Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveysData dissemination and further analysis workshop
Literacy and Education
MICS4 Data Dissemination and Further Analysis Workshop
Indicators and definitions
7.1: Literacy among young women
Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are able to read a short simple statement about everyday life (WB7=3) or who attended secondary or higher
7.2: School readiness
Percentage of children attending first grade of primary school who attended pre-school the previous year
7.3: Net intake rate in primary education
Percentage of children of primary school entry age entering grade 1
Indicators and definitions
7.4 Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)
The adjusted primary school net attendance ratio (NAR) is the percentage of children of primary school age (as of the beginning of school year) who are attending primary or secondary school.
Indicators and definitions
7.5 Secondary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)
The adjusted secondary school net attendance ratio (NAR) is the percentage of children of secondary school age (as of the beginning of the current or most recent school year) who are attending secondary school or higher (higher levels are included to take early starters into account).
Indicators and definitions
7.6 Children reaching last grade of primary
Percentage of children entering the first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary.
7.7 Primary completion rate
Ratio of the total number of students, regardless of age, entering the last grade of primary school for the first time, to the number of children of the primary graduation age at the beginning of the current (or most recent) school year.
7.8 Transition rate to secondary school
Percentage of children attending the last grade of primary school during the previous school year who are in the first grade of secondary school during the current school year
Indicators and definitions
7.9 & 7.10 Gender Parity Index
The gender parity index (GPI) is the ratio of female to male adjusted net attendance ratios (primary or secondary).
Other Non-MICS Indicators that can be produced with MICS data:
– Gross Attendance Ratio (Pre-primary, Primary, Secondary)– Out-of-School Rate for Primary School Age Children (100-NAR (adj))– Lower Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted)– Upper Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted)– Cumulative Primary Dropout Rate– Youth Primary Completion Rate (17-22)– Youth Secondary Completion Rate (23-27)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Age
Transition rate to secondary
Primary completion ratio
Literacy rate
Tertiary
Reaching Grade 5
Primary Secondary
Net attendance Ratio
Dropout and repetition rates
Early education
Pre-primary
% entering Prim.Sch.
Pre-Sch. Attendan.
School Readiness
Net Attendance Ratio
Things to rememberAge Adjustments:
The age of child at the beginning of the school year is estimated by rejuvenating children to the first month of the (current or most recent) school year by using information on the date of birth, if available, and information on when the current (or most recent) school year began.
If the date of birth is not available, then a full year is subtracted from the current age of the child at the time of survey, if the interview took place more than 6 months after the school year started.
If the latter is less than six months and the date of birth is not available, the current age is assumed to be the same as the age at the beginning of the school year.
Table ED.1: Literacy among young women
Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are literate, Country, Year
Percentage literate1
Percentage not known
Number of women age 15-
24 yearsRegion
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5
Residence Urban Rural
Education None Primary Secondary 100.0 0.0 Higher 100.0 0.0
Age 15-19 20-24
Wealth index quintile
Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest
Religion/Language/Ethnicity of household head Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Total
1 MICS indicator 7.1; MDG indicator 2.3
• Literacy among women 15-24 years of age is used as a proxy for adult literacy
• It measures the ability to read a few sentences
• Its interpretation should be done cautiously
• Presents a gender component
Country example
Table ED.1: Literacy among young womenPercentage of women age 15-24 years who are
literate, Bhutan, 2010
Percentage literate [1]
Percentage not known
Number of women age 15-24 years
Area Urban 77.9 .1 1635Rural 44.5 .1 2920
Education None 5.2 .2 1706Primary 43.6 .3 643Secondary + 100.0 .0 2205
Age 15-19 67.1 .1 205220-24 47.9 .1 2502
Wealth index quintiles
Poorest 20.7 .1 718Second 34.3 .3 737Middle 48.2 .2 839Fourth 70.7 .1 1055Richest 84.7 .0 1207
Total 56.5 .1 4555
Table ED.2: School readinessPercentage of children attending first grade of primary school who attended pre-school the previous year, Country, Year
Percentage of children attending first grade who
attended preschool in previous year1
Number of children attending first grade of
primary schoolSex
Male Female
Region Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5
Residence Urban Rural
Mother's education None Primary Secondary Higher
Wealth index quintile Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest
Religion/Language/Ethnicity of household headGroup 1 Group 2 Group 3
Total
1 MICS indicator 7.2
• The numerator includes children who are in first grade of primary school this year and were in preschool last year.
• The denominator is the number of children attending first grade of primary education regardless of age.
Table ED.3: Primary school entry
Percentage of children of primary school entry age entering grade 1 (net intake rate), Country, Year
Percentage of children of primary school entry age
entering grade 11
Number of children of primary school entry age
Sex Male Female
Region Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5
Residence Urban Rural
Mother's education None Primary Secondary Higher
Wealth index quintile Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest
Religion/Language/Ethnicity of household head
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Total
1 MICS indicator 7.3
• The denominator is the number of children who were of primary school entry age at the beginning of the current (or the most recent) school year.
