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Memory
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A Memory Experiment• Shortly, you will be shown a series of items.
• Watch carefully, as you will be asked to recall as many of them as you can at the end of the presentation.
• You can write which items you remember on a piece of paper, but should not write anything as you go along.
• When you come to recall the items, you can write them down in any order that you want.
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• Remember to watch carefully!
• When you are ready, the presentation will begin…
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End of
Presentation
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• What can you
• remember?
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• People tend to remember the first few items in a list.
• This is known as the primacy effect.
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• People tend to remember the last few items in a list.
• This is known as the recency effect.
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• People tend not to remember the items that occur in the middle of a list.
• These findings are also described as the serial position effect. In other words, the serial position of an item in a list (e.g. whether its 1st, 2nd, 3rd, last, etc) affects the chance of it being remembered.
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A graph to demonstrate the serial position effect
0
5
10
15
20
25
serial position of items
% r
ecal
l
primacy effect recency effect
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Question: Why does the primacy effect happen?
Answer: Because the first few items are ________ and _______ to ____ _____ memory. This means they are _______ for recall at the end of the presentation.
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Question: Why does the primacy effect happen?
Answer: Because the first few items are rehearsed and transfer to long term memory. This means they are available for recall at the end of the presentation.
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Question: Why does the recency effect happen?
Answer: Because the last few items are still in _____ ____ memory and have not yet _______. This is why people often to remember them first, otherwise they will be lost.
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Question: Why does the recency effect happen?
Answer: Because the last few items are still in short term memory and have not yet decayed. This is why people often to remember them first, otherwise they will be lost.
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Question: Why are items in the middle of a list often forgotten?Answer:
• Because people are busy rehearsing the first few items they cannot give enough _________ to the middle items.
• Because by the time people reach the end of the list the middle items have _______.
• Because the middle items have also been __________ by the later items that have come into ______ _____ memory.
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Question: Why are items in the middle of a list often forgotten?Answer:
• Because people are busy rehearsing the first few items they cannot give enough attention to the middle items.
• Because by the time people reach the end of the list the middle items have decayed.
• Because the middle items have also been displaced by the later items that have come into short term memory.
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Question: What would happen if you were shown a series of items but were not allowed to recall them straight away? Instead, you had to count backwards for 30 seconds (a distracter task).Answer:
• You would tend to remember the first few items still because they get rehearsed into long term memory.
• However, the ‘distracter’ task would stop you from recalling items from short term memory. You would ‘lose’ the recency effect.
• The task would probably displace any items left in the STM. Even if it didn’t, all items should have decayed by the end of the task.
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Core StudyIn Memory
Terry (2005)
“Serial Position Effects in
Recall of Television
Commercials”
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Aim
Terry’s aim was to show that the serial position effect occurs when people are presented with a series of television
commercials.
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Hypothesis
• (i) He predicted that if he showed participants a block of television commercials then, on average, the earlier and later ones would recalled more than the middle ones.
• (ii) He also predicted that if he delayed recall of the commercials, only the earlier ones would be recalled well.
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Method
• Terry used an experiment, with a repeated measures design. Participants were shown a block of commercials in both conditions.
• In Condition 1, they were asked to recall the products they had seen (in any order they wanted) immediately after presentation.
• In Condition 2, they were asked to recall the products they had seen (in any order they wanted)after a delay of 3 mins (where they did a written task).
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Method
• There were 15 commercials in a block.
• All commercials were 15 or 30 seconds in length.
• Commercials were 10 months old on average.
• Commercials were presented in a different order depending on participant.
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Results
Recall
Serial Position of Television Commercial
immediate recall
delayed recall
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Results
• As the graph shows, when participants were able to recall the television commercials immediately there was a primacy effect and a recency effect.
• However, when participants’ recall was delayed there was a primacy effect but no recency effect.
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Conclusion
The first few commercials were well remembered in both conditions because participants had the time and capacity to rehearse them, and store them in
long term memory.
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Conclusion
• The last few commercials were remembered well in the ‘immediate’ condition because they were still held in short-term memory.
• The last few items were remembered poorly in the ‘delayed’ condition because they had been displaced by the distracter task and/or had decayed over the duration of the task.
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Evaluation
• The experiment took place in a laboratory using an artificial task…so findings may lack ecological validity.
• The experiment only measured memory through recall of television commercials…so had low construct validity.
• Participants may have deduced the aim of the study…and responded to demand characteristics.