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May 2007
Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under grants DE-FG52-03NA00064, DE-FG52-07NA28058 and other grants and contracts
Experiments With Astrophysical Applications Experiments With Astrophysical Applications
R. Paul Drake R. Paul Drake University of MichiganUniversity of Michigan
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2007 January NNSA Page 2
One way to accomplish shock acceleration
0
5
10
15
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
β
MA
D/rLi
T/B2
β
MA
D/rLi
Plot is for achievable nD2 = 1.4 x 1018 cm-1 Parameters will increase with future, larger nD2
Magnetic Coils (Partial)
MagneticField LinePreformedPlasmaAccelerated Ion Collector/Diagnostic
LaserBeamTarget
From R.P. Drake, Physics of Plasmas, Nov. (2000)
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2007 January NNSA Page 3
Why HED Lab Astro is important to NNSA
• Providing trained young people – The scientific population at the NNSA labs is aging rapidly – Over the next few years the National Ignition Facility will need a new
generation – I could have easily placed 5 new Ph.D.s this past year
• Advancing NNSA-relevant fundamental science – Most work in the labs is programmatic – Universities have a role to play in doing detailed, systematic,
fundamental work
• Establishing a national community and national advocacy
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2007 January NNSA Page 4
Current projects
• Supernova-relevant hydrodynamics – Blast-wave driven instabilities – On Omega (Carolyn Kuranz in NLUF talks) – On NIF
• Kelvin Helmholtz – Relevant to astrophysics and ICF – On NIKE (Eric Harding at HESDUP session)
• Radiative shocks – Interesting objects ! – Astrophysically relevant– On Omega – On LIL collaborating with team led by Claire
Michaut
• X-ray diagnostics
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2007 January NNSA Page 5
Most of our current work uses Omega
One of our shots at the Omega laserCollaborators: LLNL – Remington, Robey, Miles, Edwards, Hansen, Froula, others LLE – Knauer, Boehly Arizona – ArnettChicago – PlewaStony Brook – Glimm, Zhang, SwestyNRL – Aglitskiy, WeaverFrance – Bouquet, Koenig, Busquet
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2007 January NNSA Page 6
Here is what such lasers do to a material
• The laser is absorbed at less than 1% of solid density
From Drake, High-Energy-Density Physics, Springer (2006)
Rad xport, high-v plas Hydro, rad hydro
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2007 January NNSA Page 7
Shock waves establish the regime of an experiment
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2007 January NNSA Page 8
Supernova 1987A motivates scaled hydrodynamic instability experiments
• SN 1987A– A core-collapse supernova – Early high-Z x-ray lines with large
Doppler shifts– Early glow from radioactive heating– The issue is the post-core-collapse
explosive behavior
• In 20 years of simulations– Only one (Kifonidis, 2006) makes
fast enough high-Z material – 3D simulations coupling all the
interfaces where initial conditions matter are not feasible
– NIF experiments can do this– Omega experiments address a
single interface
SN1987A, WFPC2, Hubble
Kifonidis, 2003
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2007 January NNSA Page 9
Here is a typical target for our supernova hydrodynamics experiments
• Precision structure inside a shock tube
• Hydrodynamics:
– L >> mfp; Re > 105;
– small heat conduction & radiation
Experiment design: Carolyn Kuranz
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2007 January NNSA Page 10
We build precise, innovative targets
Acrylic cone
Gold cone
Laser-driven surface
Side view
1 m
m
Targets: Mike Grosskopf, Donna Marion, Robb Gillespie, UROP team
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2007 January NNSA Page 11
We obtain data from two orthogonal directions
Mid-1990’sdata
Dec. 06 data at 21 ns
Data and analysis: Carolyn Kuranz
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2007 January NNSA Page 12
We are now observing the role of complex initial conditions in spike penetration
Interferogram of complex surface on component provided by GA (analysis: Kai Ravariere)
Preliminary data on mix layer thickness
Data and analysis: Carolyn Kuranz
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2007 January NNSA Page 13
We collaborate with simulation groups to evaluate our results and validate codes
• Work with the FLASH Center (Chicago), to include 3D adaptive modeling, has now begun.
3D FLASH simulations of recent experiments (density display)
Two-mode system.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
13.5 ns
7.5 ns
19.5 ns
Single eggcrate mode.
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2007 January NNSA Page 14
We lead a team to prepare for HED hydrodynamics beyond simulation on NIF
• The unresolved issue in exploding stars– The 3D behavior of a diverging explosion – With multiple, structured interfaces
• This problem cannot be fully simulated with computers – Too big, too complex, high Reynolds number
• NIF can do a very relevant experiment– Also can do transition to turbulence
• Preliminary design-related simulations
• At Michigan and LLNL – (Grosskopf) (Miles)
• Builds on experiments at Omega
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
National Ignition Facility
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2007 January NNSA Page 15
We create and study driven radiative shocks
10 drive beamsStrike Be disk
Xe filled tube
• Laser beams launch Be piston into Xe or Ar gas at > 100 km/s
• Piston drives a planar shock
• Radiography detects dense xenon
• Gold grid provides spatial fiducial
• Parameters– 1015 W/cm2 – 0.35 µm light– 1 ns pulse – 600 µm tube dia.
Grid
Target: Mike Grosskopf, Donna Marion, Mark Taylor
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2007 January NNSA Page 16
We have radiographic images of these radiative shocks
• Average velocity 140 km/sec from t = 0 to 14.6 ns from laser firing
• Two Phys. Plasmas papers
• Exploration of structure will be a next theme
gold grid63 µm
Shot 39927
shock
target wall Data and analysis: Amy Reighard
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2007 January NNSA Page 17
Advanced diagnostics will measure much more
• Thomson scattering
• Collaboration with Dustin Froula and Siegfreid Glenzer of LLNL
Target: Trisha Donajkowski, Mike Grosskopf, Donna Marion
Design: Amy Reighard
Data and analysis: Amy Reighard With Dustin Froula
Target
Data
•Fitting to data gives –110 km/s fluid velocity
–ZTe = 12 x 300 eV
–Te ≤ Ti ≤ 500 eV
Paper in prep. for Phys. Rev. Lett.
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2007 January NNSA Page 18
We collaborate very extensively
One of our shots at the Omega laserCollaborators: LLNL – Remington, Robey, Miles, Edwards, Hansen, Froula, others LLE/Rochester – Knauer, Boehly, Frank Arizona – ArnettChicago – Plewa, Hearn, MeakinStony Brook – Glimm, Zhang, SwestyNRL – Aglitskiy, WeaverFrance – Bouquet, Koenig, Michaut, BusquetRochester – Frank Texas – Ditmire
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2007 January NNSA Page 19
Some highlights of the past year
• Target innovations enabled completion of data set on Rayleigh-Taylor spike penetration
• Moving toward advanced diagnostics of radiative shocks
• Amy Reighard defended her Ph.D.
• Published the first graduate text in High Energy Density Physics