• The numerator includes those children in the denominator that are attending primary school: Grade=1 or 2. Grade 2 of primary school is accepted to take into account early starters.
• Primary school entry age is defined at the country level (usually based on UNESCO's ISCED classification).
Table ED.4: Primary school attendance
Percentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school (adjusted net attendance ratio), Country, Year
Male Female Total Net
attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Number of
children
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)
Number of
children
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)1
Number of
children
Region Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5
Residence Urban Rural
Age at beginning of school year
6 7 8 9 10 11
The adjusted primary school net attendance ratio (NAR) is the percentage of children of primary school age (as of the beginning of school year) who are attending primary or secondary school. Attendance to secondary school is included to take into account early starters. All children of primary school age (at the beginning of the school year) are included in the denominator.
Rates presented in this table are "adjusted" since they include not only primary school attendance, but also secondary school attendance in the numerator.
This should be adapted in accordance with the country-specific primary school ages as
indicated by ISCED
Table ED.4: Primary school attendancePercentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary
school (Net attendance ratio), Bhutan, 2010
Male Female TotalNet
attendance ratio
(adjusted) [1]
Number of children
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)
[1]Number of
children
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)
[1]Number of
childrenArea Urban 97.0 1441 95.6 1443 96.3 2884
Rural 88.9 3759 91.5 3749 90.2 7508Age at beginning of school year
6 82.4 803 80.7 768 81.6 15717 93.7 709 92.9 722 93.3 14318 96.5 700 96.4 643 96.5 13439 94.8 745 98.0 698 96.3 144310 91.4 724 96.2 765 93.9 148911 90.8 709 95.0 772 93.0 148112 89.9 812 90.9 822 90.4 1634
Mother's education None 89.6 4056 91.7 4031 90.7 8087Primary 96.7 590 97.2 586 96.9 1176Secondary + 96.6 555 95.0 574 95.8 1128
Wealth index quintiles
Poorest 85.8 1047 83.7 1079 84.7 2126Second 86.4 1055 91.3 993 88.8 2048Middle 90.6 1029 96.4 1032 93.5 2061Fourth 96.0 1071 95.6 1091 95.8 2162Richest 97.2 998 96.7 997 97.0 1995
Total 91.2 5201 92.7 5192 91.9 10392[1] MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator 2.1
Bangladesh MICS 2009
Table ED.5: Secondary school attendance
Percentage of children of secondary school age attending secondary school or higher (adjusted net attendance ratio) and percentage of children attending primary school, Country, Year
Male Female Total Net
attendance ratio
(adjusted)1
Percent attending primary school
Number of
children
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)1
Percent attending primary school
Number of
children
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)1
Percent attending primary school
Number of
children
Region Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5
Residence Urban Rural
Age at beginning of school year
12 13 14 15 16 17
This should be adapted in accordance with the country-specific primary school ages as indicated by ISCED
MICS standard questionnaires are designed to establish mother's/caretaker's education for children up to age 17 at the time of interview (see Household Listing, Household Questionnaire). The category "Cannot be determined" is included for children who were age 18 and higher at the beginning of school year. This will be necessary if the secondary school ages in the country encompass age 18 and higher
Mother's education
None
Primary
Secondary
Higher
Cannot be determined
Methodological issues • Results refer to attendance instead of enrolment• In reality we should aim to measure attendance• Enrolment tends to over estimate school participation• Results refer to net attendance instead of gross• Gross attendance in primary/secondary education
includes children of no primary/no secondary education ages
• Gross attendance ratios can be greater than 100%• Primary/secondary attendance ratios include children
attending primary or higher/secondary or higher
Table ED.6: Children reaching last grade of primary school
Percentage of children entering first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary school (Survival rate to last grade of primary school), Country, Year
Percent
attending grade 1 last school year who are in
grade 2 this school year
Percent attending
grade 2 last school year
who are attending
grade 3 this school year
Percent attending
grade 3 last school year
who are attending
grade 4 this school year
Percent attending
grade 4 last school year
who are attending
grade 5 this school year
Percent attending
grade 5 last school year
who are attending
grade 6 this school year
Percent who reach grade 6 of those who enter grade 11
Sex Male Female
Region Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5
Residence Urban Rural
Mother's education None Primary Secondary Higher
Children reaching the last grade of primary, also known as the survival rate to the last grade of primary school, is the percentage of children entering the first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary. This table assumes that primary school comprises 6 grades. In countries where primary school has more or fewer grades, columns of the table should be customized accordingly.
Example: to calculate the probability that a child in grade 1 eventually reaches grade 2
• the number of children who are in 2nd grade of primary school at the time of the survey and who were in 1st grade last year
is divided by:
• the number of children who were in 1st grade last year and graduated to 2nd grade or dropped out of school
Children reaching last grade of primary school
12
y 10 y 11
10
y 12
y 12
y 10
11
y 11
y y y
etc.
