buses,refuse trucks, and intra-regional trucking
• LDV Markets: shared ride,police, taxi, andgovernment fleets
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Natural Gas Transit Buses
• 22% of all newtransit buses arefueled by naturalgas
• Major transitproperties makingswitch to NG
• 3,204 NG TransitBuses on RoadToday
• 70-80% CNG
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LAMTA Purchases Another 370CNG Buses
• Passengers uniondemanded NG purchase
• By Q1 2001, MTA will havemore than 1,500 CNG Buses
• LAMTA now largest operatorof CNG buses in World
• SCAQMD study attributes 70%of toxic air emissions todiesel trucks and buses
• NGVs represent 1day ofthroughput for SoCal Gas --Utility
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Washington D.C. TransitPlans CNG Buses
• Washington MetropolitanTransit District announcedplans in Sept 2000 topurchase 100 CNG buses at acost of $39 million
• D.C. mayor calls for CNG onlybus purchases and expandedclean fuels in existing dieselbuses
• New buses could be put intooperation by November 2001
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India’s Supreme CourtMandates CNG Buses
New Delhi
• India Supreme Court mandaterequires entire New Delhi busfleet to convert to natural gas orremove buses from service
• Involves 7,000 transit buses and2,000 school buses
• Currently 42 CNG buses usingCummins engines are inoperation with 1,000 on order
• National utility will install 80public CNG refueling stations
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Deere Pushing NG Bus andTruck Market
Optimized sparkignited engine -- leanburn, closed-loop,adaptive learnDiesel performance forPower and TorqueFuel economy on parwith dieselPartnership withBluebird
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Westport DirectInjection NG Bus
High-pressure, direct-injection natural gastechnologyFar lower emissionsthan diesel butmaintains dieselperformance andefficiencyFormed strategicalliance withCummins
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Freightliner/Power SystemsDual-Fuel Class 8:
• Combination LNG-diesel,85%-15% engine
• 400-mile range• 119 gallons onboard with
tanks in frame rails• 410 BHP, 1,250 lb. ft. torque• 80,000 lb. Capacity• Caterpillar system built by
Power Systems
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Clean Ports:LNG Use Study
Determined the feasibility ofport trucking and otherfleets to use liquefied naturalgas (LNG)Identified barriers andimplementation strategiesPorts reviewed - LosAngeles and OaklandFunded by DOE; Ports of L.A.& Oakland; Pacific Gas &Electric; and So. Cal. Gas
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• Blue RibbonCommission Calls for$2 Billion -- 120 FerrySystem
• Environmental groupsquestion benefits
• CALSTART willconduct comparativedoor-to-door analysis
• Funded by DOE (BNL),DOT, and GTI
S.F. Bay Ferry SystemExpansion Questioned
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• Focused on developingcleanest possible marinetransit system
• Partners include: Bay AreaCouncil, Carnegie MelonUniversity, Gas TechnologyInstitute, GANA Inc., andCALSTART
• Seeking funding for NGFerry demonstration
• Incorporate programs real-time emissions monitoring
Clean MarineOpportunities Partnership
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Proposed LNG TugDemonstration
• 50 Tugs Currently inOperation in Ports of LAand Long Beach
• Tugs Operate onRelatively Fixed DutyCycle -- Analogous toTransit Buses
• Estimated 70%Reduction in NOx and50% Decrease in PMwith Natural Gas
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National Park Clean Ferry Analysis
• National Park Seeks toProvide Ferry Serviceto New Parks in SF BayArea
• Analyzed Potential forNG As Fuel forExpanded FerryService
• Emissions benefitssignificant
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New York Orders Hybrid Buses
• 125 hybrid buses ordered• HybriDrive propulsion system from
Lockheed Martin• Uses AC-drive system powered by diesel
generator and batteries• More fuel efficient with far less emissions• Bids for 175 submitted
HybriDrive propulsion systemachieved 80,000+ miles of daily
revenue bus service in 1999
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Hybrid Electric Ferries?
