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Measurement

8/8/2019 measerment


Spatial Variable

Displacement (linear and angular)

Thickness

Proximity

Distance Position, Location, Altitude

Level

Area

Volume Angle

Tilt

Velocity

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Spatial Variable

Acceleration

Vibration

Shock

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Time and Frequency

Time

Frequency

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Mechanical Variables - Solid

Mass and Weight

Density

Strain Force

Torque and Power

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Mechanical Variables - Liquid

Pressure and Sound

Acoustic

Flow Point Velocity

Viscosity

Surface Tension

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Mechanical Variables - Thermal

Temperature

Thermal Conductivity

Heat Flux Thermal Imaging

Calorimetry

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Electromagnetic Variable

Measurement Voltage

Current

Power Power factor

Phase

Energy

Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity

Charge

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Measurement Capacitance

Permittivity

E

lectric Field Strength Magnetic Field

Permeability and Hysteresis

Inductance

Immitance

Q factor

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Measurement Distortion

Noise

Microwave

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Optical variable measurement

Photometry and Radiometry

Densitometry

Calorimetry Optical Loss

Polarization

Refractive Index

Turbidity

Laser Output

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Radiation Measurement

Vision and Image Sensor

Radioactivity

Charged Particle Neutron Measurement

Dosimetry

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Chemical Variable Measurement

Composition

pH

Humidity and Moisture Environment

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Biomedical Variables

Blood pressure

Blood Flow

Ventilation Medical Imaging

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Electrical Measurements

VoltageElectromechanical voltmeters measure theapplied voltage by transducing it into amechanical torque. This can be accomplished in

different ways, basically because of theinteractions between currents (electrodynamic voltmeters ), between a current and a magneticfield (electromagnetic voltmeters), betweenelectrified conductors (electrostatic voltmeters,

or electrometers ), and between currentsinduced in a conducting vane (inductionvoltmeters ).

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Voltage

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Voltage

Electromagnetic

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Voltage

Electrodynamic

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Voltage

Electrostatic

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Voltage

Electronic

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Voltage

Inductive and Capacitive

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Potential Transformer

There are two types of construction

± Electromagnetic potential transformer in which

primary and secondary are wound on magnetic core

like usual transformer ± Capacitor potential transformer, in which the primary

voltage is applied to a series of capacitor group. The

voltage across one of the capacitor is taken to

auxiliary voltage transformer. The secondary of

auxillary voltage transformer is taken for

measurement or protection.

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Specification for VT or PT

± Rated primary voltage

± Rated secondary voltage

± Rated burden

± Supply frequency

± No. of phases

± Class of accuracy

± Insulation level (power frequency and impulse voltage

withstand)

± Type of construction (mounting etc)

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Accuracy Class 0.9 to 1.1 times rated primary voltage 0.5 to 1.0

times rated output at 0.8 lag p.f.

Application

Voltage Error

% (+/-)

Phase error (minutes)

(+/-)

1.2 0.1 5 Measurement

0.2 0.2 10

0.5 0.5 20

1.00 1.00 40

3.0 3.00 120 Protection

5.0 5.00 300

10.0 10.00 ----- Residual VT only

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Current Measurement

Moving magnet meter

D¶Arsonval meter

Electrodynamometer Hall Sensor

Current Transformers

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Specification of CT ± Rated primary current

± Rated short time current

± Rated secondary current

± Rated exiting current

± Rated burden

± Current error or ratio error

± Phase angle error

± Composite error ± Accuracy class

± Over current factor

± Insulation level (primary)

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Accuracy class

Accuracy

class

Current Error

related

primary

current

Phase

displacement

at rated

current

Composite

error rated

accuracy limit

primary

current

% (+/-) Minutes (+/-) %

5P 1 60 5

10P 3 -- 10

15P 5 -- 15

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