Not in school
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3 etc.
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Table ED.6: Children reaching last grade of primary schoolPercentage of children entering first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last
grade of primary school (Survival rate to last grade of primary school),Bhutan, 2010
Percent attending grade 0 last year
who are in grade 1 this year
Percent attending grade 1 last year
who are in grade 2 this year
Percent attending grade 2 last year who are
attending grade 3 this year
Percent attending grade 3 last year who are
attending grade 4 this year
Percent attending grade 4 last year who are
attending grade 5 this year
Percent attending grade 5 last year who are
attending grade 6 this year
Percent who reach grade 6 of those who
enter grade 0 [1]
Sex Male 99.5 98.4 99.1 97.8 97.6 98.4 91.2Female 98.9 99.7 99.5 99.4 99.1 99.4 96.0
Area Urban 98.6 100.0 100.0 99.4 100.0 99.7 97.7Rural 99.4 98.7 99.1 98.3 97.7 98.6 92.1
Mother's education None 99.1 98.8 99.2 98.7 98.1 98.8 93.0Primary 98.9 100.0 100.0 99.0 99.1 99.3 96.3Secondary + 100.0 99.8 100.0 99.5 100.0 100.0 99.3
Wealth index quintiles
Poorest 99.5 98.8 98.7 97.8 95.1 99.4 89.7Second 99.9 100.0 99.2 98.1 98.1 96.2 91.8Middle 98.0 99.7 98.9 98.3 98.9 99.4 93.3Fourth 98.5 99.2 100.0 99.2 99.2 99.4 95.7Richest 100.0 97.5 100.0 99.7 99.8 100.0 97.0
Total 99.2 99.1 99.3 98.6 98.4 98.9 93.6[1] MICS indicator 7.6; MDG indicator 2.2
Careful customization of country specific grades
Methodological issues
• Reaching Last Grade is an indicator with some degree of difficulty for both estimation and interpretation
• Note that in the current approach we exclude from our estimation children found to be repeating a grade under the assumption that their probability of dropping from school, repeating again, or promotion to the next grade is included in the other cohorts
• It measures the probability for children starting grade 1 to reach grade 5 and it is based on children that are participating in school
• It is used as a proxy for literacy among children
Table ED.7: Primary school completion and transition to secondary school
Primary school completion rates and transition rate to secondary school, Country, Year
Primary school completion rate1
Number of children of primary school completion
ageTransition rate to
secondary school2
Number of children who were in the last
grade of primary school the previous
yearSex
Male Female
Region Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5
Residence Urban Rural
The primary completion rate is the ratio of the total number of students, regardless of age, entering the last grade of primary school for the first time, to the number of children of the primary graduation age at the beginning of the current (or most recent) school year. It can be greater than 100!
The transition rate to secondary education is the percentage of children who were in the last grade of primary school during the previous school year and who are attending the first grade of secondary school in the current (or most recent) school year
Table ED.8: Education gender parity
Ratio of adjusted net attendance ratios of girls to boys, in primary and secondary school, Country, Year
Primary school
adjusted net attendance ratio
(NAR), girls
Primary school adjusted net
attendance ratio (NAR), boys
Gender parity index (GPI) for primary school adjusted NAR1
Secondary school adjusted net attendance
ratio (NAR), girls
Secondary school adjusted net attendance
ratio (NAR), boys
Gender parity index (GPI) for
secondary school adjusted NAR2
Region Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5
Residence Urban Rural
The gender parity index (GPI) is the ratio of female to male adjusted net attendance ratios (primary or secondary). The primary and secondary adjusted net attendance ratios are presented in more detail in tables ED.4 and ED.5.
Expected patterns
• Literacy rates are lower for those youth in rural areas and in poorer families
• Children living in urban areas and from richer families are more likely to attend preschool and start primary school on time
• Children living in rural areas, children from poor families, children whose mothers have no/low education and children from indigenous language and religious groups are less likely to attend school
• At the primary school level, girls and boys are equally likely to attend school
• At the secondary school level, gender equality in attendance lowers• Different levels of schools attendance between child labourers and
children who are not engaged in child labour
Things to look for in the tables
Disparities in educational participation by:• Gender, • Geographical regions, • Wealth, • Language,• Religion, • Mother’s education, • Child labour status.
• To better describe school participation we propose:• Look at primary and secondary together• Use the following 3 simple indicators:
– Primary net attendance ratio– Secondary net attendance ratio– Percentage of secondary school age children that are
attending primary school • Present analysis of school participation (levels and GPI) in
a comprehensive way rather than primary and secondary separated
Things to look for in the tables
Some ideas for further analyses
•Interconnected disparities
•Education Participation Projection
•Average Annual Rate of Increase
•Other non-standard MICS indicators
THANK YOU!