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MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL LIFE CHANGES
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YOU MUST KNOW…• THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• THE ROLE OF MEIOSIS AND FERTILIZATION IN SEXUALLY REPRODUCING ORGANISMS
• THE IMPORTANCE OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES TO MEIOSIS
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YOU MUST KNOW…• HOW THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER IS
REDUCED FROM DIPLOID TO HAPLOID THROUGH THE STAGES OF MEIOSIS
• THREE IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
• THE IMPORTANCE OF CROSSING OVER, INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT, AND RANDOM FERTILIZATION TO INCREASING GENETIC VARIABILITY
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CONCEPT 13.1• OFFSPRING ACQUIRE GENES
FROM PARENT BY INHERITING CHROMOSOMES
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• GENES ARE SEGMENTS OF DNA • A LOCUS IS THE LOCATION OF A
GENE OF A CHROMOSOME• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – SINGLE
PARENT, ARISE BY MITOSIS, CLONE• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – TWO
PARENTS, RESULTS IN GREATER GENETIC VARIATION
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BACTERIA• REPRODUCE
ASEXUALLY
BY BINARY
FISSION OR
SEXUALLY BY
CONJUGATION• ONE COILED
CHROMOSOME
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CONCEPT 13.2• FERTILIZATION AND MEIOSIS
ALTERNATE IN SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES
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LIFE CYCLE• THE GENERATION-TO-GENERATION
SEQUENCE OF STAGES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE HISTORY OF AN ORGANISM FROM CONCEPTION TO PRODUCTION OF ITS OWN OFFSPRING
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KARYOTYPE• A PICTURE OF ITS COMPLETE SET OF
CHROMOSOMES, ARRANGED IN PAIRS OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES FROM THE LARGEST PAIR TO THE
SMALLEST PAIR• MADE FROM A
HUMAN SOMATIC
CELL
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HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
• CONTROL THE SAME INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS
• EACH PAIR IS INHERITED FROM EACH PARENT
• NONSEX CHROMOSOMES - AUTOSOMES
• EXCEPTION- SEX CHROMOSOMES
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MEIOSIS• GAMETES – EGG AND SPERM,
HAPLOID CELLS – n• ZYGOTE – FERTILIZED EGG, DIPLOID
– 2n• MEIOSIS REDUCES THE NUMBERS OF
SETS OF CHROMOSOMES FROM TWO TO ONE
• FERTILIZATION RESTORES THE DIPLOID NUMBER
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CONCEPT 13.3• MEIOSIS REDUCES THE NUMBER
OF CHROMOSOME SETS FROM DIPLOID TO HAPLOID
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MEIOSIS• PRECEDED BY THE REPLICATION OF
THE CELL’S DNA (INTERPHASE)• FOLLOWED BY TWO STAGES OF CELL
DIVISION, MEIOSIS I AND II• RESULTS IN FOUR DAUGHTER CELLS
WITH THE HAPLOID NUMBER
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PROPHASE I• SYNAPSIS OCCURS (JOINING OF
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES ALONG THEIR LENGTH) FORMING TETRADS
• TETRADS UNDERGO CROSSING OVER WHICH INCREASES GENETIC VARIATION
• AREAS OF CROSSING OVER FORM CHIASMATA (HOLDS THE HOMOLOGUES TOGETHER UNTIL ANAPHASE I)
• CENTRIOLES MOVE AWAY FROM EACH OTHER, THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DISINTEGRATES, AND SPINDLE MICROTUBULES ATTACH TO THE KINETOCHORES OF THE HOMOLOGUES
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METAPHASE I• HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS OF
CHROMOSOMES ARE LINED UP AT THE METAPHASE PLATE
• MICROTUBULES FROM EACH POLE ATTACH TO EACH MEMBER OF THE PAIR
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ANAPHASE I• SPINDLES HELP MOVE THE
CHROMOSOMES TOWARD OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL
• SISTER CHROMATIDS STAY CONNECTED AND MOVE TOGETHER TOWARD THE POLES
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TELOPHASE I • HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
MOVE UNTIL THEY REACH OPPOSITE POLES
• EACH POLE CONTAINS A HAPLOID SETS OF CHROMOSOMES, WITH EACH CHROMOSOME STILL CONSISTING OF TWO SISTER CHROMATIDS
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CYTOKINESIS• DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM • CLEAVAGE FURROW OCCURS IN
ANIMAL CELLS• CELL PLATE OCCURS
IN PLANT CELLS• RESULTS IN TWO
HAPLOID CELLS
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MEIOSIS II• NO DUPLICATION OF CHROMOSOMES• PROPHASE II – SPINDLES FORM AND
SISTER CHROMATIDS MOVE TOWARD THE METAPHASE PLATE
• METAPHASE II – CHROMOSOMES ARE LINED UP ON THE METAPHASE PLATE
• ANAPHASE II – CENTROMERES OF THE SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE AND INDIVIDUAL CHROMOSOMES MOVE TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL
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MEIOSIS II• TELOPHASE II – CHROMATIDS HAVE
MOVED ALL THE WAY TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL
• NUCLEI REAPPEAR• CYTOKINESIS – EACH OF THE 4
DAUGHTER CELLS HAS THE HAPLOID NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES AND IS GENETICALLY DIFFERENT FROM THE PARENT CELL AND THE OTHER DAUGHTER CELLS
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• 3 EVENTS OCCUR DURING MEIOSIS I THAT DO NOT OCCUR DURING MITOSIS
• SYNAPSIS AND CROSSING OVER DO NOT NORMALLY OCCUR DURING MITOSIS
• AT METAPHASE I, TETRADS ARE POSITIONED ON THE METAPHASES PLATE RATHER THAN INDIVIDUAL REPLICATED CHROMOSOMES AS IN MITOSIS
• AT ANAPHASE I, DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES OF EACH HOMOLOGOUS PAIR MOVE TOWARD OPPOSITE POLES, BUT THE SISTER CHROMATIDS OF EACH DUPLICATED CHROMOSOME STAY ATTACHED. THE CHROMATIDS SEPARATE IN MITOSIS.
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CONCEPT 13.4• GENETIC VARIATION PRODUCED
IN SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES CONTRIBUTES TO EVOLUTION
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IMPORTANT PROCESSES• CROSSING OVER• INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OF
CHROMOSOMES – IN METAPHASE I, WHEN THE HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES ARE LINED UP ON THE METAPHASE PLATE, THEY CAN PAIR UP IN ANY COMBINATION
• RANDOM FERTILIZATION