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MATTER
Something that occupies space and can be perceived by one or more senses; a physical body, a physical substance, or the universe as a whole
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Matter
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Atoms
• Matter is made up of atoms
• Atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons
• The electrons orbit around the atomic nucleus, where the protons and electrons are located
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Mass• A measure of the
quantity of material that an object contains
• Independent of the object’s location
• Same on Earth or Moon• Mass = Gram,
Kilogram • This element is Carbon
(C) because it has 6 electrons (blue) and 6 protons (red)
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Gravity and Gravitational Force
• An attractive force between two bodies which have mass
• The greater a bodies’ mass, the greater the gravitational force it will exert on another body
• Weight = Newton (acceleration of mass by gravity)
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Gravity
• Gravitational Force holds the Solar System together
• Sun is by far the largest object in the Solar System, therefore it exerts the greatest gravitational force, and is the center of the Solar System
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Energy
• Property of an object or system that allows it to do work
• Any object in motion has energy. If a string were tied around the object, it could pull another object
• All objects above 0 degrees K have energy
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Potential Energy• Energy that is available for work if it is started by activation energy
• Gasoline has potential energy, it only needs a spark to start it
• Car on a hill has potential energy. Taking off the brake would be the activation energy
• Spark plug is activation energy for a car’s gasoline
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Kinetic Energy
• Energy of Motion• Any object in motion
has kinetic energy• One jeep is using its
kinetic energy to tow
the other jeep (do work)
Show: All sizes - Large - Medium - Small
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Heat (Radiant) Energy• Heat Energy is able to do
work when heat is transferred from a warmer to a colder object
• Heat energy only flows in one direction, from warmer to cooler object.
• Ice water always melts at room temperature, it never forms by itself
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Electromagnetic Radiation
• Includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, light and x-rays
• EM radiation is always a form of radiant energy
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Heat (Radiant) Energy
• If heat energy flowed from a colder to a warmer object, then we would have a snowball Earth, as the Earth got colder and the Sun got hotter
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Heat (Radiant) Energy
• Heat always flows from the Sun towards Earth, not from the Earth to the Sun, because the Sun is hotter than the Earth
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Chemical Energy
• Energy released by a chemical reaction
• Usually released as heat and mechanical energy (the motion of the particles in the reaction)
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Gasoline, Fossil Fuels
• Most common source of chemical energy in use in the world
• Includes coal, oil and natural gas
• Requires Activation Energy (it needs to be started or “lit”) to be useful
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Nuclear Energy• Energy which is
produced by nuclear fusion (fusing two hydrogen atoms together) or nuclear fission (splitting large atoms into smaller atoms)
• Sun uses fusion, first atomic bomb used fission
• Current reactors use fission (splitting atoms)
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Mechanical Energy• A form of Kinetic
Energy imparted when something moves (a machine), breaks or is smashed together (a collision), or slides (friction).
• The mechanical energy is usually converted to heat energy
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Law of Conservation of Energy
• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant. Kinetic energy is translated into mechanical energy in this collision.
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Law of Conservation of Energy
• When we take a header off of our bike and scrape our skin, kinetic energy is turned into mechanical (friction) and heat energy. We “skin” our legs.
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Law of Conservation of Energy
• In auto accidents, kinetic energy is turned into mechanical and heat energy when the cars collide.
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Law of Conservation of Energy
• When a bomb goes off, chemical energy is turned into heat and mechanical energy (the mechanical energy is what is broken by the bomb)
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Formation of the Solar System
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Big Bang
• Universe was born from a point in space. How? Who knows.
• In the beginning it was pure energy.
• As it expanded and cooled, atoms “condensed”out of the “energy” soup
• These atoms condensed into stars and galaxies.
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Early Stars and Supernovas
• The earliest stars were Blue Giants. They burned their nuclear material very fast, then collapsed from gravity, spewing heavy elements into space
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Solar Nebula
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Planet Formation
• Little “Space Rocks” collided and stuck together
• As they got bigger, their gravitational force attracted more rocks (bigger bodies exert more gravitational force)
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Planet Formation
• Each collision released heat as kinetic energy was changed into heat energy (Law of Conservation of energy)
• When Planets finally formed, they had hot interiors
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Earth is Formed