• Technology becomingwell established in lightand heavy-dutyapplications
• Key advantage is fueleconomy in urbansetting
• Take advantage ofregenerative braking
• Additional studyrequired
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• Stocks of 40+ public fuel cellcompanies have shown gain of400 percent, raised $1.9 billion incapital in 2000
• Big gainers - Ballard, H Power,Millennium Cell, Plug Power, DCHTechnology, Hydrogenics
• Analysts concern ofovervaluation; see long time forcommercialization because ofcosts, safe storage and transport
• Viewed as back-up power for now
Fuel Cells Riding Highon Energy Crisis of 2000
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P-2000 fuel cellNecar 4 fuel cell
Ford-DaimlerChrysler:Setting the Perception Pace
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Daimler Benz: 1997 Predictionon Fuel Cell Vehicles
• Daimler Benz Boldly predicted inSeptember 1997 that sales of itshybrid-electric fuel-cell cars willhit 100,000 by the year 2004 andthat it will capture "well over" 50percent of the fuel-cell vehicle
• Some say 40,000 light-duty FCVsby 2010 from all manufacturersmay be optimistic
• Cost and infrastructurechallenges remain significant
"We don't really see fuel cell vehiclesmaking significant inroads into themarket for 10 years, and it may take20 years."
-- Tomohiko Kawanabe, Director ofHonda's Tochigi Research andDevelopment Centre -- September,2000
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Iceland Hydrogen Project
• DaimlerChrysler,Royal Dutch/Shell,Norsk Hydro,EcoEnergy partners
• Propose fueling cars,trucks, buses -- evenfishing boats -- withhydrogen
• Bus will roll out first• Perfect “closed
system” for testinghydrogen concept
Europe
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ZeTek Power Fuel Cell Boat
• Hydra -- first fuelcell boat licensedfor passenger traffic
• Uses alkaline fuelcell
• Deployed in Bonn,Germany
• 12 meters withmaximum speed of 6knots
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• Houston AdvancedResearch Center to testat Port of Houston
• 250 kWh fuel cell unitto be installed adjacentto where cruise shipdocks to supplyelectricity; reduce loadof on-board generators
• Use expected to cutemissions and fuelusage
HARC Fuel Cells Test inCruise Ships
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Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit
Team: Freightliner, XCELLSIS,and DaimlerChrysler
• Fuel cell power for truckaccessories during non-driving operations
• Reduces emissions andincreases engine life
• 5-10 kW of power
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Syntroleum Fuel -- CutsDiesel Emissions 88%?
• Southwest Researchtesting showssynthetic diesel fuelcuts diesel caremissions 88%;pickup emissions 40%;heavy-duty engineroughly 40%
• Fuel can also be usedfor fuel cell feed-stock
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• “Pacific Ranger” parkvessel servicing NPSmarine researchplatform off VenturaCounty coast
• Two yeardemonstration projectusing 100% biodieselfuel from cooking oil
• 24 passenger capacity• 56 feet long
Biodiesel Boat - ChannelIslands National Park
Pacific Ranger
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• Largest solar vessel -- upto 100 passengers
• Solar panels raised andused as sails
• Practical for short routes• 2 40-kW permanent magnet
brushless DC motors• 5 - 7 knots on solar power
alone• Back-up LPG gas
generator and batteries
Solar Sailor
Australia Passenger Ferry
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For the Riders or theContributors?
• Why should a commuter ferry operatorconsider alternative fuels?
• Santa Barbara MTD has largest electricbus fleet in country. SunLine Transit has100% CNG bus fleet.
• 5-10% of residents actually ride the buses• 70-80% have favorable impression of the
buses and the transit property• Everyone pays
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Portfolio Diversification
• Are all your investments in stocks?• Energy diversity = greater economic
security• Diversified fuel supplies can lead to
competitive advantages• Should national, state, or regional
economies be dependent upon OPEC’sdecisions?
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Future Work
• Public health benefits of clean marinetechnology significant
• Renewed need for energy independence• Rapid pace of clean marine technology likely
to mirror pace of on-road vehicle technology• Additional development and demonstrations
needed• Appropriate role for federal research,
development, and demonstration funding
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Clean Transportation Solutions SM
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Advanced Transportation Technologies SM