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Measurement
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Spatial Variable
Displacement (linear and angular)
Thickness
Proximity
Distance Position, Location, Altitude
Level
Area
Volume Angle
Tilt
Velocity
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Spatial Variable
Acceleration
Vibration
Shock
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Time and Frequency
Time
Frequency
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Mechanical Variables - Solid
Mass and Weight
Density
Strain Force
Torque and Power
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Mechanical Variables - Liquid
Pressure and Sound
Acoustic
Flow Point Velocity
Viscosity
Surface Tension
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Mechanical Variables - Thermal
Temperature
Thermal Conductivity
Heat Flux Thermal Imaging
Calorimetry
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Electromagnetic Variable
Measurement Voltage
Current
Power Power factor
Phase
Energy
Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity
Charge
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Electromagnetic Variable
Measurement Capacitance
Permittivity
E
lectric Field Strength Magnetic Field
Permeability and Hysteresis
Inductance
Immitance
Q factor
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Electromagnetic Variable
Measurement Distortion
Noise
Microwave
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Optical variable measurement
Photometry and Radiometry
Densitometry
Calorimetry Optical Loss
Polarization
Refractive Index
Turbidity
Laser Output
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Radiation Measurement
Vision and Image Sensor
Radioactivity
Charged Particle Neutron Measurement
Dosimetry
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Chemical Variable Measurement
Composition
pH
Humidity and Moisture Environment
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Biomedical Variables
Blood pressure
Blood Flow
Ventilation Medical Imaging
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Electrical Measurements
VoltageElectromechanical voltmeters measure theapplied voltage by transducing it into amechanical torque. This can be accomplished in
different ways, basically because of theinteractions between currents (electrodynamic voltmeters ), between a current and a magneticfield (electromagnetic voltmeters), betweenelectrified conductors (electrostatic voltmeters,
or electrometers ), and between currentsinduced in a conducting vane (inductionvoltmeters ).
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Electrical Measurements
Voltage
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Electrical Measurements
Voltage
Electromagnetic
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Electrical Measurements
Voltage
Electrodynamic
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Electrical Measurements
Voltage
Electrostatic
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Electrical Measurements
Voltage
Electronic
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Electrical Measurements
Voltage
Electronic
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Electrical Measurements
Voltage
Electronic
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Electrical Measurements
Voltage
Inductive and Capacitive
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Electrical Measurements
Voltage
Inductive and Capacitive
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Potential Transformer
There are two types of construction
± Electromagnetic potential transformer in which
primary and secondary are wound on magnetic core
like usual transformer ± Capacitor potential transformer, in which the primary
voltage is applied to a series of capacitor group. The
voltage across one of the capacitor is taken to
auxiliary voltage transformer. The secondary of
auxillary voltage transformer is taken for
measurement or protection.
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Potential Transformer
Specification for VT or PT
± Rated primary voltage
± Rated secondary voltage
± Rated burden
± Supply frequency
± No. of phases
± Class of accuracy
± Insulation level (power frequency and impulse voltage
withstand)
± Type of construction (mounting etc)
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Potential Transformer
Accuracy Class 0.9 to 1.1 times rated primary voltage 0.5 to 1.0
times rated output at 0.8 lag p.f.
Application
Voltage Error
% (+/-)
Phase error (minutes)
(+/-)
1.2 0.1 5 Measurement
0.2 0.2 10
0.5 0.5 20
1.00 1.00 40
3.0 3.00 120 Protection
5.0 5.00 300
10.0 10.00 ----- Residual VT only
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Current Measurement
Moving magnet meter
D¶Arsonval meter
Electrodynamometer Hall Sensor
Current Transformers
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Current Transformers
Specification of CT ± Rated primary current
± Rated short time current
± Rated secondary current
± Rated exiting current
± Rated burden
± Current error or ratio error
± Phase angle error
± Composite error ± Accuracy class
± Over current factor
± Insulation level (primary)
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Current Transformers
Accuracy class
Accuracy
class
Current Error
related
primary
current
Phase
displacement
at rated
current
Composite
error rated
accuracy limit
primary
current
% (+/-) Minutes (+/-) %
5P 1 60 5
10P 3 -- 10
15P 5 -- 15